Batangas City , officially the City of Batangas ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Batangas ), is a 1st class component city and capital of the province of Batangas , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 351,437 people.
160-556: Batangas City is classified as one of the fastest urbanizing cities of the Philippines, and is known as the "Industrial Port City of Calabarzon ". It is home to the Batangas International Port , one of the busiest passenger and container terminals in the Philippines. It also hosts one of the largest oil refineries in the country, three natural gas power plants, and several other major industries. In addition,
320-848: A dormant volcano near Los Baños reputed for its mystical properties. There are also a lot of hot springs near the Makiling area, especially in San Pablo . Another famous landmark in Laguna are the Pagsanjan Falls , in Cavinti . The water from the Pagsanjan Falls comes from the Bumbungan River . Mount Banahaw borders Laguna and Quezon, and is similarly considered to be a holy mountain like Makiling. The Batangas area
480-490: A gross regional product of ₱ 1.65 trillion (at current prices), which accounts for 17% of the national GDP . On August 7, 2000, the municipality of Los Baños, Laguna , was declared as a "Special Science and Nature City of the Philippines" through Presidential Proclamation No. 349 in recognition of its importance as a center for science and technology, being home to many prestigious educational, environmental and research institutions. This proclamation does not convert
640-499: A balanced budget for some years to come. Manila and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American gangsters in some activities—bank holdups , kidnapping and burglaries . In rural regions, especially the provinces of Central Luzon and the Southern Tagalog regions, the brigands terrorized towns and barrios . In 1946, shortly after his induction to presidency, Roxas proclaimed
800-484: A barrio (barangay) in 1954. In the same year, sitio Malitam, formerly part of barrio Libjo, was elevated as a barrio. San Antonio was constituted from the sitios of Ilaya, Labac, Matalisay, Pajo and Cacawan, from the barrio of San Agapito. In 1957, the barrio of Talumpok was divided into two. Sitios Romano, Poyesan, Bondeo and Latag were constituted into Talumpok Silangan, while sitios Ginto, Duhatan, Kulingkang, Piit and Cuaba were constituted into Talumpok Kanluran. Balagtas
960-720: A branch line of the Philippine National Railways until its closure. As part of President Rodrigo Duterte 's infrastructure development program, DuterteNomics or "Build-Build-Build", a railway line from Calamba will be constructed to connect with the city. The railway line, the Calamba-Batangas Line, a part of the longer Manila-Matnog Railway, is approved by the National Economic Development Authority on September 12, 2017, and funding will be provided by
1120-561: A clientistic system under which politicians would use their offices to create patronage networks, and personal differences between politicians were far greater than any ideological differences. With the Great Depression , the Philippines started to be seen as a liability in the United States as demands were made to end Filipino immigration to the United States and end the tariff free importation of Filipino agriculture into
1280-615: A condition that led for the act to be rejected by the Philippine Congress. Quezon was late to state that the allowing of the United States to retain its bases in the Philippines would make Filipino independence no different from the independence of the Japanese sham state of Manchukuo . After amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution were approved in 1941, Roxas was elected to the Philippine Senate , but
1440-543: A delegation from the U.S. Congress led by Maryland Senator Millard Tydings (author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and Missouri Representative C. Jasper Bell (author of the Bell Trade Act); and former Civil Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison . No sooner had the fanfare of the independence festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing
1600-690: A division in Batangas City. For of the academic year of 2013–2014, there are 82 public elementary schools and 18 public high schools. For the academic year of 2016–2017, 50 private schools offering various levels of education from pre-school to college level have legal permit to operate in the city. GMA Network serve Batangas City through local channels. ABS-CBN 's regional channel, ABS-CBN Southern Tagalog ( DZAD-TV , channel 10) have hosted its studios in Batangas City until they moved to Lipa in 2015. GMA serves Batangas City through channels 12 ( D-12-ZB-TV ) and GTV via channel 26 (DZDK-TV). Cable television
1760-434: A lavish gift in order to create a reciprocal obligation from the individual who receives the gift. Through the payment was legal, it was questionable from an ethical perspective, and MacArthur always kept the payment secret, which did not become public knowledge until 1979. Later that year, Quezon offered payment to General Dwight D. Eisenhower , which he refused, saying that as a United States Army official, his first loyalty
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#17327726538591920-611: A member of the municipal council of Capiz , serving until 1919. He then became the youngest provincial governor of Capiz , and served in that capacity from 1919 to 1922. Roxas was elected to the Philippine House of Representatives in 1922, and for twelve consecutive years was Speaker of the House . He served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1934 , secretary of finance , chairman of
2080-540: A message saying he wanted immediate independence, which Roxas felt was not likely at present. On May 24, 1930, Quezon followed Roxas's advice and sent public telegrams to both Hawes and Cutting saying the Filipinos "crave their national freedom". In a compromise, the Senate Insular Committee advised on June 2, 1930, that the Philippines should be given more autonomy to prepare for independence within
2240-399: A native of Baler (now part of Aurora ), formerly one of the towns of Quezon Province. In 1951, the northern part of Quezon became the sub-province Aurora, named after Quezon's wife , also a native of Baler. One obvious reason for creating the sub-province was the area's isolation from the rest of Quezon Province: there were no direct links to the rest of the province and much of the terrain
2400-472: A new province, named after the Philippines' national hero, Jose Rizal, who, coincidentally, was a native of Laguna. The new province comprised 29 municipalities, 17 from Manila and 12 from Morong. In 1902, Macario Sakay , a veteran Katipunan member, established the Tagalog Republic in the mountains of Rizal. Ultimately, Sakay's Tagalog Republic ended in 1906 when he and his men were betrayed under
2560-475: A petrochemical facility in Pinamucan Ibaba, with expansions to accommodate a coal power plant, which raised controversy to locals and environmentalists. Other companies also set up refineries for distribution to the province and nearby areas. Batangas City hosts shopping malls such as SM City Batangas, operated by SM Supermalls, and Bay City Mall and Nuciti Central, owned by local retail companies. There
2720-521: A politician who would reward his followers via patronage rather than ideological issues, and despite criticism of the Democratas that the Nacionalistas had abandoned their platform, the Nacionalistas triumphed in the election of July 13, 1931. In the election, Roxas was reelected and returned to his position as speaker of Philippine House of Representatives. In September 1931, Japan seized
2880-499: A religion and music-oriented station. Other radio stations include 91.9 Air1 Radio Southern Tagalog (DWCH), an adult contemporary -oriented station, 99.9 GV FM (DZGV), a contemporary hit radio station, and 104.7 Brigada News FM ( DWEY ), an FM news radio station. Batangas State University hosts a college radio station, 107.3 BatStateU FM (DWPB-FM). Signals from other stations in Metro Manila are not clearly received because of
3040-460: A road network based on a rough grid, typical of Spanish-era cities and towns. Streets in the area are mostly named from historical figures, such as Apolinario Mabini , Diego Silang , Juan B. Alegre , the Gomburza ( Mariano Gomez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora ) and the ilustrados ( José Rizal , Marcelo del Pilar , and Graciano López Jaena ). Batangas City, then a town, was served by
3200-453: A speech: "We will welcome the existence of your naval, air and army bases on such of our soil as it is mutually agreeable for the common protection of the United States and the Philippines, and will co-operate in the defense and security of those bases insofar as it is within our power to do so". After the experience of the Japanese occupation, Filipino public opinion was no longer against the presence of American bases after independence in quite
