122-405: Baazigar ( transl. Gambler ) is a 1993 Indian Hindi -language romantic thriller film directed by Abbas–Mustan and produced by Venus Movies . It stars Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol in lead roles, while Siddharth , Shilpa Shetty (in her film debut), Raakhee , Dalip Tahil , and Johnny Lever appear in supporting roles. Its soundtrack was composed by Anu Malik . The film follows
244-464: A Kannada remake, Nagarahavu , which released in 2002. The Bengali remake, Prem was released in 2007. Gambler Gambling (also known as betting or gaming ) is the wagering of something of value ("the stakes") on a random event with the intent of winning something else of value, where instances of strategy are discounted. Gambling thus requires three elements to be present: consideration (an amount wagered), risk (chance), and
366-597: A casino setting. Gambling games that take place outside of casinos include bingo (as played in the US and UK ), dead pool , lotteries , pull-tab games and scratchcards , and Mahjong . Other non-casino gambling games include: *Although coin tossing is not usually played in a casino, it has been known to be an official gambling game in some Australian casinos Fixed-odds betting and Parimutuel betting frequently occur at many types of sporting events, and political elections. In addition many bookmakers offer fixed odds on
488-468: A prize . The outcome of the wager is often immediate, such as a single roll of dice , a spin of a roulette wheel, or a horse crossing the finish line, but longer time frames are also common, allowing wagers on the outcome of a future sports contest or even an entire sports season. The term "gaming" in this context typically refers to instances in which the activity has been specifically permitted by law . The two words are not mutually exclusive; i.e. ,
610-770: A "gaming" company offers (legal) "gambling" activities to the public and may be regulated by one of many gaming control boards , for example, the Nevada Gaming Control Board . However, this distinction is not universally observed in the English-speaking world. For instance, in the United Kingdom, the regulator of gambling activities is called the Gambling Commission (not the Gaming Commission). The word gaming
732-453: A 13th-century ordinance for Moravian mining city Jihlava (then and German Iglau), whereas in a 1340 Vienna statute, the husband of a woman caught in flagrante in adultery could, if he wished to, demand that his wife and her lover be impaled, or alternatively demand a monetary restitution. Occasionally, women found guilty of witchcraft have been condemned to be impaled. In 1587 Kiel , 101-year-old Sunde Bohlen was, on being condemned as
854-504: A Christian spoke or acted out against the "Law of Mahomet", or consorted with a Turkish woman, or broke into a mosque, then he might face impalement unless he converted to Islam. In contrast, de Thévenot says that in Egypt impalement was a "very ordinary punishment" against the Arabs there, whereas Turks in Egypt were strangled in prison instead of being publicly executed like the natives. Thus,
976-458: A German, and shot the soldier off his horse. The priest was later impaled. In the short-lived 1784 Horea Revolt against the Austrians and Hungarians, the rebels gained hold of two officers, whom they promptly impaled. On their side, the imperial troops got hold of Horea 's 13-year-old son, and impaled him. That seems to have merely inflamed the rebel leader's determination, although the revolt
1098-445: A business trip, so he handed the power of attorney to Chopra, who used the opportunity to become the company's owner. Sharma learned of this after returning back. His family was ejected from their home after Chopra took a loan on Sharma's name. Ajay witnesses Chopra molesting his mother when she came to ask for their home back. Heartbroken, Ajay vowed to make Chopra pay. Back in the present, Seema's friend Anjali meets Priya and Ajay at
1220-427: A day. One day I saw a man upon the pale, who was sentenced to continue so for three hours alive and that he might not die too soon, the stake was not thrust up far enough to come out at any part of his body, and they also put a stay or rest upon the pale, to hinder the weight of his body from making him sink down upon it, or the point of it from piercing him through, which would have presently killed him: In this manner he
1342-531: A dozen" public executions there. Jean de Thévenot, traveling in the Ottoman Empire and its territories like Egypt in the late 1650s, emphasizes the regional variations in impalement frequency. Of Constantinople and Turkey, de Thévenot writes that impalement was "not much practised" and "very rarely put in practice." An exception he highlighted was the situation of Christians in Constantinople. If
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#17327975195761464-477: A fellow citizen is to be impaled in the Phoenician town Sidon , due to some "great sin" committed against the patron deity of Sidon. During Dynasty 19, Merneptah had Libu prisoners of war impaled ("caused to be set upon a stake") to the south of Memphis, following an attempted invasion of Egypt during his Regnal Year 5. The relevant determinative for ḫt ("stake") depicts an individual transfixed through
1586-521: A few years ago", a dozen or so robbers were impaled at Adrianople. All of them, however, had been strangled prior to impalement. Writing around 1850, the archaeologist Austen Henry Layard mentions that the latest case he was acquainted with happened "about ten years ago" in Baghdad, on four rebel Arab sheikhs. Impalement of pirates , rather than highway robbers, is also occasionally recorded. In October 1767 Hassan Bey, who had preyed on Turkish ships in
1708-524: A form of hanging upon a pole, rather than focusing upon the stake's actual penetration of the body. From John Granger Cook, 2014: " Stipes is Seneca's term for the object used for impalement. This narrative and his Ep . 14.5 are the only two textually explicit references to impalement in Latin texts:" I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made differently by different [fabricators]; some individuals suspended their victims with heads inverted toward
1830-662: A gambling contract may not give a casino bona fide purchaser status, permitting the recovery of stolen funds in some situations. In Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd , where a solicitor used stolen funds to gamble at a casino, the House of Lords overruled the High Court's previous verdict, adjudicating that the casino return the stolen funds less those subject to any change of position defence. U.S. Law precedents are somewhat similar. For case law on recovery of gambling losses where
1952-443: A handful of paste that they have in readiness, which immediately stops the blood. After that, they thrust up into his body a very long stake as big as a mans arm, sharp at the point and tapered, which they grease a little before; when they have driven it in with a mallet, till it come out at his breast, or at his head or shoulders, they lift him up, and plant this stake very straight in the ground, upon which they leave him so exposed for
