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74-2894: The name "Bavarian Geographer" was first bestowed (in its French form, " Géographe de Bavière ") in 1796 by Polish count and scholar Jan Potocki . The term is now also used at times to refer to the document itself. It was the first Latin source to claim that all Slavs have originated from the same homeland, called the Zeriuani . Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii . Isti sunt qui propinquiores resident finibus Danaorum, quos vocant Nortabtrezi , ubi regio, in qua sunt civitates LIII per duces suos partite. Uuilci , in qua civitates XCV et regiones IIII. Linaa est populus, qui habet civitates VII. Prope illis resident, quos vocant Bethenici et Smeldingon et Morizani, qui habent civitates XI. Iuxta illos sunt, qui vocantur Hehfeldi , qui habent civitates VIII. Iuxta illos est regio, que vocatur Surbi , in qua regione plures sunt, que habent civitates L. Iuxta illos sunt quos vocant Talaminzi, qui habent civitates XIII. Beheimare , in qua sunt civitates XV. Marharii habent civitates XL. Uulgarii regio est inmensa et populus multus habens civitates V, eo quod mutitudo magna ex eis sit et non sit eis opus civitates habere. Est populus quem vocant Merehanos , ipsi habent civitates XXX. Iste sunt regiones, que terminant in finibus nostris. Isti sunt, qui iuxta istorum fines resident. Osterabtrezi, in qua civitates plus quam C sunt. Miloxi, in qua civitates LXVII. Phesnuzi habent civitates LXX. Thadesi plus quam CC urbes habent. Glopeani , in qua civitates CCCC aut eo amplius. Zuireani habent civitates CCCXXV. Busani habent civitates CCXXXI. Sittici regio inmensa populis et urbibus munitissimis. Stadici, in qua civitates DXVI populousque infinitus. Sebbirozi habent civitates XC. Unlizi populus multus civitates CCCCXVIII. Neriuani habent civitates LXXVIII. Attorozi habent civitates CXLVIII, populus ferocissimus. Eptaradici habent civitates CCLXIII. Uuilerozi habent civitates CLXXX. Zabrozi habent civitates CCXII. Znetalici habent civitates LXXIIII. Aturezani habent civitates CIIII. Chozirozi habent civitates CCL. Lendizi habent civitates XCVIII. Thafnezi habent civitates CCLVII. Zeriuani , quod tantum est regnum, ut ex eo cuncte genetes Sclauorum exorte sint et originem, sicut affirmant, ducant. Prissani civitates LXX. Uelunzani civitates LXX. Bruzi plus est undique quam de Enisa ad Rhenum Uuizunbeire Caziri civitates C. Ruzzi. Forsderen. Liudi. Fresiti. Serauici. Lucolane. Ungare . Uuislane . Sleenzane civitates XV. Lunsizi civitates XXX. Dadosesani civitates XX. Milzane civitates XXX. Besunzane civitates II. Uerizane civitates X. Fraganeo civitates XL. Lupiglaa civitates XXX. Opolini civitates XX. Golensizi civitates V. The short document, written in Latin ,

148-539: A Latin-only policy which lasted for centuries. Methodius vindicated his orthodoxy and promised to obey with regard to the liturgy. He could the more easily defend his omission of Filioque from the creed as this also pertained in Rome at the time. Though Filioque could, by the 6th century, be heard in some Latin-speaking churches in the west, it was not to be until 1014 that Rome followed suit (see Nicene Creed ). Methodius' critics were mollified by Methodius having to accept

222-592: A continuation of conflicts inevitable with the German episcopate, and especially with the bishop of Salzburg , whose prerogative Pannonia had been for seventy-five years. As early as 865, Bishop Adalwin was found to exercise Episcopal rights there. The administration under him was in the hands of the archpriest Riehbald. He was obliged to retire to Salzburg, though his superior was instinctively disinclined to abandon his claim. The brothers sought support from Rome, and arrived there in 868, where they were warmly received. This

296-466: A known publicist, publishing newspapers and pamphlets, in which he argued for various reforms. He also established in 1788 in Warsaw a publishing house named Drukarnia Wolna (Free Press) as well as the city's first free reading room. His relation with Stanislaus Augustus was thorny, as Potocki, while often supportive of the king, on occasion did not shy from his critique. He was also highly critical of

