102-545: Farīduddīn Masūd Ganjshakar ( c. 4 April 1188 – 7 May 1266), commonly known as Bābā Farīd or Sheikh Farīd (also in Anglicised spelling Fareed, Fareed ud-Deen, Masood , etc.), was a 13th-century Punjabi Muslim mystic , poet and preacher. Revered by Muslims , Hindus and Sikhs alike, he remains one of the most revered Muslim mystics of South Asia during the Islamic Golden Age . Bābā Farīd
204-469: A brutal invasion of Delhi sultanate in 1398. Lahore had been under control of Shaikha Khokhar since 1394, who resisted Timur but was defeated and killed. Afterwards, Timur plundered Delhi and massacred its inhabitants. Tughlaq power crumbled and resulted in nobles asserting formal independence. In 1414 the Tughlaq dynasty was itself replaced by Sayyid dynasty of Khizr Khan , a Punjabi chieftain. Much of
306-584: A cabinet as well as running the government operations. The Prime Minister makes key appointments on various important positions, including; The Cabinet can have a maximum of 11 percent (50 members including the Prime Minister) of the total strength of the Parliament . Each Cabinet member must be a member of Parliament (MP). The Cabinet Ministers chair the Cabinet and are further assisted by
408-775: A religious madrassa in Sahiwal , Punjab , Pakistan, is named after him, and in July 1998, the Punjab Government in India established the Baba Farid University of Health Sciences at Faridkot, the city which itself was named after him. There are various explanations of why Baba Farid was given the title Shakar Ganj ('Treasure of Sugar'). One legend says his mother used to encourage the young Farīd to pray by placing sugar under his prayer mat. Once, when she forgot,
510-606: A skirmish with British colonial forces while inflicting heavy losses to the British. Punjabi Muslims, classified as a " martial race " by the British colonialists, made a substantial part of the British Indian Army , British academic David Omissi calling them the single largest group in both World Wars, at the eve of World War II accounting for around 29% of its total numbers. Due to these reasons, another British academic, Kate Imy, writes that "Punjabi Muslims were
612-409: A small female area is also available. There is a big new mosque in the shrine. Thousands of people daily visit the shrine for their wishes and unresolvable matters; for this they vow to give to some charity when their wishes or problems are resolved. When their matters are solved they bring charity food for visitors and the poor, and drop money in big money boxes that are kept for this purpose. This money
714-577: Is Nizamuddin Chishti of Delhi, making him an important link in the chain of Chishti masters in South Asia and a very influential spiritual master in South Asia. [See also Honor in Sikhism below.] One of Farīd's most important contributions to Punjabi literature was his development of the language for literary purposes. Whereas Sanskrit, Arabic, Turkish and Persian had historically been considered
816-530: Is a wide range of folk songs for every occasion from birth to death including marriage, festivals, fairs and religious ceremonies. Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 98% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India. Thus religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Sunni population with Shia , Ahmadiyya and Christian minorities. While
918-555: Is also found on the top of hill of Donphin nose hill of Visakhapatnam port of Visakhapatnam city in which it is believed that Hazarat Baba Fareed spent some time here, and there is a vast banyan tree in the premises which used to shed sugar in Baba's honour Every year, the saint's death anniversary or Urs is celebrated for six days in the first Islamic month of Muharram , in Pakpattan , Pakistan. The Bahishtī Darwāza (Gate of Paradise)
1020-472: Is celebrated in September each year from (21–23 Sep, for 3 days), commemorating his arrival in the city. Ajodhan was also renamed as Farīd's 'Pāk Pattan', meaning 'Holy Ferry'; today it is generally called Pāk Pattan Sharīf. In Bangladesh, one of the largest districts of the country Faridpur District was named after him. It is believed that he established his seat in this town. Faridia Islamic University ,
1122-514: Is centered around the concept of biraderi ( برادری ), social brotherhood within the tribe and clan. The major tribes and clans among Punjabi Muslims are the Jats , Rajputs , Arains , Ansari , Sheikh , Gujjars and Awans . In his 1911-book The Armies of India , British major Sir George Fletcher MacMunn would write that Muslims of Punjab "are of many mixed races, but who largely consist of Rajput tribes converted to Islam at various times in
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#17327941703651224-586: Is collected by the Auqaf Department of the Government of Pakistan that looks after the shrine. On 25 October 2010, a bomb exploded outside the gates of the shrine, killing six people. In great old holy city of Jerusalem , there is a place called Al-Hindi Serai or Indian hospice (Indian lodge or shrine), where it is claimed Baba Farid lived for many years in the early 13th century, almost 800 years ago. Baba Farid walked into Jerusalem around
1326-541: Is documented in the Jawahir al-Faridi compiled in 1623 CE. It was later, both the institution and term, adopted by Sikhs. In 1989, on the 800th birth anniversary of Baba Farid, the Pakistan Post Office issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honor. Salim Chisti (1478 – 1572), a famous Sufi saint during the reign of Akbar , was a direct descendant of Baba Farid. Muhibbullah Allahabadi (1587–1648)
