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45-435: In Finno-Ugric languages , Bala-shika means land of celebrations, land of laughter and fun. Finnic peoples lived in this area before Slavs . The city is known for its unique river and waterway system. The Pekhorka River system covers an area of 40 kilometers (25 mi) from north to south and 20 kilometers (12 mi) from east to west, and many small lakes and ponds were created by damming to provide water power for

90-525: A municipal division , Balashikha City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Balashikha Urban Okrug . In the past, Balashikha served as the administrative center of Balashikhinsky District . On January 1, 2011, the district was abolished. The 2017 national rink bandy cup took place in Balashikha. Balashikha is a home to FC Balashikha , Meteor Balashikha and Olimp-SKOPA Zheleznodorozhny football teams. Ice Palace Balashikha Arena

135-474: A Proto-Finno-Ugric proto-language , a common ancestor of all Uralic languages except for the Samoyedic languages, are largely indistinguishable from Proto-Uralic , suggesting that Finno-Ugric might not be a historical grouping but a geographical one, with Samoyedic being distinct by lexical borrowing rather than actually being historically divergent. It has been proposed that the area in which Proto-Finno-Ugric

180-469: A lowering *u → *o in Samoyedic (PU * lumi → *lomə → Proto-Samoyedic *jom ). Janhunen (2007, 2009) notes a number of derivational innovations in Finno-Ugric, including *ńoma "hare" → *ńoma-la , (vs. Samoyedic *ńomå ), *pexli "side" → *peel-ka → *pelka "thumb", though involving Proto-Uralic derivational elements. The Finno-Ugric group is not typologically distinct from Uralic as

225-485: A single founder effect. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower haplotype diversities compared to more southern populations. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of Boreal and Arctic North Eurasia. Administrative divisions of Moscow Oblast This

270-687: A whole: the most widespread structural features among the group all extend to the Samoyedic languages as well. Modern linguistic research has shown that Volgaic languages is a geographical classification rather than a linguistic one, because the Mordvinic languages are more closely related to the Finno-Samic languages than the Mari languages . The relation of the Finno-Permic and the Ugric groups

315-633: Is * yk+teksa and * kak+teksa , respectively, where * teksa cf. deka is an Indo-European loan; the difference between /t/ and /d/ is not phonemic, unlike in Indo-European. Another analysis is * ykt-e-ksa , * kakt-e-ksa , with * e being the negative verb. 100-word Swadesh lists for certain Finno-Ugric languages can be compared and contrasted at the Rosetta Project website: Finnish , Estonian , Hungarian , and Erzya . The four largest ethnic groups that speak Finno-Ugric languages are

360-481: Is a list of the administrative and municipal divisions of Moscow Oblast , a federal subject of Russia . Moscow Oblast is located in the Central Federal District of Russia, and surrounds Moscow , the capital of Russia. While Moscow hosts the majority of the government bodies of the oblast, it does not officially serve as the oblast's administrative center and is not otherwise associated with

405-642: Is a major obstacle. As for the Finno-Ugric Urheimat , most of what has been said about it is speculation. Some linguists criticizing the Finno-Ugric genetic proposal, especially Angela Marcantonio, also question the validity of the entire Uralic family, instead proposing a Ural–Altaic hypothesis , within which they believe Finno-Permic may be as distant from Ugric as from Turkic. However, this approach has been rejected by nearly all other specialists in Uralic linguistics. One argument in favor of

450-482: Is adjudged remote by some scholars. On the other hand, with a projected time depth of only 3,000 to 4,000 years, the traditionally accepted Finno-Ugric grouping would be far younger than many major families such as Indo-European or Semitic , and would be about the same age as, for instance, the Eastern subfamily of Nilotic . But the grouping is far from transparent or securely established. The absence of early records

495-470: Is criticized by some contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio . The three most spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , are all included in Finno-Ugric. The term Finno-Ugric , which originally referred to the entire family, is sometimes used as a synonym for the term Uralic , which includes the Samoyedic languages , as commonly happens when a language family