2074-563: A house bias can quite easily be missed unless the devices are checked carefully. Most jurisdictions that allow gambling require participants to be above a certain age. In some jurisdictions, the gambling age differs depending on the type of gambling. For example, in many American states one must be over 21 to enter a casino, but may buy a lottery ticket after turning 18. Because contracts of insurance have many features in common with wagers, insurance contracts are often distinguished in law as agreements in which either party has an interest in
2196-479: A jewellery shop. She also discovers a photo of Seema and Ajay at her birthday party. 'Vicky' and Priya get engaged that evening. Anjali phones the Chopra residence during Ajay's engagement party to warn them that Ajay and 'Vicky' look the same. Ajay intercepts the phone call, arrives at Anjali's place, and kills her. Chopra hands over the power of attorney to 'Vicky' when he has to go on a business trip. Priya runs into
2318-457: A locket with photos of him and her sister together. Ajay arrives and she confronts him. He then tells her how his father died of a heart attack, and his younger sister died of illness. His mother went into a state of shock as a result of the loss of her husband and daughter. She is unable to recognize Ajay as her son. Chopra arrives at his home, shoots Ajay in the arm, and has his goons beat him up. Chopra injures his mother, angering Ajay. He fights
2440-490: A major commercial success at the box-office, ranking as the fourth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year , behind another Shah Rukh Khan-starrer, Darr . Baazigar ' s collections in India were ₹15 crore net and ₹32 crore gross, equivalent to ₹ 571 crore (US$ 68 million) adjusted for inflation. A Telugu remake, Vetagadu , released in 1995, followed by a Tamil remake, Samrat , which released in 1997 and
2562-587: A number of non-sports related outcomes, for example the direction and extent of movement of various financial indices , the winner of television competitions such as Big Brother , and election results. Interactive prediction markets also offer trading on these outcomes, with "shares" of results trading on an open market. One of the most widespread forms of gambling involves betting on horse or greyhound racing . Wagering may take place through parimutuel pools, or bookmakers may take bets personally. Parimutuel wagers pay off at prices determined by support in
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#17327975195762684-462: A pile of the living men and of heads over against the city gate I set up, men I impaled on stakes, the city I destroyed and devastated, I turned it into mounds and ruin heaps, the young men and the maidens in the fire I burned Paul Kern, in his (1999) Ancient Siege Warfare , provides some statistics on how different Neo-Assyrian kings from the times of Ashurnasirpal II commemorated their punishments of rebels. Although impalement of rebels and enemies
2806-769: A source of destruction in Singalovada Sutra . Professions that are seen to violate the precept against theft include working in the gambling industry. Ancient Hindu poems like the Gambler's Lament and the Mahabharata testify to the existence of gambling among ancient Indians, while highlighting its destructive impact. The text Arthashastra ( c. 4th century BCE ) recommends taxation and control of gambling. Ancient Jewish authorities frowned on gambling, even disqualifying professional gamblers from testifying in court. The Catholic Church holds
2928-462: A stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by the complete or partial perforation of the torso . It was particularly used in response to "crimes against the state" and is regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of capital punishment and recorded in myth and art . Impalement was also used during times of war to suppress rebellions , punish traitors or collaborators, and punish breaches of military discipline . Offences where impalement
3050-430: A statement is true or false, or that a specified event will happen (a "back bet") or will not happen (a "lay bet") within a specified time. This occurs in particular when two people have opposing but strongly held views on truth or events. Not only do the parties hope to gain from the bet, they place the bet also to demonstrate their certainty about the issue. Some means of determining the issue at stake must exist. Sometimes
3172-500: A suicide note. Ajay tells her that he was merely testing her love for him and, proposing marriage, asks her to elope with him. Next day, while waiting for the marriage registrar's office to open, Ajay pushes Seema off the roof of the building, murdering her. He then discreetly mails her suicide note to her house. Chopra hastily orders the case closed to prevent further embarrassment should the suicide note be discovered. Suspecting that her sister didn't commit suicide, Priya secretly continues
3294-500: A sympathetic anti-hero seeking vengeance for the brutal injustices done to his family. In an interview, Deepak Tijori revealed that when he first saw A Kiss Before Dying , he wanted to appear as the lead in the Hindi adaptation of the film. So he showed it to Abbas-Mustan and later to producer Pahlaj Nihalani . They liked it and was ready to do the film, but after meeting Nihalani, Abbas-Mustan told that they want Shah Rukh Khan in
3416-465: A trough of earth upon the woman's head. It is said that a scream was heard, and the earth moved upwards for a moment, before it was all over. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort , travelling on botanical research in the Levant 1700–1702, observed both ordinary longitudinal impalement, but also a method called "gaunching", in which the condemned is hoisted up by means of a rope over a row of sharp metal hooks. He
3538-439: A witch, buried alive, and afterwards had a stake driven through her heart. Rapists of virgins and children are also attested to have been buried alive, with a stake driven through them. In one such judicial tradition, the rapist was to be placed in an open grave, and the rape victim was ordered to make the three first strokes on the stake herself; the executioners then finishing the impalement procedure. Serving as an example of
3660-436: A woman who was to be executed for infanticide involved an executioner and two assistants. First, a grave some one-and-a-half ell deep was dug. The woman was then placed within it, her hands and feet were secured by driving nails through them. The executioner placed a small thorn bush upon her face. He then placed, and held vertically, a wooden stave on her heart in order to mark its location, while his assistants piled earth on
3782-398: A young man seeking to avenge the fall of his family by going on a murderous rampage. The story is loosely based on Ira Levin 's 1953 novel A Kiss Before Dying and its 1991 film adaptation of the same name . Baazigar proved to be Khan's breakthrough role as the sole lead (his first as an antihero ), in addition to Kajol's first commercial success and Shetty's film debut. Baazigar
