129-733: The Kingdomship of Bali ( Balinese : ᭚ᬓᭂᬭᬚ᭡ᬦ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ; romanized : Kĕrajaan Bali ) was a series of Hindu - Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali , in Lesser Sunda Islands , Indonesia . With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences —adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture . Because of its proximity and close cultural relations with
258-586: A Colony , Gelgel Kingdom Bali for example expanded their influence and established a colony in the Blambangan region at the eastern tip of Java to the western part of the Sumbawa island, while Karangasem Kingdom established their colonial settlements in western parts of Lombok , then the Klungkung kingdom conquered of Nusa Penida in the later period. Since the mid-19th century, the colonial state of
387-560: A deictic word, ento 'that' or ené 'this,'" to show that any modifiers act as modifiers instead of as verbs. The definite marker can also be attached to modifiers, especially any which conveys "an inherent property of its referent." Ajectives following possessive (and therefore definite) nouns function as predicative , while adjectives following unmarked nouns function as attributive. Two types of serial verb constructions occur in Balinese. Both verbs are always fully inflected, but in
516-609: A Javanese queen in the Balinese court suggests that either Bali had allied with East Java, or Bali was Java's vassal; their marriage was a political arrangement to seal Bali as part of the East Javanese Mataram realm. The royal Balinese couple was the parents of the famous king of Java, Airlangga (1001–late 1040s). Airlangga's younger brothers Marakata and later Anak Wungçu rose to the Balinese throne. The rock-cut candi shrine of Gunung Kawi in Tampaksiring
645-486: A decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600. Kinship terms can be used as pronouns. If these pronouns are used as agents , they refer to either the speaker or the listener, depending on context. Though first and second person pronouns need no antecedent to be understood, third person pronouns do. Instead of grammatical tense, Balinese uses temporal adverbs to talk about time. For present tense,
774-485: A hermit named Sang Prabhu Jatiningrat. The event also marked with the consecrated ceremony of Shiva image in Prambanan main temple. Boechari suggests that the enemy that challenged Pikatan was Rakai Walaing pu Kumbhayoni, a powerful Shaivite landlord and also the branch of the ruling dynasty as he claimed as the descendant of a king that ruled Java. King Lokapala (r. 855–885) was a patron of Shaivite Hinduism, "after
903-403: A hill protected by bulk of stone walls, this fortress hill is identified with Ratu Boko archaeological site. The eldest children of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani was Rakai Gurunwangi Dyah Saladu. Eventually the revolt was successfully defeated by Pikatan's youngest son—the valiant Dyah Lokapala also known by his title 'Lord of ( Rakai ) Kayuwangi'. As the reward for his heroic deed and bravery,
1032-578: A millennium of the native Balinese independent kingdoms, as the local government changed to Dutch colonial administration, and later to the provincial government of Bali within the Republic of Indonesia . Bali has been inhabited by humans since Paleolithic times (1 Million BCE to 200,000 BCE), testified by the finding of ancient tools such as hand axes in Sembiran and Trunyan villages in Bali, followed by
1161-526: A mistake, as Jayavarman later revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata , severed the link and proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java in 802. Samaragrawira was mentioned as the king of Java that married Tārā, daughter of Dharmasetu . He was mentioned as his other name Rakai Warak in Mantyasih inscription . Earlier historians, such as N. J. Krom, and Coedes, tend to equate Samaragrawira and Samaratungga as
1290-502: A new native dynasty quite independent from Java. In the late 13th century, Bali once again appeared in Javanese sources. In 1284, the Javanese king Kertanegara launched a military offensive expedition against the Balinese ruler. According to the Javanese chronicle Deśavarṇana : "In Śaka 'bodies-sky-suns' (1206, AD 1284) he then sent emissaries to Bali to crush it, and before long its queen was overcome and duly brought as captive before
1419-571: A pacifist and a benevolent ruler. His successor was Princess Pramodhawardhani that betrothed to Shaivite Rakai Pikatan , son of the influential Rakai Patapan, a landlord in Central Java. The political move that seems as an effort to secure peace and Shailendran rule on Java by reconciling the Mahayana Buddhist with Shaivite Hindus. The rule of Shaivite Rakai Pikatan (r. 838–850) and his Buddhist queen consort Pramodhawardhani marked
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#17327654357541548-608: A phrase which means "Maharaja's kingdom in Mataram", as a form of mother personification which symbolises life, nature and the environment. The name of the Mataram kingdom was known during the reign of Sanjaya ( narapati rāja śrī sañjaya ) which states in the Canggal inscription , dated from 654 Śaka or 732 AD, that he ruled in Java island ( āsīddvīpavaraṁ yavākhyam ). Then according to Mantyasih inscription in 829 Śaka or 907 AD he
1677-578: A ship to establish a fort and a trading post in Bali, but the mission failed as ship foundered on the reef of the Bukit peninsula . By the 16th century, the Puri (Balinese court) of Gelgel become a powerful polity in the region. The successor of Dewa Ketut, Dalem Baturenggong , reigned in the mid-16th century. He received a Javanese sage called Nirartha who fled from the decline of Hinduism in Java. The King become
1806-636: A small part of Nusa Penida close to these islands, there is a distinct dialect that is quite different from the Nusa Penida dialect. One of the most striking differences is in words like eda (you) and kola (I) in the Nusa Penida dialect. Speakers of the Nusa Lembongan dialect use words like cai or ci (you) and cang (I). Another example is əndək (Nusa Penida dialect) and tusing (Nusa Lembongan dialect), geleng-cenik , hangken-kenken , and so on. Only 13 out of 16 villages in Nusa Penida use
1935-557: A steady period of decline with conflict over succession, among other was Regreg war (1404 to 1406). In 1468 Prince Kertabhumi rebelled against King Singhawikramawardhana and captured Trowulan. The usurped king moved the capital further inland to Daha (the former capital of Kadiri), effectively split Majapahit into two centres of powers; Trowulan and Daha. Singhawikramawardhana was succeeded by his son Ranawijaya in 1474, that ruled from Daha. To keep Majapahit influence and economic interest, Kertabhumi awarded Muslim merchant trading rights on