1428-538: Is famous for its rich literature of qisse , most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah (1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah, Mirza Sahiban by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707), Sassui Punnhun by Hashim Shah (c. 1735–c. 1843), and Qissa Puran Bhagat by Qadaryar (1802–1892). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred
1530-479: Is greed, what love can there be? When there is greed, love is false. Laden with my load of misdeeds, I move about in the garb of black garments. And the people see me and call me a dervish . My promise to my love, a long way to go and a muddy lane ahead If I move I spoil my cloak; if I stay I break my word. My bread is of wood, which is enough to quench my hunger, But the one who feasts on buttered breads will eventually suffer The small Shrine of Baba Farid
1632-568: Is made of white marble with two doors, one facing east and called the Nūrī Darwāza or 'Gate of Light', and the second facing north called Bahishtī Darwāza, or 'Gate of Paradise'. There is also a long covered corridor. Inside the tomb are two white marbled graves. One is Baba Farid's, and the other is his elder son's. These graves are always covered by sheets of cloth called Chaddars ' (the green coloured chaddars are covered with Islamic verses), and flowers that are brought by visitors. The space inside
1734-465: Is not based solely on tribal connections. Islam spread in the region via missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of the Punjab region thereby becoming the faith of many by the 16th century. This contributed to the formation of a Punjabi Muslim identity. At the advent of Islam in the seventh century, Punjab was part of Takka kingdom . By then, Buddhism had declined in Punjab after
1836-596: Is opened only once a year, during the time of the Urs fair. Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims and visitors from all over the country and the world come to pay homage. The door of the Bahishti Darwaza is made of silver, with floral designs inlaid in gold leaf. This "Gate to Paradise" is padlocked all year, and only opened for five days from sunset to sunrise in the month of Muharram. Some followers believe that by crossing this door all of one's sins are washed away. During
1938-585: Is selected to be the Prime Minister. All members of the federal legislature, the Parliament, are directly elected. Elections in Pakistan take place every five years by universal adult suffrage. There are four provincial governments that rule the four provinces of the state. The Chief Minister heads the provincial government. All provincial assemblies are unicameral , elected for five years. The Governors appointed by President after consulting
2040-588: The ghazal for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the Kafi . Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions. Sufi music and Qawali , commonly practiced in Punjab, Pakistan ; are other important genres in the Punjab region. Folk music of Punjab is the traditional music of Punjab produced using traditional musical instruments like Tumba , Algoza , Dhadd , Sarangi , Chimta and more. There
2142-813: The Bahawalpur state , then under Daudpotra Nawabs, remained independent from Sikh regime. With Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, Sikh power declined. After suffering defeat in the Anglo-Sikh wars , their territory was annexed in 1849 by the British East India Company. Views of the Sikh Empire rule, are mixed amongst different Punjabi Muslim groups. Ranjit Singh is seen favourably by a section of Punjabi activists in Pakistan but remains overall largely negative. The mid 19th-century Punjabi Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced
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#17327941703652244-553: The British Raj , and its concepts and procedures resemble those of Anglo-Saxon countries . Institutional and judicial procedures were later changed, in 1950s, under the influence of American legal system to remove the fundamental rights problems. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court of Pakistan , Provincial High Courts , District Courts , Anti-terrorism courts , Sharia courts , and Environmental courts all over
2346-511: The CSS examinations . Not all the employees of the Government of Pakistan are civil servants; other employees of the Government of Pakistan come from the scientific institutions, state-owned corporations and commissioned military science circles. In the parliamentary democracy , the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people who are
2448-725: The Cabinet Secretary of Pakistan , whose appointment comes from the Civil Services of Pakistan. Other Ministers are Ministers of State , junior members who report directly to one of the Cabinet Ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government. Once appointed by the Prime Minister, all Cabinet Ministers are officially confirmed to their appointment offices by the President in a special oath of ceremony. The President of Pakistan , officially
2550-604: The President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , is the ceremonial head of state of Pakistan and the commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces . The office of president was created upon the proclamation of Islamic Republic on 23 March 1956. The then serving governor-general , Major-General Iskander Mirza , assumed office as the first president. Following the 1958 coup d'etat ,
