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84-601: Baker Institute may refer to: James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy , a think tank on the campus of Rice University in Houston, Texas Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , an Australian research institute headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria The Baker Institute for Animal Health, a veterinary research institute at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY Topics referred to by

168-695: A research reactor , and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants . Commencing in the 1950s with support from the US under the Atoms for Peace program, Iran's nuclear program was geared toward peaceful scientific exploration. In 1970, Iran ratified the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), subjecting its nuclear activities to IAEA inspections. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution , cooperation ceased and Iran pursued its nuclear program clandestinely. An investigation by

252-730: A 40 MW heavy water reactor . Under the terms of the Paris Agreement, on 14 November 2004, Iran's chief nuclear negotiator announced a voluntary and temporary suspension of its uranium enrichment program (enrichment is not a violation of the NPT) and the voluntary implementation of the Additional Protocol, after pressure from the United Kingdom, France, and Germany on behalf of the European Union . The measure

336-636: A civilian nuclear power plant. Iran also claimed that it was forced to resort to secrecy after US pressure caused several of its nuclear contracts with foreign governments to fall through. After the IAEA Board of Governors reported Iran's noncompliance with its safeguards agreement to the UN Security Council , the Council demanded that Iran suspend its nuclear enrichment activities while Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has argued that

420-584: A contract with Rosatom to resume work on the partially complete Bushehr plant, installing into the existing Bushehr I building a 915  MWe VVER -1000 pressurized water reactor . In 1996, the US convinced China to pull out of a contract to construct a uranium conversion plant. However, the Chinese provided blueprints for the facility to the Iranians, who advised the IAEA that they would continue work on

504-567: A more advanced nuclear program than had previously been anticipated by U.S. intelligence. That same year, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) first reported that Iran had not declared sensitive enrichment and reprocessing activities. Enrichment can be used to produce uranium for reactor fuel or (at higher enrichment levels) for weapons. Iran says its nuclear program is peaceful, and had then enriched uranium to less than 5 percent, consistent with fuel for

588-475: A position likely to be up for negotiation in talks with Iran." In exchange for suspending its enrichment program, Iran was offered "a long-term comprehensive arrangement which would allow for the development of relations and cooperation with Iran based on mutual respect and the establishment of international confidence in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program." However, Iran has consistently refused to give up its enrichment program, arguing that

672-726: A spokesman for the National Council of Resistance of Iran , publicly revealed the existence of two nuclear sites under construction: a uranium enrichment facility in Natanz (part of which is underground), and a heavy water facility in Arak . It has been strongly suggested that intelligence agencies already knew about these facilities but the reports had been classified. The IAEA immediately sought access to these facilities and further information and co-operation from Iran regarding its nuclear program. According to arrangements in force at

756-615: A two-week summer space policy program which “combines visits to Russian space facilities with tours of cultural and historical sites in and around the Moscow Oblast region” as well as working in teams “to develop simulated interplanetary space missions” with students from Bauman Moscow State Technical University. In 2002, a group of students began the Baker Institute Student Forum with the goal of “increasing students’ interest in exploring and contributing to

840-548: Is alive in the mid-1980s ... and if other countries [particularly India] have proceeded with weapons development we have no doubt Iran will follow suit." Following the 1979 Revolution , most of the international nuclear cooperation with Iran was cut off. Kraftwerk Union stopped work at the Bushehr project in January 1979, with one reactor 50 percent complete, and the other reactor 85 percent complete, and fully withdrew from

924-540: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy The institute employs scholars and researchers from a variety of backgrounds. Its current research includes centers for different areas: the Center for Energy Studies, the Center for Health and Biosciences, the Center for the Middle East, the Center for Public Finance,