370-668: A papal document is in Grande Munus of Leo XIII in 1880. They are known as the "Apostles of the Slavs", and are still highly regarded by both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians. Their feast day is currently celebrated on 14 February in the Roman Catholic Church (to coincide with the date of St Cyril's death); on 11 May in the Eastern Orthodox Church (though for Eastern Orthodox Churches which use

444-549: A pioneer of travel literature . Fascinated by the occult , Potocki studied ancient cultures, rituals and secret societies. Simultaneously, he was a member of parliament and took part in the Great Sejm shortly before the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist. In spite of his literary career, Potocki became burdened by mental illness and melancholy . He committed suicide by gunshot in 1815; however,

518-573: A time of fruitful progress. Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy. When Frankish clerics again ventured into the country, revealing a permissive Svatopluk at odds with his punctilious archbishop, this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the Filioque . In 878, Methodius was summoned to Rome on charges of heresy and using Slavonic. This time Pope John

592-407: A wide range of themes, subjects, and styles, including gothic horror, picaresque adventures, and comic, erotic , and moral tales. The stories reflect Potocki's interest in secret societies , the supernatural , and oriental cultures, and they are illustrated with his detailed observations of 18th-century European manners and customs, particularly those of upper-class Spanish society. Many of

666-598: Is explained in the foreword, which is narrated by an unnamed French officer who describes his fortuitous discovery of an intriguing Spanish manuscript during the sack of Zaragoza in 1809, in the course of the Napoleonic Wars . Soon after, the French officer is captured by the Spanish and stripped of his possessions; but a Spanish officer recognizes the manuscript's importance, and during the French officer's captivity

740-724: Is largely geographic in nature, and its understanding of Eastern European geography is limited, so it may be a case of cosmography . The document has a short introductory sentence and a list of 58 tribal names in Central and Eastern Europe , east of the Elbe and north of the Danube to the Volga River to the Black Sea and Caspian Sea (most of them of Slavonic origin, with Ruzzi , and others such as Vulgarii , etc.). Absent on

814-575: Is still used in the liturgy by several Orthodox Churches, and also in some Eastern Catholic churches. Exactly how much the brothers translated is impossible to say for certain. The New Testament and the Psalms seem to have been the first, followed by other lessons from the Old Testament . The "Translatio" speaks only of a version of the Gospels by Cyril, and the "Vita Methodii" only of

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888-673: The "evangelium Slovenicum" , though other liturgical selections may also have been translated. Nor is it known for sure which liturgy, whether of Rome or of Constantinople, they took as a source. They may well have used the Roman alphabet , as hinted by liturgical fragments adhering closely to the Latin type. This view is confirmed by the "Prague Fragments" and by certain Old Glagolitic liturgical fragments brought from Jerusalem to Kyiv and discovered there by Izmail Sreznevsky —probably

962-753: The Archdiocese of Ljubljana . Ljubljana Cathedral stands at Cyril and Methodius Square ( Slovene : Ciril–Metodov trg ). They are also patron saints of the Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Košice (Slovakia) and the Slovak Greek Catholic Eparchy of Toronto . St. Cyril Peak and St. Methodius Peak in the Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island , South Shetland Islands , in Antarctica are named for

1036-574: The Bulgarian Orthodox Church as the " Seven Saints ". The newly made priests officiated in their own language at the altars of some of the principal churches. Feeling his end approaching, Cyril became a Basilian monk and was given the name Cyril. He died in Rome fifty days later (14 February 869). There is some question whether he had been made a bishop, as is asserted in the Translatio (ix.). Upon Cyril´s death Methodius

1110-799: The Church of England with a Lesser Festival and with a lesser feast on the Episcopal Church calendar on 14 February . The day is now celebrated as a public holiday in the following countries: The saints' feast day is celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on 11 May and by the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion on 14 February as " Saints Cyril and Methodius Day ". The Lutheran Churches of Western Christianity commemorate

1184-639: The Glagolitic alphabet , the first alphabet to be used for Slavonic manuscripts. The Glagolitic alphabet was suited to match the specific features of the Slavic language. Its descendant script, the Cyrillic, is still used by many languages today. The brothers wrote the first Slavic Civil Code , which was used in Great Moravia. The language derived from Old Church Slavonic, known as Church Slavonic ,