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540-493: Is expanded with further discoveries. Before the 20th century, the language family might be referred to as Finnish , Ugric , Finno-Hungarian or with a variety of other names. The name Finno-Ugric came into general use in the late 19th or early 20th century. The validity of Finno-Ugric as a phylogenic grouping is under challenge, with some linguists maintaining that the Finno-Permic languages are as distinct from

585-553: Is organised annually by students of Finno-Ugric languages to bring together people from all over the world who are interested in the languages and cultures. The first conference was held in 1984 in Göttingen in Germany. IFUSCO features presentations and workshops on topics such as linguistics, ethnography, history and more. The International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies is the largest scientific meeting of scientists studying

630-418: Is possible that such words have been acquired by the languages only after the initial dissolution of the Uralic family into individual dialects, and that the scarcity of loanwords in Samoyedic results from its peripheric location. The number systems among the Finno-Ugric languages are particularly distinct from the Samoyedic languages: only the numerals "2", "5", and "7" have cognates in Samoyedic, while also

675-400: Is surrounded by attractive woodland and countryside. In January 2015, the city of Zheleznodorozhny was abolished with its territory merged into Balashikha. Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with twelve rural localities , incorporated as Balashikha City Under Oblast Jurisdiction —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As

720-546: The Federal Security Service . Balashikha is twinned with: Finno-Ugric languages Finno-Ugric ( / ˌ f ɪ n oʊ ˈ juː ɡ r ɪ k , - ˈ uː -/ ) is a traditional linguistic grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except for the Samoyedic languages . Its once commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and

765-627: The Hungarians (14.5 million), Finns (6.5 million), Estonians (1.1 million), and Mordvins (0.85 million). Majorities of three (the Hungarians, Finns, and Estonians) inhabit their respective nation states in Europe, i.e. Hungary , Finland , and Estonia , while a large minority of Mordvins inhabit the federal Mordovian Republic within Russia (Russian Federation). The indigenous area of

810-581: The Sámi people is known as Sápmi and it consists of the northern parts of the Fennoscandian Peninsula . Some other peoples that speak Finno-Ugric languages have been assigned formerly autonomous republics within Russia. These are the Karelians ( Republic of Karelia ), Komi ( Komi Republic ), Udmurts ( Udmurt Republic ) and Mari ( Mari El Republic ). The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

855-544: The Ugric languages as they are from the Samoyedic languages spoken in Siberia, or even that none of the Finno-Ugric, Finno-Permic, or Ugric branches has been established. Received opinion is that the easternmost (and last discovered) Samoyed had separated first and the branching into Ugric and Finno-Permic took place later, but this reconstruction does not have strong support in the linguistic data. Attempts at reconstructing

900-474: The cotton mills in the 19th century. Balashikha was established in 1830. It was granted town status in 1939. Several rural hamlets had existed long before on the site of the modern city. The city stands on the famous Vladimir Highway , which led out of Moscow to the east. This was the route along which convicted criminals were marched to forced labor camps in Siberia . The road was renamed Gorky Highway in

945-1046: The 1st World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was organized in Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in Budapest in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in Helsinki in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in Tallinn in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk in Russia, the 6th Congress in 2012 in Siófok in Hungary, the 7th Congress in 2016 in Lahti in Finland, and

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990-787: The 8th Congress in 2021 in Tartu in Estonia. The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos. In 2007, the 1st Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was hosted by President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and visited by Finnish President, Tarja Halonen , and Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány . The International Finno-Ugric Students' Conference (IFUSCO)

1035-647: The Finno-Ugric grouping has come from loanwords . Several loans from the Indo-European languages are present in most or all of the Finno-Ugric languages, while being absent from Samoyedic. According to Häkkinen (1983) the alleged Proto-Finno-Ugric loanwords are disproportionally well-represented in Hungarian and the Permic languages, and disproportionally poorly represented in the Ob-Ugric languages; hence it

1080-505: The Finno-Ugric vocabulary is that *i now behaves as a neutral vowel with respect to front-back vowel harmony, and thus there are roots such as *niwa- "to remove the hair from hides". Regular sound changes proposed for this stage are few and remain open to interpretation. Sammallahti (1988) proposes five, following Janhunen's (1981) reconstruction of Proto- Finno-Permic : Sammallahti (1988) further reconstructs sound changes *oo , *ee → *a , *ä (merging with original *a , *ä ) for