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1008-624: The 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires and the AMIA bombing as part of an Iranian campaign to pressure Argentina into honoring the agreements. The uranium was delivered in 1993. From the early 1990s, Russia formed a joint research organization with Iran called Persepolis that provided Iran with Russian nuclear experts, as well as technical information. Five Russian institutions, including Roscosmos , helped Tehran improve its missiles. The exchange of technical information with Iran

1092-631: The BND leaked a report that Iran might have a nuclear bomb within two years with Pakistani uranium; this was the first public Western intelligence report of a post-revolutionary nuclear weapons program in Iran. Later that year, Minority Whip of the US Senate Alan Cranston asserted that Iran was seven years away from being able to build its own nuclear weapon. During the Iran–Iraq War ,

1176-502: The 1980s. In August 2005, with Pakistani assistance, a group of US government experts and international scientists concluded that traces of bomb-grade uranium found in Iran came from contaminated Pakistani equipment and were not evidence of a clandestine weapons program in Iran. In September 2005, IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei reported that "most" highly enriched uranium traces found in Iran by agency inspectors came from imported centrifuge components, validating Iran's claim that

1260-726: The 2015 agreed JCPOA limit. Iran's nuclear program was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States. On 5 March 1957, a "proposed agreement for cooperation in research in the peaceful uses of atomic energy" was announced under the Eisenhower administration 's Atoms for Peace program. In 1967, the Tehran Nuclear Research Center (TNRC) was established, run by the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI). The TNRC

1344-635: The 35-member Board voted 27–3 (with five abstentions: Algeria , Belarus , Indonesia , Libya , and South Africa) to report Iran to the UN Security Council. The measure was sponsored by the EU-3 and backed by the US. Two permanent Council members, Russia and China, agreed to referral only on condition that the Council take no action until March. The three members voting against referral were Venezuela , Syria , and Cuba . In response, on 6 February 2006, Iran suspended its voluntary implementation of

1428-481: The Additional Protocol agreement outlined above in October 2005. A comprehensive list of Iran's specific "breaches" of its safeguards agreement, which the IAEA described as part of a "pattern of concealment," can be found in a 15 November 2004 report of the IAEA on Iran's nuclear program. Iran attributed its failure to report certain acquisitions and activities to US obstructionism, which reportedly included pressuring

1512-637: The Baker Institute No. 1 among university-affiliated think tanks in 2020. In addition to its research, the institute offers programs for undergraduate and graduate students to engage with the world of policy and organizes events in which political, diplomatic, and community leaders speak on Rice's campus. The Baker Institute was founded in 1993. James Baker envisioned a public policy institute where “statesmen and scholars work[ed] in an atmosphere of intellectual excellence and strict nonpartisanship to develop fresh, informed approaches to policy,” while

1596-634: The Baker Institute and Rice’s School of Social Sciences. The program faculty come from both the School of Social Sciences and the Baker Institute. The Master of Energy Economics Program is a 12-month professional master’s program in energy economics developed by the Baker Institute and Rice’s Economics Department. 29°43′00″N 95°24′10″W  /  29.7166°N 95.4027°W  / 29.7166; -95.4027 Nuclear program of Iran Iran has research sites, two uranium mines ,

1680-507: The Center for Digital Scholarship at Fondren Library at Rice University . The Drug Policy Program focuses on the implications of the war on drugs and “pursues research and open debate on local and national drug policies based on common sense, driven by human rights interests, and focused on reducing the death, disease, crime. and suffering associated with drug use.” The Center for Health and Biosciences focuses on developing health policy recommendations. Researchers from Rice University and

1764-517: The EU and the US. The IAEA Board of Governors deferred a formal decision on Iran's nuclear case for two years after 2003, while Iran continued cooperation with the EU-3. On 24 September 2005, after Iran abandoned the Paris Agreement, the Board found that Iran had been in non-compliance with its safeguards agreement, based largely on facts that had been reported as early as November 2003. On 4 February 2006,