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3904-568: Is Seema's murderer. Chopra decides to get Vicky and Priya engaged. Ajay is revealed to be posing as "Vicky" to slowly win Chopra's confidence. It is revealed through a flashback that Chopra had been a project manager in the company run by Ajay's late father Mr. Sharma, but when Sharma discovered that he was embezzling money, he had Chopra imprisoned for three years. After Madan completed his jail term, he asked for forgiveness, and Sharma's wife persuaded her husband to re-employ him. However, Chopra had returned to exact revenge. One day, Sharma had to go on
4026-591: Is a consensus among the ‘ Ulema ’ ( Arabic : عُـلـمـاء , Scholars (of Islam )) that gambling is haraam ( Arabic : حَـرام , sinful or forbidden). In assertions made during its prohibition, Muslim jurists describe gambling as being both un- Qur’anic , and as being generally harmful to the Muslim Ummah ( Arabic : أُمَّـة , Community). The Arabic terminology for gambling is Maisir . They ask you about intoxicants and gambling. Say: 'In them both lies grave sin, though some benefit, to mankind. But their sin
4148-405: Is a subversion of a concept loosely inspired by a Hollywood film, A Kiss Before Dying (1991), which itself was based on a novel of the same name . While it borrows the basic premise, Baazigar tells a different, subversive story. While Matt Dillon 's character in A Kiss Before Dying is a villain who murders for money, Baazigar subverts this, with Shah Rukh Khan 's character instead being
4270-464: Is a theoretically risk-free betting system in which every outcome of an event is bet upon so that a known profit will be made by the bettor upon completion of the event regardless of the outcome. Arbitrage betting is a combination of the ancient art of arbitrage trading and gambling, which has been made possible by the large numbers of bookmakers in the marketplace, creating occasional opportunities for arbitrage. One can also bet with another person that
4392-543: Is acceptable is a matter of debate: Investments are also usually not considered gambling, although some investments can involve significant risk. Examples of investments include stocks , bonds and real estate . Starting a business can also be considered a form of investment. Investments are generally not considered gambling when they meet the following criteria: Some speculative investment activities are particularly risky, but are sometimes perceived to be different from gambling: A levant or levanting characterises
4514-402: Is attested as an early execution method for people found guilty of adultery . The 1348 statutes of Zwickau allowed punishment of an adulterous couple in the following way: They were to be placed on top of each other in a grave, with a layer of thorns between them. Then, a single stake was to be hammered through them. A similar punishment by impalement for a proven male adulterer is mentioned in
4636-623: Is more grave than their benefit.' In parts of the world that implement full Shari‘ah, such as Aceh , punishments for Muslim gamblers can range up to 12 lashes or a one-year prison term and a fine for those who provide a venue for such practises. Some Islamic nations prohibit gambling; most other countries regulate it . According to the Most Holy Book , paragraph 155, gambling is forbidden. While almost any game can be played for money, and any game typically played for money can also be played just for fun, some games are generally offered in
4758-437: Is particularly well-attested from Neo-Assyrian times, the 14th-century BC Mitanni king Shattiwaza charges his predecessor, the usurper Shuttarna III for having delivered unto the (Middle) Assyrians several nobles, who had them promptly impaled. Some scholars have said, though, that it is only with King Ashur-bel-kala (r. 1074–1056) that there is solid evidence that punishments like flaying and impaling came into use. From
4880-508: Is reached, and the motivation is entertainment and not personal gain leading to the "love of money" or making a living. In general, Catholic bishops have opposed casino gambling on the grounds that it too often tempts people into problem gambling or addiction, and has particularly negative effects on poor people; they sometimes also cite secondary effects such as increases in loan sharking, prostitution, corruption, and general public immorality. Some parish pastors have also opposed casinos for
5002-742: Is somewhat unclear if this relates specifically to the city of Algiers, or elsewhere in the Barbary States): "Their ganshing is after this manner: he sitteth upon a wall, being five fathoms [30 feet, or about 9m] high, within two fathoms [12 feet or about 3.6m] of the top of the wall; right under the place where he sits, is a strong iron hook fastened, being very sharp; then he is thrust off the wall upon this hook, with some part of his body, and there he hangeth, sometimes two or three days, before he dieth." Davies adds that "these deaths are very seldom", but that he had personally witnessed it. A slightly variant way of executing people by means of impalement
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5124-599: Is that of Pavel Vašanský (Paul Waschansky in German transcript), who was executed on 1 March 1570 in Ivančice in present-day Czech Republic, on account of 124 confessed murders (he was a roaming highwayman). He underwent a particularly gruelling execution procedure: first, his limbs were cut off and his nipples were ripped off with glowing pincers; he was then flayed, impaled and finally roasted alive. A pamphlet that purports to give Wasansky's verbatim confession, does not record how he
5246-416: Is then released, and depending on how the hooks enter his body, he may survive in impaled condition for a few days. Forty years earlier than de Tournefort, de Thévenot described much the same process, adding that it was seldom used because it was regarded as too cruel. Some 80 years prior to de Thevenot, in 1579, Hans Jacob Breuning von Buchenbach witnessed a variant of the gaunching ritual. A large iron hook
5368-400: Is used more frequently since the rise of computer and video games to describe activities that do not necessarily involve wagering, especially online gaming , with the new usage still not having displaced the old usage as the primary definition in common dictionaries. "Gaming" has also been used euphemistically to circumvent laws against "gambling". The media and others have used one term or
5490-587: The Bible may allude to the practice of impalement, such as II Samuel 21:9 concerning the fate of the sons of Saul , where some English translations use the verb "impale", but others use "hang". Although we lack conclusive evidence either way for whether Hebrew law allowed for impalement, or for hanging (whether as a mode of execution or for display of the corpse), the Neo-Assyrian method of impalement as seen in carvings could, perhaps, equally easily be seen as