3360-501: A vehicle for Roxas to challenge Quezon for the leadership of the Nacionalista Party. Ang Bagong Katipunan was soon disbanded. In the summer of 1931, Hurley visited the Philippines to assess its readiness for independence. In talks with Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas, it was agreed that the Philippines should become an autonomous commonwealth under American rule and would be allowed to keep exporting sugar and coconut oil to
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#17327726538593520-443: Is 105 kilometers (65 mi) from Manila . Batangas City is politically subdivided into 105 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . Pagkilatan was formerly a sitio of Matoco. Malalim was formerly the "southern portion of the barrio of Sirang Lupa, the northern portion of the barrio Mahabang Dahilig, and the eastern portion of San Isidro" "together with the sitio of Malalim"; this territory became
3680-599: Is 68.9 years for men and 75.2 years for women. There are an estimated 356,000 Overseas Filipino Workers originating from Calabarzon. A vast majority of people living in Calabarzon are Tagalogs . It is estimated that around 5.8 million Tagalogs live in Region IV-A. Taal , in particular, is considered the "Heartland of Tagalog Culture" and is currently the "center" of the Tagalog culture and people. Calabarzon
3840-506: Is a sizeable number of supermarkets in the urbanized areas, some being part of malls while others being stand-alone neighborhood markets, fiercely competing with local public markets. The Poblacion area hosts numerous shops, restaurants, banks, pawnshops, and other establishments. Two major public markets in the city proper serves produce from the rural barangays of the city as well as nearby municipalities. The Diversion Road, constructed to divert traffic going to Batangas Port and Bauan from
4000-433: Is also home to a sizable number of people with Chinese and Spanish ancestry on account of Chinese immigration and Spanish colonization, respectively. Because of the large majority of Tagalog natives, the majority of people living in Calabarzon speak the Tagalog language. Filipino , being a version of Tagalog, is predominant in the region, which is spoken as a lingua franca of Tagalog speakers of different dialects. English
4160-529: Is also used in Calabarzon. In Cavite, Chavacano , a creole language , was once commonly spoken; however, its usage is now in steep decline, and it is now only spoken by a handful of elderly residents in the province. The other native language spoken in Calabarzon is Hatang Kayi, also named as Sinauna , a Central Luzon language spoken in Tanay, Rizal and General Nakar , Quezon; this is related to Kapampangan and Sambalic languages . Other native languages spoken in
4320-484: Is an important road that crosses through Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, and Quezon, serving as a gateway to the southern parts of Luzon. The South Luzon Expressway and Southern Tagalog Arterial Road link the port of Batangas to Metro Manila, while the Cavite–Laguna Expressway and Manila–Cavite Expressway (also known as CAVITEX) seamlessly link industrial towns and cities that dot around Cavite and Laguna. All
4480-455: Is another major tourist spot, found in Rizal. The region is also home to a multitude of baroque churches. Being an industrialized region, Calabarzon is dotted with expressways and highways to serve the people traveling to factories and industries, as well as to accommodate traffic that comes to and from Metro Manila, as it is located just east and south of the region. The Pan-Philippine Highway
4640-508: Is characterized by rolling hinterlands punctured by hills, with a shoreline bordering Manila Bay and a rugged portion bordering Batangas near Mount Pico de Loro . Tagaytay is located in Cavite, bordering Alfonso , Silang , Calamba , and Santa Rosa . Mount Sungay is the highest peak in the province and can be found in Tagaytay. There are nine islands in Cavite, most notable of which is
4800-592: Is home to Cavite's largest economic development zone, the PEC Industrial Park. The region still has a large agricultural base. As of 2002, the region had 282,700 farms, covering 588,500 hectares (1,454,000 acres), or 36.3% of the region's total land area. Cavite alone has almost 70,500 hectares (174,000 acres) of agricultural land. Laguna is home to the International Rice Research Institute , which can be found within
4960-441: Is known for its piggeries. Region IV-A's agricultural base, however, is slowly decreasing. Due to their proximity to large bodies of water, Laguna and Batangas also have sizable fishing industries. Taal Lake is a large source of fresh water fishes for the country. Due to the region's history and natural resources, tourism plays a major role in the regional economy. Cavite and Laguna are homes to various historical sites, such as
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5120-608: Is located along Governor Antonio Carpio Road, Pastor Village, Gulod Labac. A specialty dish of the city is pancit na pula (also known as pancit tikyano or miki pula ), a variation of pansit miki guisado of red miki noodles. The city is also famous for its nilupak . The art of making the dish is indigenous to the area and has been cited as having a great potential for inclusion in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists . Batangas City host three major religious festivals, such as
5280-770: Is mostly elevated, with small low flat lands and scattered mountain areas. Batangas is also home to the Taal Volcano , a complex volcano and one of the 16 Decade Volcanoes . The Taal Volcano is situated within Taal Lake , making Taal a third-order island, and possibly one of the largest in the world. Other islands in Batangas are Verde Island , near the Isla Verde Passage, and Fortune Island in Nasugbu . Batangas borders Cavite via Mount Pico de Loro, known for
5440-604: Is provided by Batangas MyCATV (formerly Batangas CATV). Batangas City has local newspapers like the English-language Sun.Star People's Courier and the Tagalog-language Balikas . Newspapers marketed in Metro Manila, such as the major broadsheets Philippine Star , Philippine Daily Inquirer , and Manila Bulletin , and tabloids like Abante , Balita , People's Journal , Pilipino Mirror , and Pilipino Star Ngayon , are also sold in
5600-621: Is the most populous region in the Philippines, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), having over 16.1 million inhabitants in 2020, and is also the country's second most densely populated after the National Capital Region . It is situated southeast of Metro Manila , and is bordered by Manila Bay and South China Sea to the west, Lamon Bay and the Bicol Region to
5760-405: Is the second largest contributor to the national GDP, accounting for 17% of the gross domestic product. The region boasts a 2.1% inflation rate, lower than the national average of 3%. The region has a 9.2% unemployment rate which is higher than the national average of 7%. Calabarzon, much like the rest of the country, is caught in the middle of being an industrial and an agricultural economy. Due to
5920-736: The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines , granting United States citizens the right to dispose of and utilize Philippine natural resources, or parity rights . On September 19, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the United Kingdom that it wished to take over the administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangsee Islands . Pursuant to a supplemental international agreement, the transfer of administration became effective on October 16, 1947. His administration
6080-584: The 1944 United States presidential election . MacArthur's political ambitions were an open secret at the time. In early 1944, letters between MacArthur and Congressman Albert Miller were leaked to the press, wherein MacArthur expressed his criticism of the policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal , and dropped hints that he would be willing to accept the Republican nomination for
6240-729: The Manchuria region of China . After the Mukden Incident , the leaders of both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy started to argue in Washington that the Philippines occupied a strategical position in Asia , as naval and air bases located in the Philippines would allow any power that controlled them to dominate the South China Sea , the key sea that linked the markets of Southeast Asia to China. The prevailing opinion within
6400-536: The Philippines had lost about two thirds of her material wealth. In 1946, the Filipino gross domestic produce was down 38.7% from where it had been in 1937. The country was facing near bankruptcy. There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from