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1848-535: The EU-3 offered Iran a package in return for permanent cessation of enrichment. Reportedly, it included benefits in the political, trade and nuclear fields, as well as long-term supplies of nuclear materials and assurances of non-aggression by the EU (but not the US). Deputy head of AEOI Mohammad Saeedi rejected the offer as "very insulting and humiliating" and independent analysts characterized it as an "empty box". Iran's announcement that it would resume enrichment preceded

1932-452: The EU-3 to speed up talks, which the EU-3 refused to do. The talks made little progress because of the divergent positions of the two sides. Under pressure from US, European negotiators could not agree to allow enrichment on Iranian soil. Although Iranians presented an offer, which included voluntary restrictions on the enrichment volume and output, it was rejected. The EU-3 broke a commitment they had made to recognize Iran's right under NPT to

2016-629: The Eurodif investment and to get the enriched uranium delivered. French hostages were taken in Lebanon from spring 1985; in 1986, terror attacks were perpetrated in Paris and Eurodif manager Georges Besse was assassinated. In their investigation La République atomique, France-Iran le pacte nucléaire , David Carr-Brown and Dominique Lorentz pointed to the Iranian intelligence services' responsibility. It

2100-702: The IAEA Board of Governors decided that facilities should be reported during the planning phase, even before construction began. Iran was the last country to accept that decision, and only did so on 26 February 2003, after the IAEA investigation began. In May 2003, shortly after the US invasion of Iraq , elements of the government of Mohammad Khatami made a confidential proposal for a "Grand Bargain" through Swiss diplomatic channels. It offered full transparency of Iran's nuclear program and withdrawal of support for Hamas and Hezbollah , in exchange for security assurances from

2184-535: The IAEA Secretariat (South Korea, Egypt) were never reported to the Security Council because the IAEA Board of Governors never made a formal finding of non-compliance. Though South Korea's case involved enriching uranium to levels near weapons grade, the country itself voluntarily reported the isolated activity and Goldschmidt has argued "political considerations also played a dominant role in

2268-463: The IAEA launched an investigation that concluded in November 2003 that Iran had systematically failed to meet its obligations under its NPT safeguards agreement to report those activities to the IAEA, although it also reported no evidence of links to a nuclear weapons program. The IAEA Board of Governors delayed a formal finding of non-compliance until September 2005, and reported that non-compliance to

2352-558: The IAEA reported credible evidence that Iran had been conducting experiments aimed at designing a nuclear bomb, and that research may have continued on a smaller scale after that time. On 1 May 2018 the IAEA reiterated its 2015 report, saying it had found no credible evidence of nuclear weapons activity after 2009. Operational since September 2011, the Bushehr I reactor marked Iran's entry into nuclear power with Russia's assistance. This became an important milestone for Rosatom to become

2436-459: The IAEA to cease providing technical assistance to Iran's uranium conversion program in 1983. On the question of whether Iran had a hidden nuclear weapons program, the IAEA's November 2003 report states that it found "no evidence" that the previously undeclared activities were related to a nuclear weapons program, but also that it was unable to conclude that Iran's nuclear program was exclusively peaceful. In June 2004, construction began on IR-40 ,

2520-598: The IAEA was launched as declarations by the National Council of Resistance of Iran in 2002 revealed undeclared Iranian nuclear activities. In 2006, Iran's noncompliance with its NPT obligations moved the United Nations Security Council to demand Iran suspend its programs. In 2007, the US National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) stated Iran halted an alleged active nuclear weapons program in 2003. In November 2011,

2604-515: The International Atomic Energy Agency, operating the uranium enrichment facility at Natanz as a multinational fuel center with the participation of foreign representatives, renouncing plutonium reprocessing, and immediately fabricating all enriched uranium into fuel rods. Iran's offer to open its uranium enrichment program to foreign private and public participation mirrors suggestions of an IAEA expert committee which