2652-530: The Punjabi language (under a Perso-Arabic script known as Shahmukhi ) as their mother tongue . The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 16th century CE. However, Punjab as a linguistic, geographical and cultural entity had existed for centuries prior. Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity
2754-528: The Ravi River . After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island, they were defeated by Nicholson in the Battle of Trimmu Ghat . However, the main opponent of British rule in Punjab was Rai Ahmad Khan from Kharral clan who waged war against it for three months in central Punjab. He was killed on 21 September 1857 in
2856-610: The Rohtas fort in the region. Gakhar chiefs such as Kamal Khan were part of Mughal nobility when Humayun regained Delhi after defeating Sur dynasty in the Second Battle of Panipat . According to the Ain-i-Akbari written during the reign of Akbar , Punjab region was divided into Lahore and Multan provinces . Muslims had majority in southern Punjab by the 16th century, and a definitive Punjabi identity had formed as
2958-644: The Supreme Court . By constitutional powers, the President promulgates ordinances and passes bills. The President acts as the ceremonial figurehead while the people-elected Prime Minister acts as the Chief Executive (of the executive branch) and is responsible for running the federal government. There is a bicameral Parliament with the National Assembly as a Lower house and the Senate as an upper house. The most influential officials in
3060-575: The Supreme Judicial Council Article 209 an inquiry into the capacity or conduct of a Judge, who is a member of the council, may be conducted. The civil service of Pakistan is the permanent bureaucracy of the Government of Pakistan. The civil servants are the permanent officials of the government, occupying a respected image in the civil society . Civil servants come from different cadres (e.g. Pakistan Administrative Service , Police Service of Pakistan etc.) after passing
3162-463: The chairman of Senate exercises the responsibilities of the post, until the actual president resumes office, or the next office holder is elected . There have been a total of 13 presidents . The first president was Iskander Ali Mirza who entered office on 23 March 1956. The current office holder is Asif Ali Zardari , who took charge on 10 March 2024, following his victory in the 2023 elections . Pakistan's independent judicial system began under
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3264-425: The military takeover in 1977 reversed the changes. The 8th Amendment turned Pakistan into a semi-presidential republic and in the period between 1985 and 2010, the executive power was shared by president and prime minister. The 18th Amendment in 2010 restored Parliamentary Democracy in the country, and reduced presidency to a ceremonial position. The constitution prohibits the president from directly running
3366-507: The 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being Bulleh Shah . Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under Shah Hussain (1538–1599), Sultan Bahu (1630–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785), Waris Shah (1722–1798), Saleh Muhammad Safoori (1747–1826), Mian Muhammad Baksh (1830–1907) and Khwaja Ghulam Farid (1845–1901). The Punjabi language
3468-400: The Cabinet ministers as well as the Prime Minister must be members of Parliament (MPs), according to the constitution. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers are jointly accountable to the Parliament. If there is a policy failure or lapse on the part of the government, all the members of the cabinet are jointly responsible. If a vote of no confidence is passed against the government, then
3570-836: The Chishti Sufi order. Fariduddin Ganjshakar's shrine darbār is located in Pakpattan, Punjab, Pakistan. Baba Farid was the first major Punjabi poet. A section of his poetry is as follows: Farīdā jo taīN mārani mukīāN tinhāN na mārē ghumm Farīdā jā lab thā nēhu kiā lab ta kūṛhā nēhu Kālē maiḍē kapṛē, kālā maiḍā wais, GunahīN bhariyā maiN phirāN, Lōk kahaiN darvēsh GallīN cikkaṛ dūr ghar, nāḷ piyārē nīNh, ChallāN tē bhijjē kamblī, rahāN tāN ṭuṭṭē nīNh. Roti meri kāṭh di, lawan meri bhukh Jina khaadi chopadi, ghane sehenge dukh Fareed,do not turn around and strike those who strike you with their fists. Fareed, when there
3672-487: The Chishti order, Indian Muslims passing through Jerusalem on their way to Mecca wanted to pray where he had prayed, to sleep where he had slept. Slowly, a shrine and pilgrim lodge, the Indian Hospice, formed around the memory of Baba Farid." "Later accounts of his life said that he spent his days sweeping the stone floors around Al-Aqsa Mosque , or fasting in the silence of a cave inside the city walls." A chilla
3774-626: The Federation shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Federal Government, consisting of the Prime Minister and the (Federal) Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister, who shall be the chief executive of the Federation. In the performance of his functions under the Constitution, the Prime Minister may act either directly or through the (Federal) Ministers. The basic civil and criminal laws governing