6560-756: The Rizal Shrine in Calamba , and the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit . San Pablo is famous for its seven lakes , Pagsanjan for its majestic waterfalls and both Taal Lake and the historic Taal town in Batangas . Tayabas is known as the City of Festivals, Rest and Recreation Destination of Quezon and famous for lambanog . The Minor Basilica of Saint Michael Archangel is the religious testaments of
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6720-798: The Tayabas Bay and Ragay Gulf . The largest islands in Quezon are the Alabat and Polillo islands, which are both located in Lamon Bay , connecting to Calauag Bay of the town of Calauag . Laguna shares a border with Quezon via Mount Banahaw. Calabarzon comprises five provinces, 1 highly urbanized city, 21 component cities and 4,019 barangays. † Lucena is a highly urbanized city ; figures are excluded from Quezon province. Calabarzon has 22 cities (21 component cities and 1 highly urbanized city of Lucena ) in total, making it
6880-598: The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration . Something along this line was obtained. Again, loans from the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic. Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for
7040-615: The University of the Philippines Los Baños , whose main goal is to find sustainable ways to help rice farmers. Batangas, meanwhile, is home to a large pineapple and coconut industry, which is used to make barong tagalogs and lambanog . Quezon is the country's leader in coconut products such as coconut oil and copra . Quezon's towns such as Tayabas City , Mauban and Infanta are also known producers of commercialized native liqueurs such as lambanog and tuba. Rizal
7200-583: The White House , inspiring the American president to declare that MacArthur should be allowed to rule the Philippines whatever way he liked. MacArthur announced in a speech that Roxas was "one of the prime factors in the guerilla movement" against the Japanese. Aside from Roxas, MacArthur pardoned over 5,000 Filipino collaborators. Even though over 80% of the Philippine Army officers went over to
7360-411: The hacendado class who owned the vast hacienda estates that made up most of the cultivated land in the Philippines. The same hacendado elite who dominated the Philippines under Spanish rule continued to be the dominant social element under American rule. Roxas himself was a hacendado , who had used his wealth to further his political ambitions. The politics of the Philippines were characterized by
7520-619: The hacienda estates) who sought to opportunistically ingratiate themselves with whatever power ruled the Philippines. An additional reason for the hacendados to support the Japanese occupation was that the main resistance group, the Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (People's Army against the Japanese), better known as the Huks, was a Communist movement. Besides for opposing the Japanese, the Huks promised land reform, by breaking up
7680-521: The haciendas , which caused the hacendados as a group to support the Japanese. The Manila chapter of the fascist Falange party had a membership of about 10,000 people, including members of the most prominent hacendado families such as the Ayalas, Zobels, Elizaldes and Sorianos. By 1945, the Huks had over 70,000 guerrillas in action, making them into easily the largest resistance group in the Philippines. The American historian Russell Buhite wrote: "Roxas
7840-625: The presidential election to be held after the war. Shortly after his capture, Roxas told the Americans that he wanted the United States to keep its military bases in the Philippines after independence in 1946, and promised to use all of his influence to persuade the Filipino congress to accept independence on those terms. Buhite wrote that by pardoning Roxas, MacArthur "...undermined his ability to treat other collaborators more harshly". Beyond his presidential ambitions, MacArthur had additional reasons to treat Roxas leniently. MacArthur believed that
8000-504: The "stable government" provision of the Jones Act of 1916 , which mandated that independence be granted when Filipinos proved that they had a "stable government". However, Roxas went on to testify that "with the granting of tariff autonomy, serious difficulties may arise". In common with the rest of the Filipino elite, Roxas saw the plans of the U.S. Congress to impose tariffs on Filipino goods after independence as an economic disaster for
8160-456: The American forces via the intelligence-gathering apparatus and efforts of Chick Parsons . Disguised as a Catholic priest, the bearded, tanned Parsons would visit Roxas even while the latter was effectively under house arrest, and privately "receive confession" from the Filipino statesman regarding the disposition of the Japanese forces, the collaborationist government, and various matters of state. Roxas also passed on information from Malacañang to
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#17327726538598320-470: The American market as many American farmers complained they could not compete with Filipino farmers. To end Filipino immigration and access to the American market, many U.S. congressional leaders favored granting immediate independence to the Philippines. At the same time that the U.S. Congress was debating granting independence to the Philippines, many Filipino leaders were worried by the increasing assertive claims being made by Japan that all of East Asia
8480-507: The American sphere of influence after independence or fall into the Japanese sphere of influence. However, as the United States was planning on granting independence, ending more than 400 years of foreign rule, Filipino public opinion was hostile to the idea of the Philippines joining the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Having enrolled prior to World War II as an officer in the reserves, Roxas
8640-486: The Americans dominated the waters and air spaces around the Philippines, another invasion was unlikely. However, the Americans refused to give make concessions on the immunity issue, being adamant that American military personnel enjoy immunity from Filipino law after independence. On May 28, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The inaugural ceremonies were held in
8800-809: The Batangas City International Container Port (with turn-over to the Philippine Ports Authority ). She also inspected a major road project in Southern Tagalog . She then inspected the P1.5-billion Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR), Stage II-Phase 1 connecting Lipa (19.74 kilometers and Batangas and the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) road widening, expansion and the STAR toll way development projects in Batangas. Batangas City lies in
8960-563: The Bell Trade Act, the goods from the Philippines were granted tariff-free access to the American market, achieving one of Roxas's key aims; in exchange, he accepted pegging the Philippine peso to the U.S. dollar and American corporations were granted parity rights when it came to exploiting the minerals and forests of the Philippines. In exchange for accepting the Bell Trade Act, the U.S. Congress voted for some $ 2 billion in aid to
9120-453: The Chinese government. Start of construction of the railway, as part of the Manila-Matnog Railway, is not yet set. Electricity services in Batangas City is provided by Meralco for most of its barangays. Some barangays in the eastern rural area near the boundary with Taysan are served by the Batangas II Electric Cooperative (BATELEC-II). Power in off-grid Verde Island is provided by diesel generators and solar panels. The water services in
9280-410: The Commonwealth ended on the morning of July 4, 1946, when the Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated and independence from the United States proclaimed. The occasion, attended by some 300,000 people, was marked by the simultaneous lowering of the U.S. flag and raising of the Philippine national flag , a 21-gun salute , and the pealing of church bells. Roxas then took the oath of office as
9440-441: The Democratic Alliance, claiming that they been elected illegally, and replaced them with his own bets. Roxas's expulsion of the Democratic Alliance from Congress was the beginning of a nation-wide purge of those who served in the Huk resistance against the Japanese as arrests and murders followed. Those who survived fled to the jungle and formed the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (the People's Revolutionary Army).". Roxas served as
9600-444: The Feast of the Santo Niño at every third Sunday of January, as well as religious processions during Good Friday and the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . The Sublian Festival, held every July 23, revives the old Batangueño tradition of subli . The Batangas City Founding Day celebrations are done alongside the Sublian Festival on the same day. Batangas City's public transportation mainly include jeepneys and tricycles. Also,