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2688-549: The Iranian Government established the Sofidif ( Société franco–iranienne pour l'enrichissement de l'uranium par diffusion gazeuse ) enterprise with 60 and 40 percent shares, respectively. In turn, Sofidif acquired a 25 percent share in Eurodif, which gave Iran its 10 percent share of Eurodif. The Shah lent 1 billion dollars (and another 180 million dollars in 1977) for the construction of the Eurodif factory, to have

2772-725: The Iranian government and EU-3 Foreign Ministers issued a statement known as the Tehran Declaration in which Iran agreed to co-operate with the IAEA, to sign and implement an Additional Protocol as a voluntary, confidence-building measure, and to suspend its enrichment and reprocessing activities during the course of the negotiations. The EU-3 in return explicitly agreed to recognize Iran's nuclear rights and to discuss ways Iran could provide "satisfactory assurances" regarding its nuclear power program, after which Iran would gain easier access to modern technology. Iran signed an Additional Protocol on 18 December 2003, and agreed to act as if

2856-427: The Iranian representatives to the Paris Agreement negotiations, the Iranians made it clear to their European counterparts that Iran would not consider a permanent end to uranium enrichment: Before the Paris [Agreement] text was signed, Dr Rohani ... stressed that they should be committed neither to speak nor even think of a cessation any more. The ambassadors delivered his message to their foreign ministers prior to

2940-593: The McNair Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and the Center for the U.S. and Mexico. The institute also houses programs on biomedical research, China studies, U.S. health systems transformation, drug policy, global health, international economics, Latin America, presidential elections, religion and public policy, science and technology, space, and the rights of women and refugees. The University of Pennsylvania's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program ranked

3024-487: The Mexico and the United States. The center's research agenda currently focuses on eight major issues: trade, energy, telecommunications, health care, infrastructure, education, human mobility, and the administration of justice/security. The Presidential Elections program focuses on nonpartisan analysis of presidential elections. The Religion Policy Program studies the effects of religion on politics in America and around

3108-552: The Security Council in February 2006. After the Board of Governors reported Iran's noncompliance with its safeguards agreement to the Security Council, the Council demanded that Iran suspend its enrichment programs. The Council imposed sanctions after Iran refused to do so. A May 2009 US Congressional Report suggested "the United States, and later the Europeans, argued that Iran's deception meant it should forfeit its right to enrich,

3192-550: The Texas Medical Center address four major research themes: U.S. health care, global health, public health, and the future of medicine. Notable staff include Vivian Ho and Peter Hotez . The International Economics Program focuses particularly on emerging markets , but also on debt , China’s economic growth , and governing the global economy . Policy recommendations are produced on “how global economic trends are developing, and what policies can optimally address

3276-518: The US government "directly intervened" to discourage IAEA assistance in UO 2 and UF 6 production. A former US official said "we stopped that in its tracks." Iran later set up a bilateral cooperation on fuel cycle related issues with China, but China also agreed to drop most outstanding nuclear commerce with Iran, including the construction of the UF 6 plant, due to US pressure. In April 1984,

3360-484: The United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the last Shah of Iran . Following the Revolution, most of the international nuclear cooperation with Iran was cut off. In 1981, Iranian officials concluded that the country's nuclear development should continue. Negotiations took place with France in the late 1980s and with Argentina in

3444-570: The United States and a normalization of diplomatic relations. The Bush administration did not respond to the proposal, as senior US officials doubted its authenticity. The proposal reportedly was widely blessed by the Iranian government, including Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei . France, Germany and the United Kingdom (the EU-3 ) undertook a diplomatic initiative with Iran to resolve questions about its nuclear program. On 21 October 2003, in Tehran,

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3528-598: The agreement. In a 2020 IAEA report, Iran was said to have breached the JCPOA and faced criticism from signatories. In 2021, Iran faced scrutiny regarding its assertion the program was exclusively for peaceful purposes, especially with references to growth in satellites, missiles, and nuclear weapons. In 2022, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran head Mohammad Eslami announced a strategic plan for 10 GWe of nuclear electricity generation. In October 2023, an IAEA report estimated Iran had increased its uranium stockpile 22 times over