3876-546: The Government of Pakistan are considered to be the Federal Secretaries , who are the highest ranking bureaucrats in the country and run cabinet-level ministries and divisions. The judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court , Federal Shariat Court , High courts of five provinces , district, anti-terrorism , and the green courts; all inferior to the Supreme Court. The full name of
3978-496: The Government of Pakistan. Taxation is a debated and controversial issue in public and political science circle of the country, and according to the International Development Committee , Pakistan had a lower-than-average tax take. Only 0.57% of Pakistanis, or 768,000 people out of a population of 190 million pay income tax. The Finance Minister of Pakistan presents the annual federal budget in
4080-625: The Hindu Varna social class hierarchy, such as Jats , who were known to Muslims as Zutt . The tribes of the Bar region would be contacted by Sufi mystics like Fariduddin Ganjshakar over the centuries and converted to Islam, albeit a syncretic form. Gakhars of the Pothohar plateau were noted for their martial capabilities and gradually converted to Islam. In 1161, the Ghurids conquered
4182-524: The Khalji rule. With the support of various factions including Khokhars, he established the Tughlaq dynasty . Some of the earliest mentions of Punjabi language date to this period. By the late 14th century, the Tughlaq dynasty had declined, and the sultanate was divided among various warlords. The city of Lahore was intermittently captured by Khokhars. Taking advantage of the prevailing anarchy, Timur led
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4284-532: The Lower Rachna and Sindh Sagar Doabs under their chief Inayatullah Khan (r.1747–1787). However, Sikhs , who originated in central Punjab, gradually expanded westwards. Owing to their superior European-style military training and discipline, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh not only gained control of most of Punjab but also conquered Kashmir (1818), Multan (1818) and Peshawar (1833) from Durrani Afghans. Only
4386-574: The Mughal Empire. Mughal authority in Punjab remained in the hands of Nawabs who gave nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor in Delhi; however it collapsed in Punjab after Mir Mannu died in 1753. Last Nawab of Punjab, Adina Beg was a Punjabi Arain who attempted to make Punjab independent. After his untimely death in 1758, Ahmad Shah Durrani directly annexed the region. Punjab suffered from
4488-534: The Mughal standard with Persian legends. Historian Robina Yasmin, on the other hand, argues against the stereotypical narratives of claimed anti-Muslim oppression by the Sikh Empire. After researching contemporary sources held in the Fakir Khana archives in Pakistan and England, she concluded that the Sikh rulers were secular and allowed their Muslim subjects to freely practice their religion. She also points out
4590-629: The Parliament in the midst of the year, and it has to be passed by both houses of the Parliament . The budget is preceded by an economic survey which outlines the broad direction of the budget and the economic performance of the country for the outgoing financial fiscal year. Constituted under the Article 160 of the Constitution of Pakistan by the Constitution, the National Finance Commission Award (NFC) program
4692-537: The President on a "required and necessary" basis, upon consultation and approval from the prime minister. The president is indirectly elected by the Electoral College for a five-year term. The Constitution requires the president to be a " Muslim of not less than forty five (45) years of age". The president resides in an estate in Islamabad known as Aiwan-e-Sadar (President's House). In his absence,
4794-496: The Prime Minister (responsible for Prime Minister's Office), Secretary Interior (responsible for law and order), Secretary Finance (responsible for the country's treasury), Secretary Foreign Affairs (responsible for foreign relations), Secretary Maritime Affairs (responsible for ports and shipping), Secretary Power (responsible for the electricity and power sector), Secretary Planning and Development (responsible for development projects), Secretary Petroleum (responsible for
4896-469: The Prime Minister, according to Article 242 of the Constitution. Since 1947, Pakistan has an asymmetric federal government , with elected officials at the national (federal), provincial, tribal, and local levels. Constitution has set the limit of government for five years, but if a Vote of no confidence movements takes place in the parliament (and prelude of movements are proved at the Judicial branch),
4998-558: The Prime minister, act only as representatives of federal government in the province and do not have any part in running the government. The provincial governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Pakistanis ' daily lives. The Local government functions at the basic level. It is the third level of government, consisting Jirga in rural tribal areas. Pakistan has a complex taxation system of more than 70 unique taxes administered by at least 37 tax collection institutions of
5100-588: The Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, Baisakhi , the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then