9760-411: The Fil-Am guerrilla movement through Ramona Snyder, the lover of guerrilla Edwin Ramsey . On October 20, 1943, the head of the Japanese military police, Akira Nagahama, surprised President Laurel in Malacañang and demanded the arrest of Roxas, whose office was a short distance away. Laurel replied, "You can go and get Roxas, but you'll have to kill me first." Control of the rice supplies and pricing
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#17327726538599920-431: The Filipino people knew of his reputation. On April 23, 1946, Roxas won 54% of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature. On May 28, 1946, prior to his inauguration, president-elect Roxas, accompanied by United States High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , left for the United States. During his U.S. visit, Roxas came out clearly for the United States to maintain its bases after independence, saying in
10080-411: The Huks and invited a delegation of Huk leaders led by Juan Feleo to come to Manila in August 1946. While returning to their jungle bases, Felco and the other Huk leaders were ambushed by police forces, with Felco's head was found floating in the Pampanga River. The ambush was intended to cripple the Huks, but instead led to a civil war as the police and the army rapidly lost control of much of Luzon to
10240-425: The Huks joined forces with socialists and peasant unions to form a new party, the Democratic Alliance. The party won six seats in Congress on a platform of punishing collaborators, land reform and opposing the Bell Trade Act. Among the Huk leaders elected to Congress was the party's leader Luis Taruc . In what was described as "a monstrous abrogation of democratic procedure", Roxas expelled all members of Congress from
10400-413: The Huks. Strongly opposed to the guerrilla movement Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón (Nation's Army Against the Japanese, also called "the Huks"), Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the Huk movement on March 6, 1948. At the same time, Roxas pardoned the Filipinos who had collaborated with the Japanese. The pardon of the collaborators lent some substance to the charge by the Huks that his administration
10560-454: The Japanese in 1942, their commissions were restated. When the Congress of the Philippines re-convened in 1945, legislators elected in 1941 Roxas as Senate president . Of all members of the 1st Commonwealth Congress , 8 out of 14 senators and 19 out of 67 representatives had collaborated with the Japanese during the occupation. In an attempt to undermine Osmeña's chances of winning the 1946 Philippine presidential election , MacArthur forced
10720-404: The Japanese location of defenses and movements. Hostilities ended as the war came closer to the end. After the Liberation, President Manuel Roxas issued his reappointment. Mayor Perez ran and won in 1944, the first post-War elections in the country. In November 1949, he was killed by an unknown assassin. Vice Mayor Atilano Magadia succeeded Perez as Mayor, serving until 1951. Mayor Macario Chavez
10880-403: The Laurel government until April 1945, when he surrendered to American forces at Baguio. After his capture, MacArthur publicized Roxas' contributions to the resistance movement. MacArthur may have been blackmailed by Roxas, who threatened to reveal the guaranty he accepted in 1942. This was dangerous for The General, as MacArthur had ambitions to run as the candidate of the Republican Party for
11040-422: The Laurel government, short supply and high demand drove the prices up for everyone. Eventually as the war progressed, Japan managed to divert most of the rice harvest to feed the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia. The ruthless policies of confiscating rice harvests pushed many of the Filipino peasantry to the brink of starvation and made Roxas into one of the most hated men in the Philippines. Roxas served in
11200-413: The National Economic Council, chairman of the National Development Company, and served in many other government corporations and agencies. He also served as a brigadier general in the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), was a recognized guerrilla leader and military leader of the Philippine Commonwealth Army. Roxas became one of the leaders of the Nacionalista Party , which was dominated by
11360-404: The Osmeña administration to make unpopular decisions while he groomed Roxas to run in the 1946 election. On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died and his vice-president , Harry S Truman , succeeded him. Truman had little interest in the Philippines, as he had more pressing concerns to face in his first months of office. When MacArthur left the Philippines for Japan to sign the armistice ending
11520-587: The Philippine archipelago. MacArthur had claimed that the American–Filipino forces under his command would stop any Japanese invasion "on the beaches", but instead the Japanese forces marched on Manila , the capital and largest city of the Philippines. Roxas accompanied President Quezon to Corregidor where he supervised the destruction of Philippine currency to prevent its capture by the Japanese. When Quezon left Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct
11680-566: The Philippines , where he was elected president of his class and the student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class valedictorian , and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% that same year. He then became professor of law at the Philippine Law School and National University . He served as secretary to Judge Cayetano Arellano of the Supreme Court . In 1917, Roxas became
11840-548: The Philippines created a pueblo in the area which included the hill (now Hilltop ) where the present Provincial Capitol of Batangas stands after the formal end of the Coumintang Kingdom. The town was named "Batangan" because huge logs, locally called "batang", abounded in the place. The Spanish government appointed Don Agustin Casilao as Batangan's first gobernadorcillo . Said title of "little governor" as head of
12000-480: The Philippines to the United States, which wanted to retain its air and naval bases in the Philippines to maintain control of the South China Sea. The Americans made it clear that they were prepared to pay "handsomely" for the right to keep their Filipino bases, which Roxas exploited. On March 11, 1947, Philippine voters, agreeing with Roxas, ratified in a nationwide plebiscite the " parity amendment " to
12160-549: The Philippines, with an area of 16,873.31 km (6,514.82 sq mi). The region itself is relatively flat, but also consists of coastal areas and highlands. It is bordered by Manila Bay in the west, Metro Manila , Bulacan , and Aurora in the north, Lamon Bay and Bicol in the east, and the Isla Verde Passage in the south. Each province in the region is composed of different environments, ranging from low coastal areas to rugged mountainous ones. Cavite
12320-427: The Philippines. In May 1930, Roxas reported to Manuel L. Quezon that both Hurley and Stimson had testified before the U.S. Congress saying that the Philippines were not ready for independence nor would be for anytime in the foreseeable future, which he thought had a major impact on the U.S. Congress. Roxas advised that Quezon should now try to appease Senators Harry B. Hawes and Bronson B. Cutting by sending them
12480-418: The Philippines. Though the $ 2 billion was intended to assist with the reconstruction of the war-devastated nation, the vast majority of the money was stolen by Roxas and his corrupt friends. The American journalist Robert Shaplen noted after a visit to Manila: "It may well be that in no other city in the world was there so much graft and corruption and conniving after the war". In the congressional elections,
12640-565: The Philippines. At this time, Region IV consisted of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque , Oriental Mindoro , Occidental Mindoro , Quezon, Rizal, Romblon , and Palawan . In 1979, Aurora formally became a province independent of Quezon and was also included in Region IV. On May 17, 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 103 , which reorganized the Southern Tagalog region. Due to its size, Region IV
12800-544: The Quezon Province for the first time & the result of original formation of Pampanga since the Spanish occupation. The next year, Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 246 , which declared Calamba as the regional center of the region. On the other hand, Lucena is home to most of the branches of governmental agencies, businesses, banks and service facilities in the region. The region is the 12th largest region in