1258-652: The Julian Calendar this is 24 May according to the Gregorian calendar ); and on 7 July according to the old sanctoral calendar before the revisions of the Second Vatican Council . The celebration also commemorates the introduction of literacy and the preaching of the gospels in the Slavonic language by the brothers. The brothers were declared "Patrons of Europe" in 1980. The first recorded secular celebration of Saints Cyril and Methodius' Day as

1332-808: The Ohrid Literary School in Ohrid and the Preslav Literary School in Preslav . The Preslav Literary School had been originally established in Pliska , but was moved to Preslav in 893. The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets are the oldest known Slavic alphabets , and were created by the two brothers and/or their students, to translate the Gospels and liturgical books into the Slavic languages . The early Glagolitic alphabet

1406-679: The Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century as a simplification of the Glagolitic alphabet which more closely resembled the Greek alphabet. The Cyrillic script was devised from the Greek alphabet and Glagolitic alphabet . Cyrillic gradually replaced Glagolitic as the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language, which became the official language of the First Bulgarian Empire and later spread to

1480-485: The Slavs , they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet , the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic . After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as saints with the title of " equal-to-apostles ". In 1880, Pope Leo XIII introduced their feast into

1554-535: The "Day of the Bulgarian script", as traditionally accepted by Bulgarian history , was held in the town of Plovdiv on 11 May 1851. At the same time a local Bulgarian school was named "Saints Cyril and Methodius". Both acts had been instigated by the prominent Bulgarian educator Nayden Gerov . However, an Armenian traveller referred to a "celebration of the Bulgarian script" when he visited the town of Shumen on 22 May 1803. Cyril and Methodius are remembered in

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1628-583: The Byzantine Empire. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language as a way to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria, so he established two literary schools (academies), in Pliska and Ohrid , where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language. While Naum of Preslav stayed in Pliska working on

1702-516: The Christian law." Rastislav is said to have expelled missionaries of the Roman Church and instead turned to Constantinople for ecclesiastical assistance and, presumably, a degree of political support. The Emperor quickly chose to send Cyril, accompanied by his brother Methodius. The request provided a convenient opportunity to expand Byzantine influence. Their first work seems to have been

1776-671: The Eastern Slav lands of Kievan Rus' . Cyrillic eventually spread throughout most of the Slavic world to become the standard alphabet in the Eastern Orthodox Slavic countries. In this way the work of Cyril and Methodius and their disciples enabled the spread of Christianity throughout Eastern Europe. After the adoption of Christianity in 865, religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from

1850-721: The Khazar language while in Chersonesos , in Taurica (today Crimea ). After his return to Constantinople, Cyril assumed the role of professor of philosophy at the university. His brother had by this time become a significant figure in Byzantine political and administrative affairs, and an abbot of his monastery. In 862, the brothers began the work which would give them their historical importance. That year Prince Rastislav of Great Moravia requested that Emperor Michael III and

1924-703: The Patriarch Photius send missionaries to evangelize his Slavic subjects. His motives in doing so were probably more political than religious. Rastislav had become king with the support of the Frankish ruler Louis the German , though he subsequently sought to assert his independence from the Franks. That Cyril and Methodius might have been the first to bring Christianity to Moravia is a common misconception; Rastislav's letter to Michael III states clearly that his people "had already rejected paganism and adhere to

1998-695: The Russian ambassador, Otto Magnus von Stackelberg . Potocki's wealth enabled him to travel extensively about Europe, the Mediterranean and Asia, visiting Italy, Sicily , Malta , the Netherlands , Germany , France , England , Russia , Turkey , Dalmatia , the Balkans , the Caucasus , Spain , Tunisia , Morocco , Egypt , and even Mongolia . He was also one of the first travel writers of

2072-517: The Slavic peoples as part of their rightful mission field. When friction developed, the brothers, unwilling to be a cause of dissension among Christians, decided to travel to Rome to see the Pope, and seek a solution that would avoid quarrelling between missionaries in the field. In 867, Pope Nicholas I (858-867) invited the brothers to Rome. Their evangelizing mission in Moravia had by this time become

2146-741: The Spaniard translates it for him into French. The manuscript has been written by a young officer of the Walloon Guard, Alphonse van Worden. In 1739, while en route to Madrid to serve with the Spanish Army, he is diverted into Spain's rugged Sierra Morena region. There, over a period of sixty-six days, he encounters a varied group of characters, including Muslim princesses, Gypsies , outlaws, and kabbalists , who tell him an intertwining series of bizarre, amusing, and fantastic tales which he records in his diary. The sixty-six stories cover