5612-1058: The Christian Reformed Church in North America , the Church of the Lutheran Confession , the Southern Baptist Convention , the Assemblies of God , and the Seventh-day Adventist Church . Other churches that oppose gambling include the Jehovah's Witnesses , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the Iglesia ni Cristo , and the Members Church of God International . There
5734-461: The Danube River . Woodblock prints from the era portray his victims impaled from either the frontal or the dorsal or the rectal impalement method which consisted of a wood or metal pole being inserted through the body either front to back, or vertically, through the rectum or vagina . The exit wound could be near the victim's neck, shoulders or mouth. The impalement was practiced on
5856-530: The Holy Roman Empire , in article 131 of the 1532 Constitutio Criminalis Carolina , the following punishment was stated for women found guilty of infanticide . Generally, they should be drowned, but the law code allowed for, in particularly severe cases, that the old punishment could be implemented. That is, the woman would be buried alive , and then a stake would be driven through her heart. Similarly, burial alive, combined with transversal impalement
5978-708: The Swedes , a Swedish corporal was likewise impaled for trying to defect to the Germans. The Swedes continued this practise during the Scanian War (1675-1679), especially in the case of deserters and those perceived as traitors. In 1654, under the Ottoman siege of the Venetian garrison at Crete , several peasants were impaled for supplying provisions to the besieged. Likewise in 1685, some Christians were impaled by
6100-548: The last siege of Constantinople in 1453. During the buildup phase to the great siege the year before, in 1452, the sultan declared that all ships sailing up or down through the Bosphorus had to anchor at his fortress there, for inspection. One Venetian captain, Antonio Rizzo, sought to defy the ban, but his ship was hit by a cannonball. He and his crew were picked up from the waters, the crew members to be beheaded (or sawn asunder according to Niccolò Barbaro ), whereas Rizzo
6222-607: The "bet-upon" outcome beyond the specific financial terms; for example, a "bet" with an insurer on whether one's house will burn down is not gambling, but rather insurance , as the homeowner has an obvious interest in the continued existence of the home independent of the purely financial aspects of the "bet" (i.e., the insurance policy). Nonetheless, both insurance and gambling contracts are typically considered aleatory contracts under most legal systems, though they are subject to different types of regulation. Under common law , particularly English Law ( English unjust enrichment ),
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#17327975195766344-550: The 15th century, Vlad III ("Dracula"), Prince of Wallachia , is credited as the first notable figure to prefer this method of execution during the late medieval period, and became so notorious for its liberal employment that among his several nicknames he was known as "Vlad the Impaler". After being orphaned, betrayed, forced into exile and pursued by his enemies, he retook control of Wallachia in 1456. He dealt harshly with his enemies, especially those who had betrayed his family in
6466-683: The 17th century. The first known casino, the Ridotto , started operating in 1638 in Venice, Italy. Gambling has been a main recreational activity in Great Britain for centuries. Queen Elizabeth I chartered a lottery that was drawn in 1569. Horseracing has been a favorite theme for over three centuries. It has been heavily regulated. Historically much of the opposition comes from Nonconformist Protestants , and from social reformers. Gambling has been part of Singapore's history, though it
6588-423: The 18th century BC. Impaling an individual along the body length has been documented in several cases, and the merchant Jean de Thevenot provides an eyewitness account of this from 17th-century Egypt, in the case of a man condemned to death for the use of false weights: They lay the malefactor upon his belly, with his hands tied behind his back, then they slit up his fundament with a razor, and throw into it
6710-682: The Commonwealth in Pan Wołodyjowski. The method of execution in Mr. Wołodyjowski was different from the description of Jędrzej Kitowicz ; the convict was strung on his back, not on his stomach (as in Jędrzej Kitowicz). Longitudinal impalement is an execution method often attested within the Ottoman Empire, for a variety of offenses, it was done mostly as a warning to others or to terrify. The Ottoman Empire used impalement during, and before,
6832-565: The Cossack bandurist Taras Weresaj, the hero of Jacek Komuda 's novel Bohun . One of the most famous Polish films where the execution of this punishment can be seen is the film Pan Wołodyjowski (and the TV series Przygody pana Michała, Mr Michael's adventures ), whose script was based on the Trilogy by Henryk Sienkiewicz . Azja Tuhaj-bejowicz was subjected to this punishment for betraying
6954-782: The Hungarians for having provided supplies to the Turks. In 1677, a particularly brutal German General Kops leading the forces of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I who wanted to keep Hungary dominated by the Germans, rather than allow it to become dominated by the Turks, began impaling and quartering his Hungarian subjects/opponents. An opposing general on the Hungarian side, Wesselényi [ hu ] , responded in kind, by flaying alive Imperial troops, and fixing sharp iron hooks in fortress walls, upon which he threw captured Germans to be impaled. Finally, Emperor Leopold I had enough of
7076-537: The King says: Thereafter this Phraortes with a few horsemen fled, a district named Raga, in Media along there he went off, Thereafter I sent an army in pursuit Phraortes, seized, was led to me. I cut off his nose and ears and tongue, and put out one eye he was kept bound at my palace entrance, all the people saw him. Afterward I impaled him at Ecbatana and the men who were his foremost followers , those at Ecbatana within
7198-495: The Middle Assyrian period, there is evidence about impalement as a form of punishment relative to other types of perceived crimes as well. The law code discovered and deciphered by Otto Schroeder contains in its paragraph 51 the following injunction against abortion: If a woman with her consent brings on a miscarriage, they seize her, and determine her guilt. On a stake they impale her, and do not bury her; and if through
7320-468: The Neo-Assyrians, mass executions seem to have been not only designed to instill terror and to enforce obedience, but also, it can seem, as proofs of their might that they took pride in. Neo-Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC) was evidently proud enough of his bloody work that he committed it to monument and eternal memory as follows: I cut off their hands, I burned them with fire,
7442-415: The Ottoman Empire. Aubry de La Motraye lived in the realm for 14 years from 1699 to 1713 and claimed that he had not heard of twenty thieves in Constantinople during that time. As for highway robbers, who surely had been impaled, Aubry heard of only 6 such cases during his residence there. Staying at Aleppo from 1740 to 1754, Alexander Russell notes that in the 20 years gone by, there were no more than "half