1125-500: The Moscow Oblast Perinatal Center. This facility will now function as a regional perinatal care facility for high-risk mothers and infants and a perinatal health education center for Moscow Oblast. Although not part of the extensive Moscow subway system, Balashikha is home to many office workers who commute to Moscow each day. It has several thriving markets and retail centers and is quickly modernizing. It

1170-525: The Samoyedic a little over 2,000.) Proponents of the traditional binary division note, however, that the invocation of extensive contact influence on vocabulary is at odds with the grammatical conservatism of Samoyedic. The consonant *š ( voiceless postalveolar fricative , [ʃ] ) has not been conclusively shown to occur in the traditional Proto-Uralic lexicon, but it is attested in some of the Proto-Finno-Ugric material. Another feature attested in

1215-622: The Soviet era. The failure of the Decembrist Revolt against Tsar Nicholas I led to the execution of its ringleaders and the exile of many nobles to Siberia. Soviet-era schoolchildren were told that the prisoners were marched in chains along this road followed by their wives. In truth, the Decembrist prisoners were sent from St. Petersburg , then the capital of Russia, through Yaroslavl, and not through Moscow and Balashikha, and

1260-617: The area. Along with many other Russian Orthodox Churches, the Cathedral of Saint Alexander Nevsky was demolished by the government. The cathedral was blown up in the 1960s but was rebuilt, on its original site, in 2002. Additionally, Afghan operatives of the KhAD agency were sent to Balashikha for training under the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . The Balashikha Maternity House was designated on July 1, 2003, to be

1305-546: The basis of existing administrative divisions, has only minor differences from the system of administrative divisions. The oblast was established within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic on January 14, 1929, as Central Industrial Oblast ( Центральнопромышленная область ) from abolished Moscow , Ryazan , Tula , and Tver Governorates , as well as from parts of Kaluga and Vladimir Governorates . On June 3, 1929,

1350-482: The culture and languages of Finno-Ugric peoples , held every five years. The first congress was organized in 1960 in Budapest , the last congress took place in 2022 in Vienna , the next congress is planned to be held in Tartu , Estonia in 2025. The linguistic reconstruction of the Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation that the ancient Proto-Finno-Ugric people were ethnically related, and that even

1395-562: The development from Proto-Finno-Ugric to Proto-Ugric. Similar sound laws are required for other languages as well. Thus, the origin and raising of long vowels may actually belong at a later stage, and the development of these words from Proto-Uralic to Proto-Ugric can be summarized as simple loss of *x (if it existed in the first place at all; vowel length only surfaces consistently in the Baltic-Finnic languages . ) The proposed raising of *o has been alternatively interpreted instead as

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1440-509: The latter being in use for 250 years from 1591 to 1828. This is the site of a stone church, built from 1777 to 1782. Saltykovka, a part of Balashikha, has long been known for its attractions to the artistic community. Isaak Levitan , the famous landscape painter, lived there in 1879. Lev Tolstoy was another frequent visitor. Several institutions were founded in Balashikha after the October Revolution , including one dedicated to

1485-480: The modern Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples are ethnically related. Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be traced through linguistic relatedness, although it must be kept in mind that language shift and ethnic admixture, a relatively frequent and common occurrence both in recorded history and most likely also in prehistory, confuses the picture and there is no straightforward relationship, if at all, between linguistic and genetic affiliation. Still,

1530-937: The most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Southeast Asia). A study of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples of northern Eurasia (i.e., excluding the Hungarians), carried out between 2002 and 2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki , showed that the Finno-Ugric-speaking populations do not retain genetic evidence of a common founder. Most possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools that may have been present in central Asia, with subsequent genetic drift and recurrent founder effects among speakers of various branches of Finno-Ugric. Not all branches show evidence of