5202-585: The Punjabi Muslim poet Shah Mohammad viewed Anglo-Sikh wars as war between the Punjab and Hind (India). During colonial period, communal identity superseded regional one, and Punjabi Muslims increasingly disowned Punjabi language in the favour of Urdu in Persian script. During the colonial era, the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims and Punjabi Hindus was noted and documented by officials in census reports: "In other parts of
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#17327941703655304-483: The Sikh Empire first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's empire and governance. According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the Mughals. His account portrays Ranjit Singh as leading his Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between
5406-405: The Supreme Court to make judicature transfers. Although the proceedings in the Supreme Court arise out of the judgement or orders made by the subordinate courts, the Supreme Court reserves the right to transfer any case, appeal or proceedings pending before any High Court to any other High Court. Misconduct of judges is highly intolerable as is mentioned in the constitution. Under the mainframe of
5508-744: The citizens of Pakistan are set down in major parliamentary legislation (a term inherited from the United Kingdom ), such as the Exit Control List , the Pakistan Penal Code , and the Frontier Crimes Regulations . By the Article 246th and Article 247th to the constitution, the Islamic Jirga (or Panchayat ) system has become an institution for local governance. The 1950s reforms in
5610-403: The city of Ghazni, forcing the Ghaznavids to shift their capital to Lahore. Soon, however, Muhammad Ghori invaded Punjab as well, and conquered Lahore and Multan in 1186, marking end of the Ghaznavids. In 1206, he was assassinated at Damiak by Isma'ilis or Punjabi Khokhars . One of his Mamluk slaves, Qutb ud-Din Aibak , established the Delhi Sultanate , with Lahore being the first capital of
5712-435: The country but have separate systems and are not part of the federation. Under the Constitution , there are three primary branches of a government: the legislative , whose powers are vested in a bicameral Parliament ; the executive , consisting of the President , aided by the Cabinet which is headed by the Prime Minister ; and the judiciary , with the Supreme Court . Effecting the Westminster system for governing
5814-433: The country is the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases. The "Pakistan Government" or "Government of Pakistan" are often used in official documents representing the federal government collectively. Also, the terms "Federal" and "National" in government institutions or program names generally indicate affiliation with
5916-407: The country; Supreme Court being the superior court. The Supreme Court of Pakistan consists of a Chief Justice, and Senior Justices appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of Pakistan . The Constitution does not fix the number of justices of the Supreme Court, though it can be fixed by Parliament through an act signed by the President. The Constitution grants powers to
6018-682: The eight invasions of the Durrani Afghans between 1748 and 1767, which ravaged the region. During these centuries of Mughal rule, Punjabi Muslims established great institutions of Islamic civilization in cities and towns such as Lahore and Sialkot. Punjabi Muslim scholars were "in high demand", teaching the Islamic sciences as far as Central Asia , in cities such as Bukhara , even being considered there as Awliya' within their lifetimes. The Kamboh clan of Lahore also produced many notable scholars and administrators. Other influential Muslim scholars born in Punjab during Mughal era include Abdul Hakim Sialkoti and Ahmad Sirhindi . Between 1761 and 1799,
6120-417: The executive branch – an attempt to preserve individual liberty in response to tyrannical leadership throughout history. The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزیراعظم ; lit: 'Wazir-e- Azam ), is the executive head of government of Pakistan, constitutionally designated as the Chief Executive (CE). Popularly elected by direct elections in the parliament, the Prime minister is responsible for appointing
6222-418: The fact that during the reign of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, there was never a single case of rebellion against the Sikh authorities by Muslims. She further claims any beliefs of maltreatment of Muslims is based upon misunderstandings of the condition of the Muslim community during the Sikh Empire. Before British annexation of Punjab, the consciousness of a Punjabi identity was at its zenith. Writing in 1840s,
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#17327941703656324-464: The fall of the Kushans , and had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century. Several scholars have identified Takka kingdom with the kingdom of al-Usaifan , whose king is reported by al-Biladhuri to have converted to Islam during the reign of Caliph al-Mu'tasim ( r. 833–842 ). However, Islam as a political power got introduced via southern Punjab only after the 8th century Umayyad conquest of Sindh . The first Muslim state in Punjab
6426-423: The federal government. As the seat of government is in Islamabad , "Islamabad" is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The Constitution of Pakistan established and constituted the federal government of four provinces of federation of nation-state, known as State of Pakistan . The Constitution reads as: The Federal Government is Subject to the Constitution. The executive authority of