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#17327975195767564-620: The Polish lords who had carved out large estates for themselves.The most important uprising was that of Bohdan Chmielnicki-Khmelnitsky. The hatred of the Poles and the Jews was at the origin of the pogroms perpetrated during crossings of Cossack armies. The echoes of this disaster reached, through Jewish traders, Western Europe and are still present in Hasidic songs. We know the story of the small army of
7686-555: The abdomen. Other Egyptian kings employing impalements include Sobekhotep II , Akhenaten , Seti , and Ramesses IX . Evidence by carvings and statues is found as well from the Neo-Assyrian empire (c. 934–609 BC). The image of the impaled Judeans is a detail from the public commemoration of the Assyrian victory in 701 BC after the siege of Lachish , under King Sennacherib (r. 705–681 BC), who proceeded similarly against
7808-634: The act of absconding following the outcome of a bet. Problem gambling has multiple symptoms. Gamblers often play again to try to win back money they have lost, and some gamble to relieve feelings of helplessness and anxiety. In the United Kingdom, the Advertising Standards Authority has censured several betting firms for advertisements disguised as news articles suggesting falsely that a person had cleared debts and paid for medical expenses by gambling online. The firms face possible fines. A 2020 study of 32 countries found that
7930-413: The actual frequency of impalement within the Ottoman Empire varied greatly, not only from time to time, but also from place to place, and between different population groups in the empire. Highway robbers were still impaled into the 1830s, but one source says the practice was rare by then. Travelling to Smyrna and Constantinople in 1843, Stephen Massett was told by a man who witnessed the event that "just
8052-713: The additional reason that they would take customers away from church bingo and annual festivals where games such as blackjack , roulette , craps , and poker are used for fundraising. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote that gambling should be especially forbidden where the losing bettor is underage or otherwise not able to consent to the transaction. Gambling has often been seen as having social consequences , as satirized by Balzac . For these social and religious reasons, most legal jurisdictions limit gambling, as advocated by Pascal . Gambling views among Protestants vary, with some either discouraging or forbidding their members from participation in gambling. Methodists , in accordance with
8174-413: The amount bet remains nominal, demonstrating the outcome as one of principle rather than of financial importance. Betting exchanges allow consumers to both back and lay at odds of their choice. Similar in some ways to a stock exchange, a bettor may want to back a horse (hoping it will win) or lay a horse (hoping it will lose, effectively acting as bookmaker). Spread betting allows gamblers to wager on
8296-462: The ancient Near East. The Code of Hammurabi , promulgated about 1772 BC by the Babylonian king Hammurabi specifies impaling for a woman who killed her husband for the sake of another man. In the late Isin/Larsa period , from about the same time, it seems that, in some city states, mere adultery on the wife's part (without murder of her husband mentioned) could be punished by impalement. From
8418-406: The audience would not sympathize with the hero, if he killed the character played by Sridevi, hence they decided to cast two different actresses. The filming began December 1992 and lasted till June 1993. The director filmed two endings, the first where the police arrest Vicky Malhotra (Ajay Sharma) and the second, which eventually they kept in the film, where Ajay eliminates the villain. The music
8540-443: The battlements of the city walls, or else they are thrown upon the chingan or hooks that are fixed all over the walls below, where sometimes they break from one hook to another, and hang in the most exquisite torments, thirty or forty hours. According to one source, these hooks in the wall as an execution method were introduced with the construction of the new city gate in 1573. Before that time, gaunching as described by de Tournefort
8662-571: The cast. It was the first collaboration between Khan and Kajol, who went on to become one of India's most iconic on-screen couples. It helped establish Khan, Kajol, Shetty and Malik in Hindi films, and the soundtrack sold over 10 million units, thus becoming the highest-selling album of the year. At the 39th Filmfare Awards , Baazigar received 10 nominations, including Best Film , Best Supporting Actress and Best Female Debut (both for Shetty), and won 4 awards, including Best Actor (Khan) and Best Music Director (Malik). Seema and Priya are
8784-560: The character being a murderous antihero. Akshay Kumar was the first choice to play the leading role though he turned it down due to the negativity of the role. Arbaaz Khan also turned down the role for the same reason but would go on to play a full fledged villain in Abbas-Mastan's next film Daraar (1996). Salman Khan and Anil Kapoor also turned down the role due to its negativity. Shah Rukh Khan eventually convinced producer Ratan Jain and Ganesh Jain that only he could pull off
8906-520: The city of Algiers , hooks were embedded in the city walls, and on occasion, people were thrown upon them from the battlements. Thomas Shaw , who was chaplain for the Levant Company stationed at Algiers during the 1720s, describes the various forms of executions practised as follows: ... but the Moors and Arabs are either impaled for the same crime, or else they are hung up by the neck, over
9028-513: The collectible game pieces (respectively, small discs and trading cards) as stakes, resulting in a meta-game regarding the value of a player's collection of pieces. Gambling dates back at least to the Paleolithic period, before written history. In Mesopotamia the earliest six-sided dice date to about 3000 BCE . However, they were based on astragali dating back thousands of years earlier. In China, gambling houses were widespread in
9150-663: The context of war or as a punishment for robbery , the latter being attested to as the practice in Central and Eastern Europe . During the Defenestration of Prague in 1419, the Hussites impaled councilors to the king on pikes. Individuals accused of collaborating with the enemy have, on occasion, been impaled. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War , the German officer Fuchs was impaled on suspicion of defecting to
9272-750: The doctrine of outward holiness , oppose gambling which they believe is a sin that feeds on greed. Other denominations that discourage gambling are the United Methodist Church , the Free Methodist Church , the Evangelical Wesleyan Church , the Salvation Army , and the Church of the Nazarene . Other Protestants that oppose gambling include Mennonites , Schwarzenau Brethren , Quakers ,
