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55-794: The district is elongated from north to south. Almost the whole area of the district belongs to the basin of the Volga River and drains to the east. The main rivers within the district are the Shola (a tributary of Lake Beloye ), the Suda and its major right tributary, the Kolp , a tributary of the Rybinsk Reservoir , and the Chagodoshcha , a left tributary of the Mologa . Minor areas in

110-427: A hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called a watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation ,

165-437: A common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as a sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into

220-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

275-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

330-602: A multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of the world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins,

385-532: Is Nganasan -like. This Siberian-related component is linked to the spread of Uralic languages. Like other Baltic Finnic peoples, Vepsians have a high Steppe -related admixture. Vepsians share more IBD (identity-by-descent) segments with several Uralic-speaking populations, including geographically distant ones like the Mansis and the Nganasans, than with Russians or other non-Uralic groups near to them. This

440-418: Is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by a perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming

495-619: Is consistent with the idea that the Uralic-speaking peoples share some common roots. They have significant IBD segment sharing with the Turkic-speaking Dolgans from Siberia , too. The most common maternal haplogroups among Vepsians include H (57.6%) and U5 (16.8%), showing similarity with other Baltic Finnic groups. 56.4% of Vepsian men have the haplogroup N , which is of East Eurasian origin and commonly found among Uralic-speaking populations. 38.5% belong to

550-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

605-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

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660-421: The selo of Borisovo-Sudskoye and Oshtinsky District with the administrative center in the selo of Oshta were also established. Borisovo-Sudsky District was a part of Cherepoivets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast, whereas Oshtinsky District was a part of Lodeynoye Pole Okrug of Leningrad Oblast. In 1937, both were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Vologda Oblast. On December 12, 1955, Oshtinsky District

715-623: The 2002 Russian census , there were 8,240 Veps in Russia. Of the 281 Veps in Ukraine , 11 spoke Vepsian according to the 2001 Ukrainian census . The self-designations of these people in various dialects are vepslaine , bepslaane and (in northern dialects, southwest of Lake Onega ) lüdinik and lüdilaine . Almost all Vepsians are fluent in Russian . The younger generation, in general, does not speak Vepsian although many have an understanding of

770-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

825-597: The Collapse of the Soviet Union or Russia's aging population. As of 2021 , 4,534 people identified as Vepsian. However, 16.5 million people refused to declare an ethnicity in the census, leading some to doubt the legitimacy of the most recent census, and whether the population counts of Ethnic minorities in Russia were accurate. Vepsians cluster with Karelians and Finns . They share most of their autosomal ancestry with Europeans, but about 12% of their ancestry

880-607: The Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and the greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to

935-698: The Kargopol area merged linguistically with the Russians before the 20th century. The existence of the Vepsian people was not widely known until the mid-19th century. Despite its close relationship to the Karelian and the Finnish languages, the Vepsian language was thus one of the last Uralic languages to be recognized as one. Vepsians numbered 25,607 in 1897. Some 7,300 of them inhabited East Karelia . In

990-735: The Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

1045-809: The Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of the Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of

1100-561: The groundwater . A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean. Vepsians Veps , or Vepsians ( Veps : vepsläižed ), are a Baltic Finnic people who speak the Veps language , which belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages . According to

1155-413: The 1990s and the federal authorities abolished the autonomy in 2006. Nowadays the younger generation in general does not speak the language. Since 1926 , The Vepsian population has been significantly declining likely due to multiple factors such as Stalin's mass forced deportation and assimilation within the Soviet Union. However, it could also be attributed to other factors such as immigration after

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1210-789: The Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ),

1265-726: The Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America , the islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through

1320-615: The Suda River at Borisovo-Sudskoye. Borisovo-Sudskoye become important trading and fair location in the 19th century. Khvalevskoye Manor is located here, a country seat of Russian noble family Kachalov. After Bolshevik revolution, in June 1918 five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Belozersky and Ustyuzhensky Uyezds, were split off to form Cherepovets Governorate , with the administrative center in Cherepovets . In 1925, Babayevo

1375-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

1430-538: The Vepsian culture in 1937. All national activities were stopped and the national districts were abolished. When Finland invaded East Karelia in the Continuation War , some Vepsians joined the so-called Kindred Battalion of the Finnish Army. These troops were relinquished to the Soviet Union after the war. In the postwar period many Veps moved from their historic villages to larger cities. In 1983, on

1485-770: The Vepsians. One of the eastern routes on which the Vikings went through their area, and the bjarm people mentioned by the Vikings as inhabiting the coast of the White Sea may have referred to the Veps. Evidence from tombs proves that they had contact with Staraya Ladoga , Finland and Meryans , other Volga Finnic tribes and later with the Principality of Novgorod and other Russian states. Later Vepsians also inhabited

1540-656: The basin of the Suda, and Lake Sholskoye , the source of the Shola. Rivers, lakes and swamps occupy a considerable part of the district's territory. Historically the area was sparsely populated by Finnic peoples , of whom the Vepsians , a few still living in the district, are the descendants. Although this area formally became a part of the Novgorod Republic and subsequently of the Principality of Beloozero , none of