2220-516: The appointment of Wiching as his coadjutor. When relations between the two factions again became strained, John VIII steadfastly supported Methodius. After his death (December 882) it was the archbishop himself whose position looked insecure. His need for political support, visiting the Eastern emperor, inclined Goetz to accept the account in the Vita (xiii.). Methodius died on 6 April 885 and his body

2294-531: The birth of ethnology – he was one of the first to study the precursors of the Slavic peoples from a linguistic and historical standpoint. In 1790 he became the first person in Poland to fly in a hot air balloon when he made an ascent over Warsaw with the aeronaut Jean-Pierre Blanchard , an exploit that earned him great public acclaim. He spent some time in France, and upon his return to Poland, he became

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2368-461: The borders of the First Bulgarian Empire together with Naum , Angelar , and possibly also Gorazd (other sources suggest Gorazd had already died by that time). Angelar soon died after an arrival, but Clement and Naum were afterwards sent to the Bulgarian capital of Pliska, where they were commissioned by Boris I to instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavonic language. Eventually they were commissioned to establish two theological schools -

2442-837: The brothers. Saint Cyril's remains are interred in a shrine-chapel within the Basilica di San Clemente in Rome . The chapel holds a Madonna by Sassoferrato . The Basilica of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Danville, Pennsylvania , (the only Roman Catholic basilica dedicated to SS. Cyril and Methodius in the world) is the motherhouse chapel of the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, a Roman Catholic women's religious community of pontifical right dedicated to apostolic works of ecumenism, education, evangelization, and elder care. The Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius , originally founded in 1909,

2516-716: The calendar of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church . In 1980, the first Slav pope, Pope John Paul II declared them co- patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia . The two brothers were born in Thessalonica , at that time in the Byzantine province of the same name (today in Greece ) – Cyril in 827–828, and Methodius in 815–820. According to the Vita Cyrilli ("The Life of Cyril"), Cyril

2590-733: The circumstances of his death remain controversial to this day. Jan Potocki was born into the Potocki aristocratic family , that owned vast estates across Poland. He was educated in Geneva and Lausanne , served twice in the Polish Army as a captain of engineers, and spent some time on a galley as novice to the Knights of Malta . His colorful life took him across Europe , Asia and North Africa , where he embroiled himself in political intrigues, flirted with secret societies and contributed to

2664-414: The death of Methodius in 885. Gorazd, whom Methodius had designated as his successor, was not recognised by Pope Stephen V . This pope now also forbade the Slavic liturgy and placed as Methodius' successor the infamous Wiching who promptly sent disciples of Cyril and Methodius into exile from Great Moravia. After spending some time in jail, Clement was expelled from Great Moravia, and in 885 or 886 reached

2738-446: The document is disputed. Although early commentators suggested that it could have been compiled in Regensburg , the list seems to have been taken from Codex Reginbertinus II , recorded in the 9th century in the library of the Reichenau Abbey and named after a local librarian. Based on these findings, Bernhard Bischoff attributes it to a monk active at Reichenau from the 830s to 850s. Aleksandr Nazarenko finds it more probable that

2812-536: The first list are mentioned: In the second list are mentioned: Jan Potocki Count Jan Potocki ( Polish pronunciation: [ˈjan pɔˈtɔt͡skʲi] ; 8 March 1761 – 23 December 1815) was a Polish nobleman, ethnologist , linguist , traveller and author of the Enlightenment period , whose life and exploits made him a celebrated figure in Poland . He is known chiefly for his picaresque novel, The Manuscript Found in Saragossa . Born into affluent Polish nobility, Potocki lived abroad from an early age and

2886-454: The focus of a dispute with Archbishop Adalwin of Salzburg (859–873) and Bishop Ermanrich of Passau (866-874). They claimed ecclesiastical control of the same territory and wished to see it use the Latin liturgy exclusively. With them they brought the relics of Saint Clement and a retinue of disciples. They passed through Pannonia (the Balaton Principality ), where they were well received by Prince Koceľ . This activity in Pannonia made

2960-406: The foundation of the Pliska Literary School which was moved to Preslav in 893, Clement was commissioned by Boris I to organise the teaching of theology to future clergymen in Old Church Slavonic at the Ohrid Literary School . Over seven years (886-893) Clement taught some 3,500 students in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet. Compared to nowadays, the process leading to canonization