6528-458: The government administration, the constitutional law and jurisprudence in Pakistan have been greatly influenced by the United States Of America ' legal system. Since the 1970s, the traditional jirga -based law has also been in place in a few areas, and has influenced the country's judicial development. The legislative branch has two houses, which combined are known as the Parliament of Pakistan The Parliament enjoys parliamentary supremacy . All
6630-433: The government collapses and a new one must be formed. By general definition, the executive branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy . The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers . The separation of powers system is designed to distribute authority away from
6732-412: The government falls and immediately replaced with caretaker government initiated by the president (consultation of Prime Minister also required to make such move), in regards to Article 58 of the constitution. There has been four times that the martial law has been in effect, and controversially approved by the supreme court . Through a general election where the leader of the majority winning party
6834-421: The government. Instead, the executive power is exercised on his behalf by the prime minister who keeps him informed on all matters of internal and foreign policy , as well as all legislative proposals. The Constitution however, vests the president with the powers of granting pardons, reprieves , and the control over the military ; however, all appointments at higher commands of the military must be made by
6936-490: The holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus." The news of the Rebellion of 1857 reached Punjab quite late. Jhelum in Punjab saw a rebellion in which 35 British soldiers were killed on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . On 9 July, most of the brigade of sepoys at Sialkot rebelled and began to move to Delhi. They were intercepted by John Nicholson with an equal British force as they tried to cross
7038-431: The inhabitants of Punjab started to be addressed as Punjabis by the outsiders during 17th century. Several Punjabi Muslims rose to high ranks during Mughal period, such as Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) Saadullah Khan (1645–1656). He belonged to the Thaheem clan of Chiniot . Saadullah Khan oversaw construction of several Mughal monuments including Taj Mahal under the supervision of architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori , who
7140-493: The languages of the learned and the elite, and used in monastic centres, Punjabi was generally considered a less refined folk language. Although earlier poets had written in a primitive Punjabi, before Farīd there was little in Punjabi literature apart from traditional and anonymous ballads. By using Punjabi as the language of poetry, Farīd laid the basis for a vernacular Punjabi literature that would be developed later. The English translation of Farid's devotional poetry by Rana Nayar
7242-470: The lower middle echelons and the artisan classes, the Ahrar's having a diversity of Islamic schools but generally subscribed to a Deobandi interpretation with an Islamic socialist approach as well. During the Partition of 1947 , millions also migrated from East Punjab to West Punjab to escape violence from Hindu and Sikh militias. After independence, Bengalis formed the majority ethnicity of Pakistan , followed by Punjabis. After 1971, Punjabis became
7344-409: The majority ethnicity. Sufism has also played a major role in the history of Punjab . Many prominent Sufi saints were born in Punjab, including Fariduddin Ganjshakar , Waris Shah and Bulleh Shah . Punjabi Muslims had a major contribution in the development of Punjabi language . Fariduddin Ganjshakar (1179–1266) is recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language. Roughly from
7446-461: The ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The cabinet and its ministers are expected to lay down the policy guidelines, and the civil servants are responsible for implementing and enforcing it. The federal secretaries are the most senior, experienced, and capable officials in the country. Each ministry/division has its Secretary to oversee and enforce
7548-483: The office of prime minister was abolished, leaving the Presidency as the most powerful office in the country. This position was further strengthened when the 1962 Constitution was adopted. It turned Pakistan into a Presidential Republic , giving all executive powers to the president. In 1973, the new Constitution established Parliamentary democracy and reduced president's role to a ceremonial one. Nevertheless,
7650-531: The opening of the Gate of Paradise, extensive security arrangements are made to protect people from stampedes. In 2001, 27 people were crushed to death and 100 were injured in a stampede. As mentioned under Biography above, Baba Farid is considered one of the founding fathers of the Chishti Sufi order . His teacher, Khwaja Bakhtiar Kaki was a disciple of Moinuddin Chishti and Baba Farid's most famous disciple
7752-755: The past." Government of Pakistan The Government of Pakistan ( Urdu : حکومتِ پاکستان , romanized : hukūmat-e-pākistān ) (abbreviated as GoP ), constitutionally known as the Federal Government , commonly known as the Centre , is the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , a federal republic located in South Asia , consisting of four provinces and one federal territory . The territories of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir are also part of