3612-474: The board's decision" to not make a formal finding of non-compliance. A 23 March 2012 US Congressional Research Service report quotes a 24 February IAEA report saying that Iran had stockpiled 240 pounds of 20-per-cent-enriched uranium as an indication of their capacity to enrich to higher levels. The authoritarian politics of Iran may pose additional challenges to a scientific program requiring cooperation among many technical specialists. Some experts argue that

3696-516: The cases of Iraq and Libya ) or is expected to involve (in the case of North Korea ) at a minimum ending sensitive fuel cycle activities. According to Pierre Goldschmidt , former deputy director general and head of the department of safeguards at the IAEA, and Henry D. Sokolski , executive director of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center , some other instances of safeguards noncompliance reported by

3780-566: The center was ranked the No. 1 energy and resource think tank for the third year in a row by the University of Pennsylvania's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program's Global Go To Think Tank Index. The China Studies Program examines the landscape of contemporary China . The program worked on transcribing public service announcements from various cities in China . The transcripts are available at

3864-705: The challenges that arise.” The Latin America Initiative has two main projects, the Americas Project and the Vecinos Lecture Series. The initiative focuses on the challenges and opportunities that face the region and “brings together leading stakeholders from government, the private sector, academia, and civil society to exchange their views on pressing issues confronting the region.” The McNair Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation aims to provide policymakers, scholars and

3948-422: The country's nuclear development should continue. Reports to the IAEA included that a site at Esfahan Nuclear Technology Center (ENTEC) would act "as the center for the transfer and development of nuclear technology, as well as contribute to the formation of local expertise and manpower needed to sustain a very ambitious program in the field of nuclear power reactor technology and fuel cycle technology." The IAEA also

4032-448: The deal. Currently, thirteen states possess operational enrichment or reprocessing facilities, and several others have expressed an interest in developing indigenous enrichment programs. To address concerns that its enrichment program may be diverted to non-peaceful uses, Iran offered to place additional restrictions on its enrichment program including, for example, ratifying the Additional Protocol to allow more stringent inspections by

4116-507: The declaration of facilities where such material has been processed and stored." Iran was obligated to inform the IAEA of its importation of uranium from China and subsequent use of that material in uranium conversion and enrichment activities. It was also obligated to report experiments with the separation of plutonium. However, the Islamic Republic reneged on its promise to permit the IAEA to carry out their inspections and suspended

4200-658: The early 1990s, and agreements were reached. In the 1990s, Russia formed a joint research organization with Iran, providing Iran with Russian nuclear experts and technical information. The Shah approved plans to construct up to 23 nuclear power stations by 2000. In March 1974, the Shah envisioned a time when the world's oil supply would run out, and declared, "Petroleum is a noble material, much too valuable to burn ... We envision producing, as soon as possible, 23,000 megawatts of electricity using nuclear plants." US and European companies scrambled to do business in Iran. Bushehr ,

4284-412: The election of Ahmadinejad by several months. The delay in restarting the program was to allow the IAEA to re-install monitoring equipment. The actual resumption of the program coincided with the election of Ahmadinejad, and the appointment of Ali Larijani as chief nuclear negotiator. Around 2005, Germany refused to continue exporting nuclear equipment or refund money Iran had paid for such equipment in

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4368-546: The first plant, would supply energy to the city of Shiraz . In 1975, the German firm Kraftwerk Union AG, a joint venture of Siemens AG and AEG , signed a contract worth $ 4 to $ 6 billion to build the pressurized water reactor plant. Construction of the two 1,196 MWe reactora was to have been completed in 1981. In 1975, Sweden's 10 percent share in Eurodif went to Iran. The French government subsidiary company Cogéma and