3034-422: The last few years of his life he completed his novel. Potocki's most famous work, originally written in French , is The Manuscript Found in Saragossa ( Manuscrit trouvé à Saragosse ). It is a frame tale . On account of its rich, interlocking structure, and telescoping story sequences, the novel has drawn comparisons to such celebrated works as the Decameron and the Arabian Nights . The book's title

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3108-411: The list are Polans , Pomeranians and Masovians , tribes first of whom are believed to have settled along the shores of the Warta river during the 8th century, as well Dulebes , Volhynians and White Croats , but instead mentioning several unknown tribes hard to identify. There is also some information about the number of strongholds ( Latin : civitates ) possessed by some of the tribes, however

3182-427: The list was composed in the 870s, when Saint Methodius is believed to have resided at Reichenau. The document may have been connected with his missions in the Slavic lands. Henryk Łowmiański demonstrated that the list consists of two parts, which may be datable to different periods and attributed to distinct authors. In modern times, some scholars attribute the information from this document to be limited, because it

3256-401: The locations described in the tales are real places and regions which Potocki would have visited during his travels, while others are fictionalized accounts of actual places. While there is still some dispute about the novel's authorship, it is now generally accepted to have indeed been written by Potocki. He began writing it in the 1790s and completed it in 1814, a year before his death, though

3330-535: The modern era, penning lively accounts of many of his journeys, during which he also undertook extensive historical, linguistic, and ethnographic studies. Potocki married twice and had five children. His first marriage ended in divorce, and both marriages were the subject of scandalous rumors. In 1812, disillusioned and in poor health, he retired to his estate at Uładówka (now Uladivka) near Vinnytsia in present-day Ukraine, suffering from " melancholia " (which today would probably be diagnosed as depression ), and during

3404-403: The name "Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology" . In the United States, SS. Cyril and Methodius Seminary in Orchard Lake, Michigan , bears their name. The Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius established in 1846 was short-lived a pro-Ukrainian organization in the Russian Empire to preserve Ukrainian national identity. Saints Cyril and Methodius are the main patron saints of

3478-482: The new Pope Adrian II (867-872), who formally authorized the use of the new Slavic liturgy. Subsequently, Methodius was ordained as priest by the pope himself, and five Slavic disciples were ordained as priests ( Saint Gorazd , Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum ) and as deacons ( Saint Angelar and Saint Sava ) by the prominent bishops Formosus and Gauderic. Since the 10th century Cyril and Methodius along with these five disciples are collectively venerated by

3552-426: The novel's structure is thought to have been fully mapped out by 1805. The novel was never published in its entirety during Potocki's lifetime. A proof edition of the first ten "days" was circulated in Saint Petersburg in 1805, and a second extract was published in Paris in 1813, almost certainly with Potocki's permission. A third publication, combining both earlier extracts, was issued in 1814, but it appears that at

3626-428: The number in several instances seems exaggerated. The list consists of two parts, first describing the tribes in the Eastern neighborhood of Francia ( iste sunt regiones ... nostris ), while the second or near or outside the zone of the first going in different directions. The tribes can be geographically grouped into Danubian, Silesian-Lusatian, Baltic, and Eastern Vistulan-Caspian. According to Łowmiański (1958), in

3700-403: The oldest document in the Slavonic tongue; examples of where they resemble the Latin type include the words "Mass," "Preface," and the name of one Felicitas. Regardless, the circumstances were such that the brothers could have hoped for no lasting success without having had authorization from Rome. The mission of Constantine and Methodius had great success among Slavs in part because they used

3774-420: The papal letter Industriae tuae (880) approving the use of Old Church Slavonic, which says that the alphabet was "invented by Constantine the Philosopher". "Invention" need not exclude the brothers having possibly made use of earlier letterforms. Before that time the Slavic languages had no distinct script of their own. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed by the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius at

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3848-437: The people's native language rather than Latin or Greek. In Great Moravia, Constantine and Methodius also encountered missionaries from East Francia . They would have represented the western, or Latin, branch of the Church, more particularly epitomizing the Carolingian Empire as founded by Charlemagne , and intent on linguistic and cultural uniformity. They insisted on the use of the Latin liturgy, and they regarded Moravia and