12960-905: The Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country. However, problems of land tenure continued. In fact, these became worse in certain areas. Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 34, likewise known as the Tenant Act, which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts. It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central Luzon. President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President José P. Laurel (1943–1945). The Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those collaborators, who were charged with
13120-544: The Roxas desiderata were incorporated in the final agreement as the Americans agreed to reduce the number of bases in the Philippines after independence. Roxas's argument against the U.S. Army having bases were also incorporated in the agreement, through the fact that the Pentagon saw the Philippines primarily as a place to project power into Asia led to most of the American bases being naval and air bases. Furthermore, as long
13280-754: The Tayabenses and declared as National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines, the Casa Comunidad de Tayabas, the former office of the then President Manuel Luis Quezon and the place where Hermano Pule was sentenced to death, and the Malagonlong Bridge and the 9 other century-old Spanish arch type and National Cultural Treasure bridges. Local festivals include the Taytsinoy Festival, Mayohan Festival, Pa'yas Festival Hagisan Festival, Baliskog Festival, Angel Festival, Aguyod Festival and
13440-493: The Treaty reserved for the United States some bases for the mutual protection of both countries; consented that the United States represent the Philippines in countries where the latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made the Philippines assume all debts and obligations of the former government in the Philippines; and provided for the settlement of property rights of the citizens of both countries. Although Roxas
13600-571: The Turumba Festival every Holy Week. Lucban is most famous for its annual Pahiyas Festival or locally known as Pahiyas, an event not only visited by local tourists but also by international tourists as well. Devotees and pilgrims also visit Lucban's Kamay ni Hesus Shrine , which has a 50-foot statue of the Ascending Christ on top of a hill. Batangas is also famous for its scenic beaches in Nasugbu and Calatagan . Antipolo
13760-408: The U.S. military was that the United States needed its Philippine bases to deter Japan from trying to seize control of all of East Asia. In 1933, Roxas and Osmeña flew to Washington to negotiate Filipino independence from the United States. The Americans agreed to grant the Filipinos independence, but only on the condition that the United States be allowed to retain military bases in the Philippines,
13920-435: The United States at the present rate. Roxas became seen as one of the less radical independence leaders, who favored "going slow" on independence to keep access to the U.S. market. At the time, Roxas cynically stated he and the other Nacionalistas had to make "radical statements for immediate, complete and absolute independence to maintain hold of the people". Filipino politics tended to be based more on personal loyalties to
14080-601: The United States that the Huks might come to power while the fact that the Kuomintang were clearly losing the Chinese civil war by this point led to the very real possibility that Chinese Communists might come to the power. In turn, there was much fear in Washington that a Communist China would grant the Soviet Union air and naval bases. The possibility of a Communist China vastly increased the geopolitical importance of
14240-645: The United States to discuss the approval for independence. On June 21, Roxas reappeared in front of another joint session of Congress and urged the acceptance of two laws passed by the Congress of the United States on April 30, 1946—the Tydings–McDuffie Act , of Philippine Rehabilitation Act, and the Bell Trade Act or Philippine Trade Act. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. Under
14400-724: The aforementioned expressways also help accommodate the inter-modal traffic between Calabarzon and Metro Manila, serving as a faster, more viable alternative compared to primary highways that directly cross municipal and city centers. The Laguna Lake Highway, a joint project of DPWH NCR and Region IV-A, is the widening/rehabilitation at Taytay, Rizal segment, a 3.34-kilometer road. Currently, there are two more bridges being built - Barkadahan Bridge and Napindan Bridge - which will provide additional 2 lanes crossing over Manggahan Floodway and Pasig River, respectively. Manuel Roxas Manuel Acuña Roxas QSC ( Tagalog: [maˈnwel aˈkuɲa ˈɾɔhas] ; January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948)
14560-408: The aid to the Philippines has not been used as wisely as we wish it had". Acheson wanted to cease aid to the Philippines until reforms were mounted to crack down on corruption, but was blocked by John Melby, the head of the Filipino desk at the U.S. State Department , who warned that to cut off aid would mean handing over the Philippines to the Huks. U.S. officials throughout the late 1940s that Roxas
14720-644: The barangays east and mountains south of the city as the main Allied Force continued their drive towards the Quezon Province . Some of local guerrillas and irregulars of the President Quezon's Own Guerrillas (PQOG) was entering and re-invaded in Batangas City. Throughout the battle, recognized guerrilla fighters played an important key role in the advancement of the combined American and Philippine troops, providing key roads and information for
14880-558: The city also serves as the educational, industrial and the transportation center of the province. Batangas City is one of the proposed metropolitan area in the Philippines. Metro Batangas is proposed to include the component city of Batangas, as well as the towns of Alitagtag , Bauan , Ibaan , Lobo , Mabini , Rosario , San Juan , San Luis , San Pascual , Santa Teresita , Taal , Taysan and Tingloy . The first Spanish missionaries arrived in Batangas City in 1572 due to group migration. Finally, in 1581, Spanish authorities governing
15040-705: The city has transportation between barangays and other cities and municipalities. The city's central transportation hub is the Batangas City Grand Terminal, location along the Diversion Road in Alangilan. Batangas City serves as a terminus for major highways like the Southern Tagalog Arterial Road (STAR Tollway), Jose P. Laurel Highway (N4) and Batangas-Quezon Road (N435), and Bauan-Batangas Road (N436). In
15200-433: The city proper, is seeing a rise in retail stores in addition to industrial space. Numerous car dealerships are built along the length of the road in barangays Alangilan and Balagtas. Fast food restaurants, like McDonald's and Shakey's Pizza are also rising near the Batangas City Grand Terminal. In response to population and economic growth, local or national real estate companies are developing subdivisions to accommodate
15360-589: The city through local distributors. The city is the center of the radio listening market in Batangas, and is served by local radio stations, as well as some radio stations from Lipa and other parts of the Mega Manila area. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa , through the Radyo Bayanihan System, hosts two local radio stations: ALFM 95.9 Radyo Totoo ( DWAL ), a religion , news , talk , and music-oriented station, and 99.1 Spirit FM ( DWAM ),
15520-889: The cityhood and renaming of Batangas in a plebiscite. On June 21, 1969, Republic Act No. 5495 was enacted to convert Batangas into a city, this time using its same name. Later on July 23, Batangas formally became a city by virtue of Proclamation No. 581 that was signed a week earlier. Pedro S. Tolentino became its first city mayor. The succeeding city mayors are Mayor Macario M. Mendoza, 1974–1979; Alfredo M. Borbon, 1979–1980, Conrado C. Berberabe, 1980–1986; Jose M. Atienza, 1986–1987; Mario M. Perez, 1987, Eduardo B. Dimacuha, 1988–1998, Angelito A. Dimacuha, 1998–2001 and again Eduardo B. Dimacuha, 2001–2010, Vilma A. Dimacuha, 2010–2013 and again Eduardo B. Dimacuha, 2013–2016, Beverley Rose A. Dimacuha, 2016–present. Meanwhile, on January 19, 2008, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo opened Phase II project of
15680-629: The coming of the Americans in the early 1900s, local civil government of Batangas was set up. It took effect on July 4, 1901, with Jose Villanueva elected as "Municipal President." His term expired in 1903. Subsequent elections installed the following as municipal presidents: Juan Palacios, 1904–1905; Jose Arguelles, 1906; Marcelo Llana, 1907; Sisenando Ferriols, 1908–1909; Ventura Tolentino, 1910–1914; Julian Rosales, 1915; Juan Gutierrez, 1916–1919; Julian Rosales, 1920–1922; Juan Buenafe, 1923–1930; Perfecto Condez, 1931–1937; Juan Buenafe, 1938–1940. In 1941