7854-623: The peasant-cultivator and the treasury". As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Bad shahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on
7956-545: The petroleum sector) and Secretary Industries (responsible for industrial development). Management of major crisis situations in the country and coordination of activities of the various Ministries in such situations are the functions of the Cabinet Division . Appointment for the chairman of the FPSC , the prestigious body responsible for the recruitment of elite bureaucrats, is made by the President after consulting
8058-612: The predecessor of the Guru Granth Sahib . There are 10 Sikh gurus , but there are also 15 Bhagats in Sikhism. Baba Sheikh Farid is one of these equally revered 15 Bhagats. Fariduddin Ganjshakar first introduced the institution of the Langar in the Punjab region. The institution greatly contributed to the social fabric of Punjabi society and allowed peoples of various faiths and backgrounds to attain free food and drink. The practice, introduced by Fariduddin Ganjshakar grew and
8160-587: The processions of Tazias , in Muharram , with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of Sabils (shelters where water and sharbat are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar (Lahore) are no doubt practices answering to
8262-621: The public policy matters. The secretaries, who are basic pay scale (BPS)-22 grade officers, are largely considered to be the most powerful officials in the country. Due to the importance of their respective assignments, there are twelve specific federal secretaries which are considered to be the most vital in the Government of Pakistan. These include the Secretary Establishment (responsible for civil service matters), Secretary Commerce (responsible for trade), Secretary Cabinet (responsible for Cabinet Division), Secretary to
8364-562: The region around Lahore in Punjab. In 1525, the Mughal emperor Babur invaded Delhi Sultanate and conquered it by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat . The Gakhars of Potohar remained loyal to the house of Babur after Sher Shah Suri overthrew the Mughals under Humayun . This caused Sher Shah Suri to invade Pothohar and the local chief Sarang Khan died fighting against him. However, Gakhars continued their resistance, even after Sher Shah Suri's minister Todar Mal constructed
8466-507: The south Indian kingdom of Mysore was ruled by Hyder Ali , stated to be a Punjabi adventurer in the army of Mysore, and his son Tipu Sultan . Tipu Sultan, who is widely hailed as a freedom fighter in South Asia, led Mysore during Anglo-Mysore Wars and also pioneered modern rocketry . Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors failed to maintain control of Punjab except in Attock, Kasur and Multan where large Afghan colonies were based. Punjab
8568-475: The state, the government is mainly composed of the executive , legislative , and judicial branches, in which all powers are vested by the Constitution in the Parliament , the Prime Minister and the Supreme Court . The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts and amendments of the Parliament, including the creation of executive institutions, departments and courts inferior to
8670-522: The sultanate. The early period of the Delhi Sultanate saw several Mongol invasions of Punjab . Ultimately, Mongols were defeated during the rule of the Khalji dynasty . Islam became firmly established in Punjab during the era of Delhi Sultanate, and tribes like Khokhars played an important role in the inter-dynastic struggle. In 1320, Ghazi Malik , the former governor of Multan, rebelled against
8772-517: The system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The Unionist Party under a Punjabi Muslim, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana in 1942 who remained the Premier till partition in 1947. Although
8874-653: The term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945. During the 1930s and the 1940s, the Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam , an anti-colonial Islamist political party founded in 1929 as an offshoot of the Khilafat Movement and a close collaborator of the Indian National Congress , became the dominant political force among Punjabi Muslims, especially among
8976-486: The third-largest predominantly Islam-adhering Muslim ethnicity in the world, after Arabs and Bengalis . The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of Sunni Islam , while a minority adhere to Shia Islam . Most of them are primarily geographically native to the Pakistani province of Punjab , but a large group of them have ancestry across the Punjab region as a whole. Punjabi Muslims speak or identify with
9078-491: The time of Sayyid Sultans was spent in fighting against Jasrat , who was the most formidable opponent of Delhi sultans in Punjab. South Punjab became independent from Delhi when Langah Sultanate broke away in 1445. The rulers of medieval Gujarat Sultanate in western India are also described as having Punjabi Khatri origins. By the early 16th century, the Lodi dynasty which succeeded Sayyids had control over little more than
9180-436: The tomb and was given a Chaddar ,. Charity food called Langar is distributed all day to visitors here and the Auqaf Department, which administers the shrine. The shrine is open all day and night for visitors. The shrine has its own huge electricity generator that is used whenever there is power cut or loadshedding , so the shrine remains bright all night, all year round. There is no separation of male and female areas but