9394-415: The early 20th century, gambling was almost uniformly outlawed throughout the U.S. and thus became a largely illegal activity, helping to spur the growth of the mafia and other criminal organizations . The late 20th century saw a softening in attitudes towards gambling and a relaxation of laws against it. Many jurisdictions, local as well as national, either ban gambling or heavily control it by licensing
9516-566: The fate of a child molester, in August 1465 in Zürich , Switzerland, Ulrich Moser was condemned to be impaled, for having sexually violated six girls between the ages four and nine. His clothes were taken off, and he was placed on his back. His arms and legs were stretched out, each secured to a pole. Then a stake was driven through his navel down into the ground. Thereafter, people left him to die. Cases of longitudinal impalement typically occur in
9638-584: The first millennium BCE, and betting on fighting animals was common. Lotto games and dominoes (precursors of Pai Gow ) appeared in China as early as the 10th century. Playing cards appeared in the 9th century CE in China. Records trace gambling in Japan back at least as far as the 14th century. Poker , the most popular U.S. card game associated with gambling, derives from the Persian game As-Nas , dating back to
9760-468: The fortress I (flayed and) hung out (their hides, stuffed with straw). A Bible passage in the Book of Esther concerning the fate of the 5th-century BC Persian minister Haman and his ten sons has been treated differently by different translators, leading to an ambiguity as to whether they were impaled or hanged. The passage explains that Haman conspired to have all the Jews in the empire killed but his plan
9882-409: The goons viciously. He is about to kill Chopra but Chopra takes the opportunity to impale him with a rod. Ajay also impales Chopra fatally with the same rod, and they both fall off the wall. He tells his mother that he has regained everything and collapses in her arms. Priya, Inspector Karan, and his mother watch as Ajay succumbs to his injuries, dying in peace in his mother's arms. The film's premise
10004-427: The great lord of Volhynia, "kniaz" (Prince) Jeremi Wiśniowiecki who, penetrating from the north, momentarily repelled the armies of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and enabled the numerous Jews to be saved. The prince, a poor strategist, as Paweł Jasienica writes, following the opinion of his contemporaries, made himself known for his cruelty towards the rebellious peasants, taken prisoner (beheadings, hangings and impalements in
10126-417: The greater the amount of gambling activity in a given country, the more volatile that country's stock-market prices are. Legalization of online sports betting was found to decrease household saving, decrease investment with positive expected value and increase financial distress . Impale Impalement , as a method of torture and execution, is the penetration of a human by an object such as
10248-424: The ground; some drove a stake ( stipes ) through their excretory organs/genitals; others stretched out their [victims'] arms on a patibulum [cross bar]; I see racks, I see lashes ... Video istic cruces ne unius quidem generis sed aliter ab aliis fabricatas; capite quidam conuersos in terram suspendere, alii per obscena stipitem egerunt, alii brachia patibulo explicuerunt; video fidiculas, video uerbera ... Within
10370-517: The heart ) to back or vice versa . In the Holy Roman Empire (and elsewhere in Central / Eastern Europe ), women who killed their newborn babies were placed in open graves, and stakes were hammered into their hearts, particularly if their cases contained any implications of witchcraft . A detailed description of an execution that was carried out in this manner comes from 17th-century Košice (then in Hungary , now in eastern Slovakia ). The case of
10492-405: The inhabitants of Ekron during the same campaign. From Sennacherib's father Sargon II 's time (r. 722–705 BC), a relief from his palace at Khorsabad shows the impalement of 14 enemies during an attack on the city of Pazashi. A peculiarity about the "Neo-Assyrian" way of impaling was that the stake was "driven into the body immediately under the ribs", rather than along the full body length. For
10614-436: The investigation with the help of police inspector Karan Saxena, an old friend from college. Ravi, a college friend of Seema who had a crush on her, tells Priya that he has a photo of Seema and Ajay together at a birthday party back at his hostel. Before Priya can reach Ravi to see the photo, Ajay finds out about this and murders Ravi. In their struggle, Ajay forces him to sign a suicide note, which makes it appear as though Ravi
10736-432: The lead and already have other producers aboard. They told Tijori that they will definitely do a film with him in the near future, but that never happened and he (Tijori) lost the part. Although Nihalani was ready to make the film with Tijori with another director, he also told him to go-ahead and film the adaptation of the film. Several A-list Bollywood stars were approached for the lead role, but they turned it down, due to
10858-559: The loser had stolen the funds see "Rights of owner of stolen money as against one who won it in gambling transaction from thief". An interesting question is what happens when the person trying to make recovery is the gambler's spouse, and the money or property lost was either the spouse's, or was community property . This was a minor plot point in a Perry Mason novel, The Case of the Singing Skirt , and it cites an actual case Novo v. Hotel Del Rio . The Buddha stated gambling as
10980-641: The miscarriage she dies, they likewise impale her and do not bury her. The Greek historian Herodotus recounts that, when Darius I , king of Persia , conquered Babylon , he impaled 3000 Babylonians. In the Behistun Inscription , Darius himself boasts of having impaled his enemies. Darius speaks proudly of the ruthlessness with which these revolts were put down. In Babylon Nidintu-Bel was impaled along with 49 of his companions: Behistun Inscription Then in Babylon I impaled that Nidintu-Bel and
11102-580: The multiple campaigns against the invading Ottoman Turks , Vlad would never show mercy to his prisoners of war . After The Night Attack of Vlad Țepeș in mid-June 1462 failed to assassinate the Ottoman sultan, the road to Târgoviște , the capital of Vlad's principality of Wallachia, eventually became inundated in a "forest" of 20,000 impaled and decaying corpses, and it is reported that Mehmet II 's invading army of Turks turned back to Constantinople in 1462 after encountering thousands of impaled corpses along
11224-554: The mutual bloodshed, and banished Kops in order to establish a needed cessation of hostilities. After the Treaty of The Hague (1720) , Sicily fell under Habsburg rule, but the locals deeply resented the German overlords. One parish priest (who exhorted his parishioners to kill the Germans) is said to have broken into joy when a German soldier arrived at his village, exclaiming that a whole eight days had gone by since he had last killed