15840-484: The commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments. It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation. After persecuting the Hukbóng Bayan Laban sa Hapón , Roxas opened peace talks with
16000-421: The country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only Stalingrad and Warsaw , for instance, could compare with Manila in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reach the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that
16160-517: The damaged school buildings alone cost more than ₱126,000,000,000. Pike noted that the Japanese as part of their efforts of "liberation" from American imperialism by bringing the Philippines into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere "...had smashed industrial buildings, banks, government offices and hotels. Infrastructure including ports had been sabotaged or destroyed in the heavy fighting for Manila". The new republic began to function on an annual deficit of over P200,000,000 with little prospect of
16320-402: The early 2000s, a diversion road is built to provide travellers a bypass to the existing highway through the urban centers. Despite the construction of the diversion, traffic bottlenecks remained inside the city. The city government is constructing a bypass road in the east to provide better access to the fast-growing industrial areas in the south of the city. The poblacion of the city features
16480-555: The east, Tayabas Bay and the Sibuyan Sea to the south, and Central Luzon to the north. It is home to places like Mount Makiling near Los Baños, Laguna , and Taal Volcano in Batangas . Calamba is the regional center while Antipolo is the most populous city in the region. Prior to its creation as a region, Calabarzon, together with the Mimaropa region, the province of Aurora , and several parts of Metro Manila, formed
16640-409: The educated class which had been responsible for governance since the time of the Spanish. Osmeña was opposed to MacArthur's rehabilitation of Roxas, only to receive the reply that: "I have known General Roxas for over twenty years, and I know that he is no threat to our military security. Therefore we are not detaining here". It has been reported that MacArthur disliked President Osmeña, whom he felt
16800-456: The election, regarding him as the Filipino politician most likely to allow the American bases to continue in the Philippines after independence. The British historian Francis Pike wrote that Roxas "effectively brought" the 1946 election, helped by the fact that he owned the largest newspaper empire in the Philippines. The Roxas newspapers election coverage were essentially campaign ads for the Roxas campaign. Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that
16960-476: The expansion of Batangas Port, the operation of different heavy industries and the construction of Phase II of the STAR Tollway project and diversion roads, Batangas City has seen a gradual shift from an agricultural economy to a commercial economy and eventually to an industrial economy. The northwest of the city hosts different commercial establishments while the lowland areas surrounding Batangas Bay hosts
17120-752: The first president of the new republic before Supreme Court Chief Justice Manuel Moran . The inaugural ceremonies took place at Luneta Park in the City of Manila . On the Grandstand alone were around 3,000 dignitaries and guests, consisting of President Roxas, Vice President Quirino, their respective parties, and the Cabinet; first United States Ambassador to the Philippines Paul McNutt; General Douglas MacArthur (coming from Tokyo ); United States Postmaster General Robert E. Hannegan ;
17280-462: The grant of easy-term loans in the amount of P177,000,000. Another proposal was the creation of the Central Bank of the Philippines to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress. Concentrating on the sugar industry, Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at
17440-480: The guise of holding a national assembly aimed at the self-determination of the Filipino people. On September 7, 1946, the Third Philippine Republic enacted Republic Act No. 14 , which renamed the province of Tayabas to Quezon , in honor of Manuel Quezon , the second President of the Philippines and elected governor of Tayabas in 1906 and congressman of 1st district of Tayabas in 1907 and
17600-706: The heavy industries of the city. However, despite its gradual shift in becoming a major commercial/industrial hub for Calabarzon, it still shares rural landscapes that is still preserved in the north part of the city. The Poblacion area is the major retail and commercial center of the city. It is filled with banks, restaurants, and local businesses. Being a major port city, Batangas has seen an increase in migrants from nearby provinces, islands, and even nation states such as China, India, Indonesia and Malaysia. Agriculture remains an important source of food and income for residents of rural barangays. Residents in rural areas practice subsidence farming, with some of their harvest sold to
17760-597: The height of the last Commonwealth elections, Senate President Roxas and his friends left the Nacionalista Party and formed the Liberal Party . Roxas became their candidate for president and Elpidio Quirino for vice-president. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for president and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez for vice-president. Roxas had the staunch support of General MacArthur. The American military government strongly favored Roxas during
17920-524: The historical region known as Southern Tagalog , until they were separated in 2002 by virtue of Executive Order No. 103. The history of the area now known as Calabarzon dates back to early historic times . Local historians believe that three of the 10th century place-names mentioned in the Philippines' earliest known written document, the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , pertain to regions or polities (Tagalog: " bayan ") along
18080-606: The inauguration of the Second Republic of the Philippines. Liberation begun when 158th Regimental Combat Team (or 158th RCT) under the command of the US 6th Army reached Poblacion, Batangas City by March 11 during the Philippines Liberation Campaign of 1944–45 . By the end of April the same that year, some elements of the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment of the 11th Airborne Division was left to clear
18240-404: The increasing populations. Large-scale developments are present, mostly of local developers, but major developers like Ayala Land and Vista Land (through Camella) also have presence in the city. PonteFino Corporate Group and PonteFino Estates' The Forum I.T. Business Park is a 4.26-hectare Philippine Economic Zone Authority -certified commercial township in Batangas City. Its PonteFino Hotel
18400-428: The island of Corregidor . Historically a site of great strategic importance, Corregidor is found at the mouth of Manila Bay and is under the jurisdiction of Cavite City . Laguna has rugged terrain, with narrow plains near the shores of Laguna de Bay and mountainous ranges further inland. Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines, and is named after the town of Bay . Laguna is also home to Mount Makiling ,
18560-685: The largest island in Laguna de Bay, is under the jurisdiction of the province of Rizal. Quezon province is mountainous, with few plains and swamps, and the tail-end of the Sierra Madre running through it. Quezon is a narrow province, with the Tayabas Isthmus comprising the southern part of the province and connecting it to the Bicol Peninsula . The southern part also consists of the Bondoc Peninsula , sandwiched between
18720-509: The local topography. Calabarzon Calabarzon (officially stylized in all caps ; English: / ˌ k ɑː l ə b ɑːr ˈ z ɒ n / ; Tagalog: [kalɐbaɾˈsɔn] ), sometimes referred to as Southern Tagalog ( Tagalog : Timog Katagalugan ) and designated as Region IV‑A , is an administrative region in the Philippines . The region comprises five provinces : Batangas , Cavite , Laguna , Quezon , and Rizal ; and one highly urbanized city , Lucena . It
18880-544: The lowland public wet markets. Major crops include coconut, corn, vegetables, and mangoes. Industries in Batangas City are concentrated around Batangas Port, Tabangao and Pinamucan areas, and Sorosoro Karsada. Shell , through its Philippine subsidiary, Pilipinas Shell, owns large refineries in Tabangao, and provides most of the fuel supply sold in Shell gas stations in southern Luzon and Metro Manila. JG Summit Holdings operates
19040-409: The men of the hacendado class, such as Roxas, were capable of providing the Philippines with competent leadership. The general felt that whatever Roxas and the other hacendados had done during the Japanese occupation was irrelevant compared to the need to have the haendados continue as the dominant group as MacArthur believed that the Philippines would descend into anarchy without the leadership of