9282-400: The tomb is limited; not more than ten people can be inside at one time. Women are not allowed inside the tomb, but the late Benazir Bhutto , then Prime Minister of Pakistan , was permitted to enter inside by the shrine guardians, when she visited the shrine. Another rare exceptional case was the late Hajjah Kainz Hussain of Jhelum , wife of the late Haji Manzoor Hussain, who was allowed inside
9384-422: The total population of Punjab is 127 million as noted in the 2023 Pakistan census , ethnic Punjabis comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population. Ethnic Punjabis, that is, discounting the local Kashmiris , Pashtuns and Baloch residents, thus number approximately 111,303,000 million in Pakistan; this makes Punjabis the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by population. Punjabi Muslim society
9486-558: The true backbone of the Indian Army." However, there was also a history of popular resistance from Punjabi Muslims against British colonialism, including during the 1857 Indian Rebellion with the likes of Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal, facts which historian Turab-ul-Hassan Sargana says have been undermined because the elites of Punjab who collaborated with the British are those who still rule Pakistan today. The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing
9588-549: The year 1200, little more than a decade after the armies of Saladin had forced the Crusaders out of Jerusalem. The place is now a pilgrim lodge for people of the Indian sub-continent. It is claimed that this building is currently cared for by the 94-year-old caretaker, Muhammad Munir Ansari, in 2014. "No one knows how long Baba Farid stayed in the city. But long after he had returned to the Punjab, where he eventually became head of
9690-534: The young Farīd found the sugar anyway, an experience that gave him more spiritual fervour and led to his being given the name. Baba Farid, as he is commonly known, has his poetry included in the Guru Granth Sahib , the most sacred scripture of Sikhism , which includes 123 (or 134) hymns composed by Farid. Guru Arjan Dev Ji , the 5th guru of Sikhism, included these hymns himself in the Adi Granth ,
9792-473: Was also from Punjab, and led the Mughal army to Balkh in 1646 during Shah Jahan's war against the Safavids in the region. Wazir Khan of Chiniot was also a grand vizier in the early Shah Jahani era. The death of Aurangzeb in 1707, began the decline of Mughal power in the 18th century. Between 1712 and 1719, Barhas , a dynasty of kingmakers of peasant origins from Punjab, exercised de facto control over
9894-445: Was also his descendant. Islam Khan I and Mukarram Khan who served as governors of Bengal Subah were grand-sons of Salim Chishti. The noble Paigah family , which was influential in the former Hyderabad state , also traced its lineage from Baba Farid. Punjabi Muslims Europe North America Oceania Punjabi Muslims are Punjabis who are adherents of Islam . With a population of more than 112 million, they are
9996-542: Was born in 1188 (573 AH ) in Kothewal, 10 km from Multan in the Punjab region , to Jamāl-ud-dīn Suleimān and Maryam Bībī (Qarsum Bībī), daughter of Wajīh-ud-dīn Khojendī . He received his early education at Multan, which had become a centre for Muslim education. There he met his teacher Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki , who was passing through Multan on his way from Baghdad to Delhi . Once his education
10098-429: Was conferred with Sahitya Akademi Golden Jubilee award in 2007. The city of Faridkot bears his name. According to legend, Farīd stopped by the city, then named Mokhalpūr, and sat in seclusion for forty days near the fort of King Mokhal. The king was said to be so impressed by his presence that he named the city after Baba Farid, which today is known as Tilla Baba Farid . The festival Bābā Sheikh Farād Āgman Purb Melā'
10200-614: Was divided into petty Muslim and Sikh chieftancies. The situation remained as such till Ranjit Singh took Lahore in 1799. The two important Punjabi Muslim states that existed in 18th century Punjab were those of the Sials and the Gakhars. Gakhars under Sultan Muqarrab Khan (r.1738–1769) established rule over Potohar and the Chaj Doab whilst the Sials with their capital at Jhang conquered
10302-531: Was over, he moved to Delhi, where he learned the Islamic doctrine from his master, Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. He later moved to Hansi , Haryana . When Khwaja Bakhtiyār Kākī died in 1235, Farīd left Hansi and became his spiritual successor and instead of settling in Delhi, he returned to his native Punjab and settled in Ajodhan (present-day Pakpattan , Punjab, Pakistan ). He was one of the founding fathers of
10404-649: Was the Emirate of Multan , established in 855 after the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate . In the 11th century, Muslim conquered northern Punjab after the defeat of the native Hindu Shahis by the Ghaznavids . The city of Lahore emerged as a thriving city, rivalling Ghazni and effectively acted as a second capital of the empire. In Punjab, conversion to Islam occurred mostly amongst pastoralist or agricultural groups that were not integrated into
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