1575-489: The numerals, "1", "3", "4", "6", "10" are shared by all or most Finno-Ugric languages. Below are the numbers 1 to 10 in several Finno-Ugric languages. Forms in italic do not descend from the reconstructed forms. The number '2' descends in Ugric from a front-vocalic variant *kektä. The numbers '9' and '8' in Finnic through Mari are considered to be derived from the numbers '1' and '2' as '10–1' and '10–2'. One reconstruction

1620-570: The oblast either administratively or municipally. The oblast is, like other Russian federal subjects, subdivided for the purposes of the state administration and for the purposes of the local self-government , the rights to which are guaranteed by the Constitution of Russia . While the administrative and municipal divisions are not required by law to be identical, the system of municipal divisions in Moscow Oblast, having been created on

1665-422: The oblast was given its present name. In September 1937, the oblast was split into Moscow, Ryazan , and Tula Oblasts , thus establishing itself in its present borders. A part of Moscow Oblast's territory, including the towns of Troitsk , Shcherbinka , and Moskovsky , urban-type settlements of Kokoshkino and Kiyevsky , as well as parts of territories of Leninsky , Naro-Fominsky , and Podolsky Districts ,

1710-420: The origin of most of the Finno-Ugric vocabulary (though a small number has been explained as old loanwords from Proto-Indo-European or its immediate successors). The Samoyedic group has undergone a longer period of independent development, and its divergent vocabulary could be caused by mechanisms of replacement such as language contact . (The Finno-Ugric group is usually dated to approximately 4,000 years ago,

1755-632: The premise that the speakers of the ancient proto-language were ethnically homogeneous is generally accepted. Modern genetic studies have shown that the Y-chromosome haplogroup N3 , and sometimes N2, is almost specific though certainly not restricted to Uralic- or Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, especially as high frequency or primary paternal haplogroup. These haplogroups branched from haplogroup N , which probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years before present from father haplogroup NO (haplogroup O being

1800-484: The production of fur. During the Soviet era, Balashikha became a major industrial center with industries in metallurgy, aviation industry, cryogenic technology, machinery, and other fields. Balashikha sent many of its sons to the front to fight the Germans during World War II. Among those who fought and died was Ivan Flerov who commanded a Katyusha rocket division and is remembered by several monuments and museums in

1845-470: The story was invented as part of celebrations of the 100th anniversary of the event in 1925. Between 1830 and 1870, a cotton factory was in operation in the area, with its fabric called Balashikha. A railway station was built at the end of the 19th century, again called Balashikha Station. As it grew, Balashikha absorbed other villages, including Gorenki, a suburban estate of Count Andreas Razumovsky , and Pekhra-Yakovlevskoye, an estate of Prince Galitzine ,

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1890-588: Was closed to foreigners during the Soviet era, a ban which, in theory, remains to the present day. It was the headquarters of the 1st Corps of the Soviet Air Defense Forces and is now to become the headquarters of the Operational-Strategic Command for Missile-Space Defense. Balashikha is also a base for ODON ( Internal security division). Balashikha is home to Military Unit 35690, which is a training facility used by

1935-683: Was opened in 2007. From 2007 to 2010 it was a home venue for HC MVD , that took part in Kontinental Hockey League and from 2019 to 2022 it hosted Avangard Omsk that won Gagarin Cup in 2020-21 season. The city is home to several music schools, including the Sviridov School of Arts. Attractions include the Balashikha Arena and Moscow Radio Center 13 . Balashikha is the site of a large Russian Army base and

1980-504: Was set up for the Khanty and Mansi of Russia. A once-autonomous Komi-Permyak Okrug was set up for a region of high Komi habitation outside the Komi Republic. Some of the ethnicities speaking Finno-Ugric languages are: In the Finno-Ugric countries of Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to national identity . In 1992,

2025-676: Was spoken reached between the Baltic Sea and the Ural Mountains . Traditionally, the main set of evidence for the genetic proposal of Proto-Finno-Ugric has come from vocabulary. A large amount of vocabulary (e.g. the numerals "one", "three", "four" and "six"; the body-part terms "hand", "head") is only reconstructed up to the Proto-Finno-Ugric level, and only words with a Samoyedic equivalent have been reconstructed for Proto-Uralic. That methodology has been criticised, as no coherent explanation other than inheritance has been presented for

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