4452-484: The general public with comprehensive analyses of the issues that affect entrepreneurship and innovation at three levels: federal and state policy, municipal ecosystems, and academic entrepreneurship and innovation. The center was founded with a gift of $ 8 million from Robert McNair and his wife Janice, through the Robert and Janice McNair Foundation . The Mexico Center works to create policy research on issues that affect

4536-423: The idea for a public policy institute on campus came from Rice University political science professor Richard Stoll. In 1994, a ceremony to honor the ground-breaking for the new building brought together four U.S. presidents: Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , and George H.W. Bush . Bush and Ford were present, while Carter and Reagan contributed video messages. In 1994, Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian

4620-541: The institute but with support from experts and staff members. The mission of the program is to “offer Rice University undergraduate students hands-on experience in the world of public policy research and analysis in our nation's capital.” The program was founded in 2004. Since its inception, it has funded 141 student summer internships at government offices, think tanks, and nonprofits in Washington, D.C. . Undergraduates from Rice and other U.S. universities can apply for

4704-591: The intense focus on Iran's nuclear program detracts from a need for broader diplomatic engagement. US intelligence officials interviewed by The New York Times in March 2012 said they continued to assess that Iran had not restarted its weaponization program, which the 2007 National Intelligence Estimate said Iran had discontinued in 2003, although they have found evidence that some weaponization-related activities have continued. The Israeli Mossad reportedly shared this belief. On 14 August 2002, Alireza Jafarzadeh ,

4788-640: The largest player in the world nuclear power market. Anticipated to reach full capacity by the end of 2012, Iran had also begun constructing a new 300 MW Darkhovin Nuclear Power Plant and expressed plans for additional medium-sized nuclear power plants and uranium mines in the future. Despite the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) aimed at addressing Iran's nuclear concerns, the U.S. withdrawal in 2018 prompted renewed sanctions, impacting diplomatic relations. The IAEA certified Iran's compliance up until 2019, but subsequent breaches strained

4872-527: The medical and biomedical challenges spacefarers experience in long-duration spaceflight.” Notable staff have included Neal F. Lane and the late George W.S. Abbey . The Science and Technology Policy Program focuses on issues that include “space, health, medicine, energy and the environment, national and domestic security, science education, and the public’s understanding and trust of science.” Notable staff include Robert Bazell , Neal F. Lane , Kristin R.W. Matthews , and Robert Curl . The Iraq Study Group

4956-511: The peaceful use of nuclear energy. In early August 2005, after the June election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president, Iran removed seals on its uranium enrichment equipment in Isfahan , which UK officials termed a "breach of the Paris Agreement" though a case can be made that the EU violated the terms of the Paris Agreement by demanding that Iran abandon nuclear enrichment. Several days later,

5040-432: The program is necessary for its energy security, that such "long term arrangements" are inherently unreliable, and would deprive it of its inalienable right to peaceful nuclear technology. In June 2009, in the immediate wake of the disputed Iranian presidential election , Iran initially agreed to a deal to relinquish its stockpile of low-enriched uranium in return for fuel for a medical research reactor, but then backed out of

5124-499: The program; IAEA Director Mohamed ElBaradei even visited the construction site. In 2002, the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in Natanz , leading to emerging concerns about Iran's nuclear program. In 2003, after the Iranian government formally acknowledged the facilities, the Atomic Energy Agency inspected them, finding that they had

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5208-651: The project in July 1979. The company said they based their action on Iran's non-payment of $ 450 million in overdue payments, while other sources claim it was due to American pressure. The United States also cut off the supply of highly enriched fuel for the Tehran Nuclear Research Center , forcing it to shut down for a number of years. Eurodif also stopped supplying enriched uranium to Iran. Iran later argued that these experiences indicate foreign facilities and fuel supplies are an unreliable source of nuclear fuel supply. In 1981, Iranian governmental officials concluded that