3922-518: The pope, though not conceding this purpose, Rome declared emphatically for Methodius. He sent a bishop, Paul of Ancona , to reinstate him and punish his enemies, after which both parties were ordered to appear in Rome with the legate. Thus in 873, new Pope John VIII (872-882) secured the release of Methodius, but instructed him to stop using the Slavonic Liturgy. The papal will prevailed, and Methodius secured his freedom and his archiepiscopal authority over both Great Moravia and Pannonia, albeit without

3996-401: The private collection of Potocki's heirs. They identified two versions of the novel: one unfinished, of 1804, published in 1805, and the full version of 1810, which appears to have been completely reconceived in comparison to the 1804 version. Whereas the first version has a lighter, more sceptical tone, the second one tends towards a darker, more religious mood. In view of the differences between

4070-442: The regent Bardas , for initiating a far-reaching educational program within the Empire which culminated in the establishment of the University of Magnaura , where Cyril was to teach. Cyril was ordained as priest some time after his education, while his brother Methodius remained a deacon until 867/868. About the year 860, Byzantine Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius (a professor of Cyril's at

4144-442: The rights of Salzburg that he was captured and forced to answer to East Frankish bishops: Adalwin of Salzburg, Ermanrich of Passau, and Anno of Freising. After heated discussion, they declared the intruder deposed, and ordered him to be sent to Germany. There he was kept prisoner in a monastery for two and a half years. Notwithstanding strong representations of the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum , written in 871 to influence

4218-423: The time of his death Potocki had not yet decided on the novel's final form. Potocki composed the book entirely in the French language. Sections of the original manuscripts were later lost, but have survived in a Polish translation that was made in 1847 by Edmund Chojecki from a complete French copy, now lost. The most recent and complete French-language version, edited by François Rosset and Dominique Triaire,

4292-424: The training of assistants. In 863, they began the task of translating the Gospels and essential liturgical books into what is now known as Old Church Slavonic , and travelled to Great Moravia to promote it. This endeavour was amply rewarded. However, they came into conflict with German ecclesiastics, who opposed their efforts to create a specifically Slavic liturgy. For the purpose of this mission, they devised

4366-483: The two saints either on 14 February or 11 May. The Byzantine Rite Lutheran Churches celebrate Saints Cyril and Methodius Day on 24 May. The national library of Bulgaria in Sofia , Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the North Macedonia , and St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria and in Trnava , Slovakia , bear the name of the two saints. Faculty of Theology at Palacký University in Olomouc ( Czech Republic ), bears

4440-1118: The two versions, the 1804 and 1810 versions have been published as two separate books; paperback editions were issued in early 2008 by Flammarion . The first English-language edition, published in 1995, was a translation of Radrizzani's edition by Oxford scholar Ian MacLean. Potocki's novel became more widely known thanks to the stylish black-and-white 1965 film adaptation directed by renowned filmmaker Wojciech Has and starring Zbigniew Cybulski as Alphonse van Worden. Modern editions have appeared as follows: [REDACTED] Category Saint Methodius of Thessaloniki Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure : Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: Semi-Autonomous: Cyril ( Greek : Κύριλλος , romanized :  Kýrillos ; born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius ( Μεθόδιος , Methódios ; born Michael, 815–885) were brothers, Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries . For their work evangelizing

4514-406: The university and his guiding light in earlier years), sent Cyril on a missionary expedition to the Khazars who had requested a scholar be sent to them who could converse with both Jews and Saracens. It has been claimed that Methodius accompanied Cyril on the mission to the Khazars, but this may be a later invention. The account of his life presented in the Latin "Legenda" claims that he learned

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4588-414: The use of Slavonic for Mass in the Catholic Church . His authority in Pannonia was restricted after Koceľ's death, when the principality was administered by German nobles. However, Svatopluk now ruled practically independently in Great Moravia, and he expelled the German clergy. It seems this secured an undisturbed field of operation for Methodius, and the Vita (x.) depicts the next few years (873–879) as

4662-512: The work among the Slavs alone; not at first in Great Moravia, but in Pannonia (in the Balaton Principality ). Political circumstances in Greater Moravia were insecure. Rastislav had been taken captive by his nephew Svatopluk in 870, then delivered over to Carloman of Bavaria , and condemned in a diet held at Regensburg at the end of 870. Meanwhile, the East Frankish rulers and their bishops decided to try and depose Methodius. The archiepiscopal claims of Methodius were considered so threatening to