19200-414: The municipality to a city or give it corporate powers that are accorded to other cities. Notes Calabarzon has a population of 16.1 million people, the largest of all the regions of the Philippines. The population growth rate between 2000 and 2010 of 3.07% decreased from the growth rate between 1990 and 2000 of 3.91%, a trend which coincided with the rest of the nation. Life expectancy in Calabarzon
19360-432: The next 19 years. Upon his return to the Philippines in 1930, Roxas founded a new pro-independence group called Ang Bagong Katipunan ("The New Association") that proposed disbanding all political parties under its fold and the unification of national culture in order to negotiate better with the United States. The plans for Ang Bagong Katipunan created widespread opposition, as the group was seen as too authoritarian and as
19520-421: The number of American bases be reduced and complained that the sweeping immunity from Filipino law enjoyed by American military personnel envisioned in the agreement would not be popular with Filipino public opinion. He also made it clear that he was more comfortable with the Americans mostly having naval and air bases in the Philippines, and wanted the number of U.S. Army bases kept to the minimum. Some aspects of
19680-399: The plans to impose heavy tariffs on Filipino agriculture after independence, which provided another reason to go slowly with independence. In Washington , Roxas lobbied U.S. government leaders such as Secretary of State Henry Stimson and Secretary of War Patrick Hurley . Roxas testified before the U.S. Congress that he favored Philippine independence, saying the Filipinos had fulfilled
19840-698: The population of Calabarzon are part of a Christian denomination, with the Catholic Church forming the largest proportion with its adherents accounting for 89% of the regional population. It is then followed up by the Iglesia ni Cristo (3.06%) , Philippine Independent Church (0.066%) and the Jesus is Lord Church (0.4%). A small Muslim population also exists, accounting for 0.4% of the regional population. Poverty incidence of Calabarzon Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Calabarzon
20000-466: The preservation of individual rights and liberties of the citizenry; and honesty and efficiency of government. On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before a joint session of Congress to deliver his first State of the Nation Address . Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines face and reported on his special trip to
20160-519: The president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, during which time Roxas helped prepare the groundwork for an independent Philippines. He was inugurated at the ruins of Legislative Building in Manila , which was ruined during the World War II . Chief Justice Manuel Moran administered the oath of office. Roxas's term as the president of
20320-557: The public schools of Capiz and attended St. Joseph's College in Hong Kong at age 12, but due to homesickness, he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred to Manila High School , graduating with honors in 1909. Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by George A. Malcolm , the first dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law . On his second year, he enrolled at University of
20480-503: The pueblo or municipio was replaced in 1894 by " capital municipal ". It is not clear who succeeded Casilao nor is it known whether there were subsequent appointments of capital municipal. Don Agustin Casilao is sometimes referred to as Agustino or Augustino in some sources. By 1870, its barangays were Balagtas, Bilogo , Bolbok, Bukal, Catandala, Konde, De La Paz, Kumintang Ibaba, Matuko, Mapagong, Paharang Kanluran, Pairang, Pinamucan, Patulo, Sampaga, San Agapito, San Isidro and Talahib. At
20640-850: The region are the Manide language in east Quezon and a small portion in north Quezon, the Umiray Dumaget language in north Quezon and a small area in central Quezon, and the Inagta Alabat language on Alabat Island . Languages not native in the region are also spoken by minority residents, including Bicolano , Butuanon , Cebuano , various Cordilleran languages , Cuyunon , Hiligaynon , Ilocano (especially in Quezon bordering Aurora), Karay-a , Kapampangan , Lumad (indigenous tribal languages in Mindanao), Surigaonon , Waray , Maguindanaon , Maranao and Tausug . The large majority of
20800-548: The region with the most cities amongst the Luzon regions. Antipolo is the most populous city in the region, as well as the 6th most populous city of the whole Philippines, while Bacoor and San Pedro is the most densely populated cities in the whole region. A large section of Calabarzon is considered part of the Greater Manila Area ; while Batangas City is the center of the Batangas metropolitan area . The region has
20960-398: The region's proximity to Metro Manila , a large amount of urbanization has taken place over the years. Cavite and Laguna in particular are sites of manufacturing and high-tech industries, with companies like Intel and Panasonic setting up plants in the region. Santa Rosa, Laguna, is home to a host of semi-conductor and automotive companies such as Amkor and Toyota , while General Trias
21120-404: The resistance there. It was prior to Quezon's departure that he was made executive secretary and designated as successor to the presidency in case Quezon or Vice President Sergio Osmeña were captured or killed. On January 3, 1942, President Quezon presented General MacArthur with a secret guaranty of $ 500,000. The payment was related to the Filipino concept of utang na loob , where one offers
21280-423: The rest of the year, with July being the rainiest month, with up to 288 millimeters (11.3 in) of rainfall. Humidity levels are high for most of the year. In the 2020 census, the population of Batangas City was 351,437 people, with a density of 1,200 inhabitants per square kilometer or 3,100 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Batangas City Source: Philippine Statistics Authority With
21440-556: The ruins of the Legislative Building (now part of the National Museum of the Philippines ) and were witnessed by about 200,000 people. In his address, he outlined the main policies of his administration, mainly: closer ties with the United States; adherence to the newly created United Nations ; national reconstruction; relief for the masses; social justice for the working class; the maintenance of peace and order;
21600-429: The same way as before 1941. However, the U.S. government was apparently not aware of the change in public opinion, and favored Roxas as the man best able to allow the United States to keep its bases after independence. On May 10, 1946, a draft agreement was signed in Washington allowing the United States to keep its Filipino bases for 99 years after independence. Roxas was willing to sign the agreement, but demanded that
21760-409: The shores of Laguna de Bay; and some Filipino-Chinese scholars believe the 10th century trading polity known as Ma-i may actually have been the predecessor of the present day town of Bay, Laguna . Since the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, the region has served as home to some of the most important Philippine historical figures, including the Philippine national hero , José Rizal , who
21920-406: The southernmost part of Batangas, facing Batangas Bay . It is bordered by San Jose to the north, Verde Island Passage to the south, Ibaan , Taysan , and Lobo to the east, and San Pascual to the west. The Calumpang River crosses the city from northeast to southwest. The area west of Calumpang River is generally plains while the eastern area is mostly foothills and mountains. Batangas City
22080-552: The time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons. The war had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, massacred thousands of civilians, and paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipment, laboratories and furniture were destroyed. Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family heirlooms , hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of
22240-664: The title "Municipal President" was changed to "Municipal Mayor." Pedro Berberabe was elected first municipal mayor. Batangas City was severely damaged due to the Japanese A6M Zero bombardment and on December 12, 1941, the Batangas Airport which is located in Barangay Alangilan is totally destroyed. On October 14, 1943, municipal councilor Roman L. Perez was appointed Mayor by the Japanese after