5292-455: The protocol were in force, making the required reports to the IAEA and allowing the required access by IAEA inspectors, pending Iran's ratification of the Additional Protocol. The IAEA reported 10 November 2003, that "it is clear that Iran has failed in a number of instances over an extended period of time to meet its obligations under its Safeguards Agreement with respect to the reporting of nuclear material and its processing and use, as well as

5376-442: The reactor from HEU fuel to 19.75 percent low-enriched uranium , and to supply the latter fuel to Iran. According to a 2006 Argentine report, during the late 1980s and early 1990s the US pressured Argentina to terminate its nuclear cooperation with Iran, and from early 1992 to 1994 negotiations between Argentina and Iran took place with the aim of re-establishing the three agreements made in 1987–88. Some have linked attacks such as

5460-481: The region, energy in relation to the Middle East, and analysis of the Iran nuclear deal . The program brings together well-known speakers and researchers to offer their insights into the complex challenges facing the Middle East. The Center for Energy Studies was founded in October 2012 and provides policymakers, corporate leaders, and the public with “data-driven analysis of issues that influence energy markets.” In 2020,

5544-514: The resolution of pressing policy issues.” The forum holds an annual student policy competition in which students analyze policy issues and offer recommendations on a specified topic. The Baker Institute also publishes the Rice Journal of Public policy, which is the “undergraduate journal of scholarship in domestic and international public policy.” The Master of Global Affairs Program is a 2-year professional master’s degree program developed by

5628-554: The right of buying 10 percent of the production of the site. In 1976, US President Gerald Ford signed a directive offering Iran the chance to buy and operate a US-built reprocessing facility for extracting plutonium from reactor fuel. The Ford strategy paper said the "introduction of nuclear power will both provide for the growing needs of Iran's economy and free remaining oil reserves for export or conversion to petrochemicals ." A 1974 CIA proliferation assessment stated "If [the Shah]

5712-427: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Baker Institute . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker_Institute&oldid=1052535508 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

5796-544: The sanctions are "illegal," imposed by "arrogant powers," and that Iran has decided to pursue the monitoring of its self-described peaceful nuclear program through "its appropriate legal path," the International Atomic Energy Agency. The initial discovery of the enrichment facility in Natanz, as well as Iran's refusal to fully cooperate with the IAEA, heightened tensions between Iran and Western powers. After public allegations about Iran's previously undeclared nuclear activities,

5880-413: The signing of the Paris agreed text ... The Iranians made it clear to their European counterparts that if the latter sought a complete termination of Iran's nuclear fuel-cycle activities, there would be no negotiations. The Europeans answered that they were not seeking such a termination, only an assurance on the non-diversion of Iran's nuclear programme to military ends. In February 2005, Iran pressed

5964-454: The sites and facilities they asked. Director General Blix reported that all activities observed were consistent with the peaceful use of atomic energy. The IAEA visits included undeclared facilities and Iran's nascent uranium mining project at Saghand . In the same year, Argentine officials disclosed (under pressure from the US) that their country had canceled a sale to Iran of civilian nuclear equipment worth $ 18 million. In 1995, Iran signed

6048-426: The time for implementation of Iran's safeguards agreement with the IAEA, Iran was not required to allow IAEA inspections of a new nuclear facility until six months before nuclear material is introduced into that facility. At the time, Iran was not even required to inform the IAEA of the existence of the facility. This "six months" clause was standard for implementation of all IAEA safeguards agreements until 1992, when

6132-639: The traces were due to contamination. Sources in Vienna and the State Department reportedly stated that, for all practical purposes, the HEU issue had been resolved. In a speech to the United Nations on 17 September 2005, Ahmadinejad suggested that Iran's enrichment might be managed by an international consortium, with Iran sharing ownership with other countries. The offer was rejected out of hand by