4736-407: Was Maria. The exact ethnic origins of the brothers are unknown; there is controversy as to whether Cyril and Methodius were of Slavic or Greek origin, or both. The two brothers lost their father when Cyril was fourteen, and the powerful minister Theoktistos , who was logothetes tou dromou , one of the chief ministers of the Empire, became their protector. He was also responsible, along with

4810-414: Was buried in the main cathedral church of Great Moravia. It still remains an open question which city was capital of Great Moravia. As a result the location of Methodius' body remains uncertain. Upon Methodius' death an animosity erupted into open conflict. Amongst the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia along with Gorazd upon

4884-453: Was convinced by the arguments that Methodius made in his defence and sent him back cleared of all charges, and with permission to use Slavonic. The Carolingian bishop who succeeded him, Wiching , a Swabian , suppressed the Slavonic Liturgy and forced the followers of Methodius into exile. Many found refuge with Knyaz Boris the Baptizer in Bulgaria , under whom they reorganized a Slavic-speaking Church. Meanwhile, Pope John's successors adopted

4958-415: Was discovered in 1772 in the Bavarian State Library , Munich by Louis XV 's ambassador to the Saxon court, Comte Louis-Gabriel Du Buat-Nançay . It had been acquired by the Wittelsbachs with the collection of the antiquarian Hermann Schädel (1410–85) in 1571. The document was much discussed in the early 19th-century historiography, notably by Nikolai Karamzin and Joachim Lelewel . The provenance of

5032-547: Was given the title of Archbishop of Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia ) with jurisdiction over all of Moravia and Pannonia, and authority to use the Slavonic Liturgy. The statement of the "Vita" that Methodius was made bishop in 870 and not raised to the dignity of an archbishop until 873 is contradicted by the brief of Pope John VIII , written in June 879, according to which Adrian consecrated him archbishop; John includes in his jurisdiction not only Great Moravia and Pannonia, but Serbia as well. Methodius now continued

5106-457: Was less involved in the decades following Cyril's death. Cyril was regarded by his disciples as a saint soon after his death. His following spread among the nations he evangelized, and subsequently to the wider Christian Church. With his brother Methodius, he was famous as a man of holiness. From the crowds lining the Roman streets during his funeral procession, there were calls for Cyril to be accorded saintly status. The brothers' first appearance in

5180-453: Was partly due to their bringing with them the relics of Saint Clement; rivalry with Constantinople over the territory of the Slavs would have inclined Rome to value the brothers and their influence. The brothers were praised for their learning and cultivated for their influence in Constantinople. Anastasius Bibliothecarius would later call Cyril "a man of apostolic life" and "a man of great wisdom". Their project in Moravia found support from

5254-443: Was primarily educated in Switzerland . He frequently visited the salons of Paris and toured Europe before temporarily returning to Poland in 1778. As a soldier, he fought in Austrian ranks in the War of the Bavarian Succession , and in 1789 was appointed a military engineer in the Polish army. During his extensive voyages he actively documented prevailing customs, ongoing wars, revolutions and national awakenings, which made him

5328-673: Was published in 2006 in Leuven , Belgium, as part of a critical scholarly edition of the complete works of Potocki. Unlike Radrizzani's 1989 edition of the Manuscript Found in Saragossa , Rosset and Triaire's edition has been based solely on Potocki's French-language manuscripts found in several libraries in France, Poland (in particular, previously unknown autograph pieces that they discovered in Poznań ), Spain, and Russia, as well as in

5402-507: Was reputedly the youngest of seven brothers; he was born Constantine, but was given the name Cyril upon becoming a monk in Rome shortly before his death. Methodius was born Michael and was given the name Methodius upon becoming a monk in Polychron Monastery at Mysian Olympus (present-day Uludağ in northwest Turkey ). Their father was Leo, a droungarios of the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica, and their mother's name

5476-501: Was used in Great Moravia between 863 (the arrival of Cyril and Methodius) and 885 (the expulsion of their students) for government and religious documents and books, and at the Great Moravian Academy ( Veľkomoravské učilište ) founded by Cyril, where followers of Cyril and Methodius were educated, by Methodius himself among others. The alphabet has been traditionally attributed to Cyril. That seems confirmed explicitly by

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