22400-809: The urbanized areas are provided by the Batangas City Water District (BCWD). Rural areas are localized and provided by the Rural Waterworks and Sewage Authority. The city is also locations of two major power plants that supply power to the Luzon grid: Among the higher education institutions in the city is the Batangas State University , Lyceum of the Philippines University–Batangas , University of Batangas , St. Bridget College and STI College . The Department of Education also maintains
22560-462: The views that could be found in its summit. Mount Macolod and Mount Batulao can also be found in Batangas. Rizal is situated north of Laguna de Bay, and consists of a mixture of valleys and mountain ranges, with flat low-lying areas in the western portion of the province near Manila. The eastern portion of Rizal has hills and ridges which form part of the Sierra Madre range. Talim Island ,
22720-436: The war on August 30, 1945, the Philippines has been in a chaotic state, with the economy in tatters and the political status undecided. When he took over the American occupation of Japan, MacArthur in turn lost his interest in the Philippines, only returning to Manila on July 4, 1946, to witness the declaration of Filipino independence before promptly returning to Tokyo. Prior to the Philippine national elections of 1946 , at
22880-634: Was a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the fifth president of the Philippines from 1946 until his death in 1948. He served briefly as the third and last President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, and became the first President of the Independent Third Philippine Republic after the United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines . Roxas
23040-491: Was a continuation of the wartime collaborationist puppet government. The Central Intelligence Agency in a report noted that the Philippines was dominated by "an irresponsible ruling class which exercises economic and political power almost exclusively in its own interests". Secretary of State Dean Acheson complained that the Philippines was one of the most corrupt nations in Asia as he commented with some understatement "much of
23200-487: Was a corrupt leader whose policies openly favored the hacendado class and that unless reforms were made, it was inevitable that the Huks would win. On August 5, 1946, Congress ratified the Treaty of General Relations that had been entered into by and between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States on July 4, 1946. Aside from withdrawing her sovereignty from the Philippines and recognizing her independence,
23360-439: Was an incompetent leader, and much preferred Roxas to be the country's next president. The charismatic Roxas made for more appealing social company, which he used to his advantage in his dealings with The General. Moreover, Osmeña had often opposed MacArthur before the war. President Osmeña traveled to Washington in early 1945 to appeal for President Roosevelt's help against MacArthur, but he made tactless remarks in his meeting at
23520-586: Was born in Calamba. The name of the region is an acronym of its five component provinces: Ca vite , La guna , Ba tangas , R izal and Que zon . On June 5, 1901, a convention was called on whether or not the province of Manila should annex the district of Morong , which was found to be unable to be self-sufficient as a province. Eventually, on June 11, Act No. 137 of the First Philippine Commission abolished Morong and created
23680-693: Was born on January 1, 1892, in Capiz , Capiz (present-day Roxas City) to Gerardo Roxas y Luis and Rosario Acuña y Villaruz. He was a posthumous child , as his father died after being mortally wounded by the Spanish Guardia Civil the year before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, were raised by their mother and her father, Don Eleuterio Acuña. His other siblings from his father included Leopoldo and Margarita, while he also had half-siblings, Consuelo, Leopoldo, Ines, and Evaristo Picazo after his mother remarried. Roxas received his early education in
23840-402: Was elected in 1951; his four-year term ended in 1955. People voted Pedro S. Tolentino overwhelmingly as mayor in 1956. He was reelected three times. In 1965, Republic Act No. 4586 was signed by President Diosdado Macapagal , converting Batangas into a city. If successful, it would be renamed as Laurel, after former President Jose P. Laurel , a native of Tanauan . However, the voters rejected
24000-495: Was formerly known as Patay, Kumintang Ilaya as Sambat Ilaya, and Kumintang Ibaba as Sambat Ibaba. Batangas City has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification system type Aw/As ), straddling on a bordering tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification system type Am ) to the east. The city is dry from January to April, with temperatures reaching up to 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) in April, and rainy for
24160-606: Was its sphere of influence. In a role reversal, it was the Filipinos who were opposed to immediate independence, which was proposed in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill being debated within the halls of Congress. In early 1930, Roxas flew to the United States with Sergio Osmeña to lobby the U.S. Congress to go slow on the granting of independence in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill. Aside from the fear of Japan, many Filipinos were deeply worried about
24320-407: Was made liaison officer between the Commonwealth government and the USAFFE headquarters of General Douglas MacArthur . On December 7, 1941, Japan went to war against the United States, bombing the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii, while also bombing American bases in the Philippines. Shortly after, Japanese invasion forces landed on Luzon , the largest and most populous of the islands of
24480-405: Was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection. The good record of the Roxas administration was marred by notable failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government (as evidenced by
24640-413: Was mountainous and heavily forested, which made the area relatively isolated, and its distance from Quezon's capital Lucena. On September 24, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted Presidential Decree No. 1 , which organized the provinces into 11 regions as part of Marcos' Integrated Reorganization Plan. The IRP created Region IV, known as the Southern Tagalog region, and was the largest region in
24800-470: Was power politics in Manila. President Laurel and Roxas, as chief of the Government Rice Procurement Authority, secretly blocked Japanese access to the rice stores controlled by the agency—they wanted to project that the largest possible supply of the staple food would be available to the civilian population at the lowest possible price. They managed the system successfully. But when the Japanese occupiers were forced to use their own procurement methods outside of
24960-401: Was split into two separate regions, Region IV-A (Calabarzon) and Region IV-B (Mimaropa). Aurora was transferred to Region III, Central Luzon , the province's geographic location; the total separation of Aurora from Quezon & transfer of Aurora to Central Luzon were the fulfillment of the wishes of the residents of the original Municipalities of Baler and Casiguran to be truly independent from
25120-476: Was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restriction for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors. On March 21, 1947, the United States granted the Philippines some $ 17.7 million in military aid and another $ 25 million to assist with reconstruction. The Communist Huk rebellion led to fears in
25280-417: Was the Philippine equivalent of the fabled French statesman Charles Maurice de Tallyrand who was able to blend with the wind, able to work with authority wherever he found it". The American historian Richard Bernstein stated: "If Japan had won the war...the top man in the Philippines today would probably have been Manuel Roxas". During Japanese occupation, Roxas provided intelligence to General MacArthur and
25440-450: Was to the United States, which made accepting such a payment as morally wrong in his viewpoint. Roxas was one of the few people who did know about Quezon's gift to MacArthur. Roxas was captured in April 1942 by the Japanese invasion forces. He became chief advisor to the collaborationist government of Jose P. Laurel . The American journalist Richard Rovere described Roxas as typical of the Filipino hacendado class (the wealthy owners of
25600-405: Was unable to serve until 1945 because of the outbreak of World War II . The United States was scheduled to grant the Philippines independence in 1945 while Japan started to make claims for a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere from 1940 onward. In common with other members of the Filipino elite, Roxas started to cultivate ties with Japan as it was unclear whatever the Philippines would remain in
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