6216-401: The two Bushehr reactors were damaged by multiple Iraqi air strikes and work on the nuclear program came to a standstill. Iran notified the International Atomic Energy Agency of the blasts, and complained about international inaction and the use of French-made missiles in the attack. In late 2015, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani revealed that Iran considered pursuing weapons of mass destruction during

6300-553: The war against Iraq (Specifically for the scenario where Saddam Hussein would have operationalized nuclear weapons during the Iran-Iraq War ;: "When we first began, we were at war and we sought to have that possibility for the day that the enemy might use a nuclear weapon. That was the thinking. But it never became real," Rafsanjani said in the interview, which was carried by state news agency IRNA). In 1985, Iran began to pressure France in order to recover its debt from

6384-485: The world on several topics, including voting patterns, the role of faith-based organizations, conflict resolution , and religious fundamentalism in the Middle East . The International Space Medicine Summit brings together “leading physicians, space biomedical scientists, engineers, astronauts and cosmonauts from the space-faring nations for high-level discussions about the research needed to prevent and/or mitigate

6468-541: Was equipped with a 5-megawatt nuclear research reactor supplied by US company American Machine and Foundry , which was fueled by highly enriched uranium . Iran signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968 and ratified it in 1970, making Iran's nuclear program subject to IAEA verification. A Central Treaty Organization nuclear sciences institute was moved from Baghdad to Tehran after Iraq left CENTO. The participation of

6552-403: Was formed to investigate the methods to reduce the risk that sensitive fuel cycle activities could contribute to national nuclear weapons capabilities. Some non-governmental US experts have endorsed this approach. In every other case in which the IAEA Board of Governors made a finding of safeguards non-compliance involving clandestine enrichment or reprocessing, the resolution has involved (in

6636-527: Was informed about Entec's materials department, which was responsible for fabricating UO 2 pellet fabrication, and chemical department, whose goal was the conversion of U 3 O 8 to nuclear grade UO 2 . In 1983, IAEA officials assisted Iran in chemical aspects of fuel fabrication, chemical engineering, and design aspects of pilot plants for uranium conversion, corrosion of nuclear materials, LWR fuel fabrication, and pilot plant development for production of nuclear grade UO 2 . However,

6720-420: Was later ascertained, however, that the assassination was committed by the left-wing terror group Action directe . On 6 May 1988, French premier Jacques Chirac signed an accord with Iran: France agreed to accept Iran as a shareholder of Eurodif and to deliver enriched uranium "without restrictions". In 1987–88, Argentina 's National Atomic Energy Commission signed an agreement with Iran to help in converting

6804-423: Was personally approved by SVR director Trubnikov. President Boris Yeltsin had a "two track policy" offering commercial nuclear technology to Iran and discussing the issues with Washington. In 1991, France refunded more than $ 1.6 billion, while Iran remained a shareholder of Eurodif via Sofidif . However, Iran refrained from asking for the produced uranium. In 1992, Iran invited IAEA inspectors to visit all

6888-493: Was said at the time to be a voluntary confidence-building measure, to continue for some reasonable period of time (six months being mentioned as a reference) as negotiations with the EU-3 continued. On 24 November, Iran sought to amend the terms of its agreement with the EU to exclude a handful of the equipment from this deal for research work. This request was dropped four days later. According to Seyed Hossein Mousavian , one of

6972-624: Was selected as the institute's founding director. The Baker Institute Edward P. Djerejian Center for the Middle East has been involved in conflict resolution projects. The focus of the Center includes the Israeli–Palestinian conflict , the Levant , and women and human rights in the Middle East . Research has focused on the civil war in Syria , security in Afghanistan , U.S. relations in

7056-542: Was supported by the Baker Institute and co-chaired by James Baker. It was a bipartisan panel with the mandate to "conduct a forward-looking, independent assessment of the current and prospective situation on the ground in Iraq, its impact on the surrounding region, and consequences for U.S. interests." The group produced the Iraq Study Group Report in 2006. Students secure their internships independently of

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