1595-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

1650-401: The beginning of the 20th century there were some signs of national awakening among Vepsians. Early Soviet nationality politics supported this progress, and 24 administrative units with the status of national village soviets were formed. The alphabet and the written language were developed. Teachers started to instruct in Vepsian in some elementary schools. The Soviet authorities started to oppress

1705-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

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1760-406: The district from east to west. The main railway station within the district is Babayevo. Babayevo has an all-season road connection south to Ustyuzhna and north to Borisovo-Sudskoye . There are no all-season through roads to Vytegorsky District, Belozersky District, or to Leningrad Oblast. The district contains one archaeological monument of federal significance which is a group of tumuli near

1815-414: The district speak the central group of Veps dialects . The economy of the district is based on timber industry. There is also food industry, including butter manufacturing. Fourteen large- and mid-scale farms and a number of small farms operate in the district, producing mainly meat, milk, and linum . The railroad connecting Vologda to Saint Petersburg via Cherepovets crosses the southern part of

1870-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

1925-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

1980-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

2035-781: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

2090-676: The initiative of national academics, an inquiry was carried out which showed that there were nearly 13,000 Veps in the Soviet Union, 5,600 of whom lived in Karelia, 4,000 in the Leningrad region and just under a 1,000 in the Vologda region. The new Vepsian primer Abekirj and other elementary school books were published in Petrozavodsk in 1991. Kodima , a newspaper in Vepsian, has been published since 1993. The Vepsian rural community

2145-923: The language. In modern times, they live in the area between Lake Ladoga , Lake Onega and Lake Beloye – in the Russian Republic of Karelia in the former Veps National Volost , in Leningrad Oblast along the Oyat River in the Podporozhsky and Lodeynopolsky Districts and further south in the Tikhvinsky and Boksitogorsky Districts , and in Vologda Oblast in the Vytegorsky and Babayevsky Districts . Archeological and linguistic studies suggest that Vepsians lived in

2200-529: The northwest of the district belong to the basin of the Oyat River , a tributary of Lake Ladoga ; and the Oyat itself has its source in the district. Thus, the divide between the basins of the Baltic Sea and the Caspian Sea crosses the district. There are many lakes of glacial origin in the district, especially in the northwest. The biggest of them are Lake Linzhozero and Lake Pyazhozero , both located in

2255-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

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2310-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

2365-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

2420-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

2475-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

2530-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

2585-451: The valleys of the Sheksna , the Suda , and the Syas rivers, developing, according to Kalevi Wiik , from the proto-Vepsian Kargopol culture to the east of Lake Onega . They probably also lived in East Karelia and on the northern coast of Lake Onega. It is possible that the earliest mention of the Veps dates to the sixth century CE, when the Gothic historian Jordanes mentioned a people called Vasina broncas, which may have indicated

2640-399: The village of Stepanovo . The Babayevsky District Museum is located in Babayevo. The museum opened in 1978 mostly due to the efforts of Mariya Gorbunova, a local teacher and later the head of the local education department. The museum is named after her. The historic site of Khvalevskoe Manor is located in the village of Borisovo-Sudskoye . Drainage basin A drainage basin

2695-418: The villages located in the area were mentioned in any documents until the end of the 14th century. The first historic reference to "Suda land" is in Dmitry Donskoy 's testament. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great , the area was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as Saint Petersburg Governorate ). In 1727, a separate Novgorod Governorate

2750-421: The western and eastern shores of Onega. In early Kievan Rus' chronicles, they are called "Весь" (Ves’) and in some Arabic sources they are called Wisu . It is assumed that Bjarmians were at least partly Vepsians. From the 12th century their history is connected with first the Principality of Novgorod and then Muscovy . Russian settlement reached the Onega Veps in the 14th or 15th century. Eastern Vepsians in

2805-468: The world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan, the Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of

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2860-430: Was abolished. The area of Oshtinsky District was split between Vytegorsky and Borisovo-Sudsky Districts. In 1959, Borisovo-Sudsky District was abolished as well and merged into Babayevsky District. Babayevsky District is one of the areas traditionally populated by Vepsians , although now representing less than 1,000 people or less than 5% of total district's population according to the latest census. The Vepsians living in

2915-401: Was formed in East Karelia in 1994, encompassing 8,200 square kilometers of land and 3,373 inhabitants, 42% of them Vepsian. The authorities of the Republic of Karelia granted some budgetary autonomy to the Vepsian community in 1996. The language was taught as a subject in two schools, in Shyoltozero and Rybreka  [ ru ] . However, the cultural revival slowed in the second half of

2970-421: Was granted town status. On August 1, 1927, Cherepovets Governorate was abolished, and its area became Cherepovets Okrug of Leningrad Oblast . Simultaneously, the uyezds were abolished and Babayevsky District was established. On September 23, 1937, Babayevsky District was transferred to newly established Vologda Oblast. On August 1, 1927, Borisovo-Sudsky District with the administrative center in

3025-516: Was split off. The current area of the district was split between Belozersky Uyezd (north of the Kolp) and Ustyuzhensky Uyezd (south of the Kolp). In 1776, the area was transferred to Novgorod Viceroyalty . In 1796, the viceroyalty was abolished, and both uyezds were transferred to Novgorod Governorate. Babayevo, then a village, developed as a settlement around an iron production plant in the 19th century. Important historic route - St.Petersburg-Tikhvin-Belozersk tract - runs via this district and crosses

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