11346-573: The nobles who were with him, I executed forty-nine, this is what I did in Babylon In 522 BC Phraortes proclaimed that he was a descendant of the Median king Cyaxares and took the throne, he seized Ecbatana , the capital of Media and rebelled against the Achamenied yoke, this revolt was suppressed by Darius king of Persia and Phraortes was captured and impaled: Behistun Inscription Darius
11468-490: The other to frame conversations around the subjects, resulting in a shift of perceptions among their audiences. Gambling is also a major international commercial activity, with the legal gambling market totaling an estimated $ 335 billion in 2009. In other forms, gambling can be conducted with materials that have a value, but are not real money. For example, players of marbles games might wager marbles, and likewise games of Pogs or Magic: The Gathering can be played with
11590-605: The outcome of an event where the pay-off is based on the accuracy of the wager, rather than a simple "win or lose" outcome. For example, a wager can be based on the when a point is scored in the game in minutes and each minute away from the prediction increases or reduces the payout. Many betting systems have been created in an attempt to "beat the house" but no system can make a mathematically unprofitable bet in terms of expected value profitable over time. Widely used systems include: Many risk-return choices are sometimes referred to colloquially as "gambling." Whether this terminology
11712-432: The past, or had profited from the misfortunes of Wallachia. Though a variety of methods were employed, he has been most associated with his use of impalement. The liberal use of capital punishment was eventually extended to Saxon settlers, members of a rival clan, and criminals in his domain, whether they were members of the boyar nobility or peasants, and eventually to any among his subjects that displeased him. Following
11834-401: The position that there is no moral impediment to gambling, so long as it is fair, all bettors have a reasonable chance of winning, there is no fraud involved, and the parties involved do not have actual knowledge of the outcome of the bet (unless they have disclosed this knowledge), and as long as the following conditions are met: the gambler can afford to lose the bet, and stops when the limit
11956-512: The real Vicky Malhotra, Ajay's friend, whose identity he had taken, which makes Priya suspicious. After Chopra returns from his business trip, he is shocked to find that the company is run by the Sharma group. Ajay reveals the truth of his desire to seek revenge and kicks Chopra out. Priya learns of Ajay's true identity from his friend, Vicky and rushes to Ajay's home in Panvel. She is shocked to see
12078-412: The role; Jain liked his confidence, and cast him in the role. However, his casting was criticized by trade pundits who incorrectly predicted that "a boy with cute dimples" would never be accepted as an anti-hero. Initially, Sridevi was supposed to play both the female roles (as twin sisters) as did Sean Young in the original film, but the director later realized that because to her massive popularity,
12200-578: The royal archives of the city of Mari , most of it also roughly contemporary to Hammurabi, it is known that soldiers taken captive in war were on occasion impaled. Roughly contemporary with Babylonia under Hammurabi, king Siwe-Palar-huhpak of Elam made official edicts in which he threatened the allies of his enemies with impalement, among other terrible fates. For acts of perceived great sacrilege, some individuals, in diverse cultures, have been impaled for their effrontery. For example, roughly 1200 BC, merchants of Ugarit express deep concern to each other that
12322-474: The south-eastern borders of the Republic of Poland. The punishment was applied to peasants who rebelled against their lords, but also to the nobility. Ukraine was the scene of many Cossack uprisings (for example that of Severyn Nalyvaiko ) crushed by the Poles. They most often expressed discontent of a social nature (cf. social revolt of the " Haïdamaks ") such as the subjugation of the free Ukrainian peasants to
12444-528: The squares of towns and villages) but it was only the answer to the exactions committed on the noble prisoners by the Cossack chief Maksym Kryvonis (Nez Crooked). Aleksander Kostka-Napierski , the leader of the peasant uprising in Podhale , was impaled on a stake in 1651. Colonel and ataman Sukharuka, a Cossack envoy in the novel and film With Fire and Sword , and Donets, a Cossack colonel, Horpyna's brother, were sentenced to this penalty. This also happened to
12566-457: The stake was inserted: If it went into the "interior" parts, vital organs could easily be damaged, leading to a swift death. However, by letting the stake follow the spine, the impalement procedure would not damage the vital organs, and the person could survive for several days. Alternatively, the impalement could be transversely performed, as in the frontal-to- dorsal direction, that is, from front (through abdomen , chest or directly through
12688-480: The two daughters of affluent businessman Madan Chopra. Chopra competes in an auto race in Madras only to discover that another competitor, Vicky Malhotra, let him win on purpose so that he could meet him. Vicky impresses Chopra, and Priya develops feelings for him. Ajay Sharma, Seema's boyfriend, convinces her to commit suicide with him, as her father is forcing her to marry someone else. She agrees, writing and signing
12810-645: The vendors. Such regulation generally leads to gambling tourism and illegal gambling in the areas where it is not allowed. The involvement of governments, through regulation and taxation, has led to a close connection between many governments and gambling organizations, where legal gambling provides significant government revenue, such as in Monaco and Macau , China. There is generally legislation requiring that gambling devices be statistically random , to prevent manufacturers from making some high-payoff results impossible. Since these high payoffs have very low probability ,
12932-994: The wagering pools, while bookmakers pay off either at the odds offered at the time of accepting the bet; or at the median odds offered by track bookmakers at the time the race started. Betting on team sports has become an important service industry in many countries. Before the advent of the internet, millions of people played the football pools every week in the United Kingdom . In addition to organized sports betting, both legal and illegal, there are many side-betting games played by casual groups of spectators, such as NCAA basketball tournament Bracket Pools, Super Bowl Squares, Fantasy Sports Leagues with monetary entry fees and winnings, and in-person spectator games like Moundball . Based on Sports Betting, Virtual Sports are fantasy and never played sports events made by software that can be played every time without wondering about external things like weather conditions. Arbitrage betting
13054-407: The woman, keeping her head free of earth at the behest of the clerics, because to do otherwise would have quickened the death process. Once the earth had been piled upon her, the executioner used a pair of tongs to grab a rod made of iron, which had been made red hot. He positioned the glowing iron rod beside the wooden stave, and as one of his assistants hammered the rod in, the other assistant emptied
13176-674: Was apprehended, nor what means of torture was used to extract his confessions. Other such accounts of "heinous murderers" in which impalement is a prominent element include cases in 1504 and 1519, the murderer nicknamed Puschpeter executed in 1575 for killing thirty people, including six pregnant women whose unborn children he ate in the hope of thereby acquiring invisibility, the head of the Pappenheimer family in 1600, and an unnamed murderer executed in Breslau in 1615, who under torture had confessed to 96 acts of murder by arson. During
13298-652: Was composed by Anu Malik and won him the Filmfare Award for Best Music Director . The song "Yeh Kaali Kaali Aankhein" earned singer Kumar Sanu his fourth consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer after Aashiqui , Saajan and Deewana . Sanu and Vinod Rathod supplied vocals for Khan as "Vicky" and Ajay, respectively. Other singers featured in the album are Asha Bhosle , Pankaj Udhas , Alka Yagnik , and Sonali Vajpai. The lyrics were written by Gauhar Kanpuri, Rani Mallik, Zafar Gorakhpuri, Zameer Kazmi, Nawab Arzoo & Dev Kohli . The soundtrack
13420-420: Was fixed on the horizontal cross-bar of the gallows and the individual was forced upon this hook, piercing him from the abdomen through his back, so that he hung from it, hands, feet and head downward. On top of the cross bar, the executioner situated himself and performed various torture on the impaled man below him. While gaunching as de Tournefort describes involves the erection of a scaffold, it seems that in
13542-543: Was impaled. In the early days of the siege in May 1453, contingents of the Ottoman army made mop-up operations at minor fortifications like Therapia and Studium. The surrendered soldiers, some 40 individuals from each place, were impaled. Within the Ottoman Empire, some civil crimes (rather than rebel activity/treasonous behavior), such as highway robbery, might be punished by impalement. For some periods at least, executions for civil crimes were claimed to have been rather rare in
13664-484: Was in use. As for the actual frequency of throwing persons on hooks in Algiers, Capt. Henry Boyde notes that in his own 20 years of captivity there, he knew of only one case where a Christian slave who had murdered his master had met that fate, and "not above" two or three Moors besides. Taken captive in 1596, the barber-surgeon William Davies relates something of the heights involved when thrown upon hooks (although it
13786-463: Was left for some hours, (during which time he spoke) and turning from one side to another, prayed those that passed by to kill him, making a thousand wry mouths and faces, because of the pain he suffered when he stirred himself, but after dinner, the Basha sent one to dispatch him; which was easily done, by making the point of the stake come out at his breast, and then he was left till next morning, when he
13908-544: Was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery , violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons. References to impalement in Babylonia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire are found as early as
14030-602: Was quashed shortly afterwards. After the revolt was crushed by early 1785, some 150 rebels are said to have been impaled. From 1748 onwards, German regiments organized manhunts on "robbers" in Hungary/Croatia, impaling those who were caught. Occasionally, individual murderers were perceived to have been so heinous that standard punishments like beheading or being broken on the wheel were regarded as incommensurate with their crimes, and extended rituals of execution that might include impalement were devised. An example
14152-472: Was released by Venus Music . Dr. Alban 's song " It's My Life " is also featured in the film. A soundtrack was also released in Marathi. The film's soundtrack album sold 10 million units, making it the best-selling Bollywood soundtrack album of 1993. The soundtrack was ranked #67 on the list of "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks of All Time", as compiled by Planet Bollywood . Baazigar emerged
14274-443: Was released on 12 November 1993, coinciding with the festival of Diwali . Made on a budget of ₹ 40 million, the film was declared a blockbuster at the box office with a worldwide gross of ₹ 320 million, ranking as the fourth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year . Apart from emerging as a major financial success, the film has become a cult film over the years due to its suspense, story, screenplay, soundtrack and performances of
14396-511: Was strictly controlled by the government for many years. In the mid-20th century, illegal gambling was common. However, with the opening of regulated casinos in 2010, the approach shifted. Today, the government enforces strict laws to promote responsible gambling and prevent illegal activities. Gambling has been a popular activity in the United States for centuries. It has also been suppressed by law in many areas for almost as long. By
14518-409: Was supposedly tied securely in place above a young bamboo shoot. Over several days, the sharp, fast growing shoot would first puncture, then completely penetrate the victim's body, eventually emerging through the other side. However, no conclusive evidence exists that this form of impalement ever actually happened. The earliest known use of impalement as a form of execution occurred in civilizations of
14640-531: Was taken down, because he stunk horridly. The length of time which one managed to survive upon the stake is reported as quite varied, from a few seconds or minutes to a few hours or even a few days. The Dutch overlords at Batavia seem to have been particularly proficient in prolonging the lifetime of the impaled, one witnessing a man surviving six days on the stake, another hearing from local surgeons that some could survive eight days or more. A critical determinant for survival length seems to be precisely how
14762-501: Was thwarted, and he was given the punishment he had thought to mete out to Mordecai . The English Standard Version of Esther 5:14 describes this as hanging , whereas The New International Reader's version opts for impalement . The Assyriologist Paul Haupt opts for impalement in his 1908 essay "Critical notes on Esther", while Benjamin Shaw has an extended discussion of the topic on the website ligonier.org from 2012. Other passages in
14884-458: Was to force an iron meat hook beneath a person's ribs and hang him up to die slowly. This technique was in 18th-century Ottoman-controlled Bosnia called the cengela , but the practice is also attested in 1770s Dutch Suriname as a punishment meted out to rebellious slaves. A recurring horror story on many websites and popular media outlets is that Japanese soldiers during World War II inflicted bamboo torture upon prisoners of war. The victim
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