2064-596: A vassal dynasty in Samprangan in the present-day Gianyar regency , close to the old royal centre Bedulu. This event took place in the mid-14th century. The first Samprangan ruler Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan sired three sons. Of these the eldest, Dalem Samprangan , succeeded to the rulership but turned out to be an incompetent ruler. His youngest brother Dalem Ketut founded a new royal seat in Gelgel while Samprangan lapsed in obscurity. The first European contact with Bali
2193-465: A war challenging Pikatan's reign, the inscription, however, did not mention who was the enemy that challenged Pikatan's authority. The earlier historians suggest that it was Balaputra that rose against Pikatan, however, later historians suggest it was another enemy, argued by that time Balaputra already ruled in Srivijaya. The Shivagrha inscription only mentioned that the battle happened in a fortress on
2322-434: Is Patient Verb Agent . If the agent is a third person pronoun, it is attached to the verb as the clitic suffix -a. This default word order can be reversed (Agent Verb Patient) with a nasal prefix on the verb. The nasal-marked word order cannot be an active construction, because it is marked, nor can it be antipassive , because the patient can’t be omitted. It is considered a second type of transitive voice. There
2451-407: Is a true passive voice (Patient Verb Agent) borrowed from Javanese and marked by the verbal prefix ka-. It is used mostly in high registers. If the agent of this passive construction is third-person, it must be preceded by a preposition . If it is not third-person, it cannot be preceded by a preposition. The second true passive voice (Patient Verb), marked by the verbal prefix ma-, always omits
2580-653: Is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup. Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and Nusa Penida Balinese . According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on
2709-504: Is described as Sanna's son, rather than his nephew. It also mentions that Sanna was defeated by Purbasora, King of Galuh , and retreated to Mount Merapi . So, to avenge the defeat of his father, Sanjaya attacked Galuh and killed Purbasora and his family. Afterwards, Sanjaya reclaimed Sanna's kingdom and ruled West Java , Central Java, East Java, and Bali . He also battled the Malayu and Keling (against their king, Sang Srivijaya). Although
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#17327654357542838-556: Is highly possible her pedharmaan or mortuary temple dedicated by her son, King Lokapala or by her descendants. King Pikatan, Lokapala (Rakai Kayuwangi), and Watuhumalang ruled from their court in Mamrati or Amrati, they are known as "Amrati Kings". The exact location of Mamrati is unknown, suggested somewhere in Kedu Plain (modern day Magelang and Temanggung regencies ), located north from Mataram along Progo River valley. It
2967-499: Is not commonly used except to speak to pedandas , so few are fluent in it. The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are: However, these mutations are not expressed in High Balinese, indicating that High Balinese contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and ( Old ) Javanese . These loanwords are identical in sound to their modern Javanese cognates, but reflect fifteenth-century usages from Old Javanese. Balinese has
3096-550: Is the oldest surviving structure found in Central Java. The earlier kingdom linked as the predecessor of Mataram kingdom is Kalingga , located somewhere in Central Java northern coast. The story of Sanna and Sanjaya are also described in the Carita Parahyangan , a book from a later period composed around late 16th-century, which mainly describes the history of Pasundan (the Sunda kingdom ). However, in this book, Sanjaya
3225-452: Is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both [Bali] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) and basa Bali are the standard forms. Mataram Kingdom#Art and Architecture The Mataram kingdom ( / m ɑː t ɑː r ɑː m / , Javanese : ꦩꦠꦫꦩ꧀ , Javanese pronunciation: [mətaram] ); also known as Medang kingdom
3354-409: Is usually pronounced [ə] when it ends a word, and [ə] occurs also in prefixes ma- , pa- and da- . Depending on dialect, the phoneme /t/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including Standard Indonesian ), which have a dental /t/ patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series. Stress falls on
3483-558: The Balinese script , and in modern times the Latin script . The Balinese script ( Aksara Bali , ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ ), which is arranged as Hanacaraka ( ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ ), is an abugida , ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India . The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD. Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script. The Balinese script is almost the same as
3612-642: The Dutch East Indies began its involvement in Bali, as it launched its campaign against the Balinese minor kingdoms one by one. By the early 20th century, the Dutch had completed their conquest of Bali as these minor kingdoms fell under their control, either by force resulting in Puputan fighting followed by mass ritual suicide, or surrendering gracefully to the Dutch. Either way, despite some of these Balinese royal houses still surviving, these events ended
3741-679: The Javanese script . Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Tulisan Bali . ^1 In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, basa , in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanese bhāṣa which came from the Sanskrit word भाषा bhāṣā , hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ in Balinese script. The [Bali] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) form in Balinese script
3870-515: The Kalasan inscription , dated 778 and written in the Pranagari script in Sanskrit, the Kalasan temple was erected by the will of Guru Sang Raja Sailendravamçatilaka (the teacher of the ornament of Sailendra family), who persuaded Panangkaran (Sanjaya's successor) to construct a holy building for the goddess ( boddhisattvadevi ) Tara and build a vihara ( monastery ) for Buddhist monks from
3999-730: The Khmer in Cambodia . Later the dynasty divided into two kingdoms identified by religious patronage—the Buddhist and Shaivite dynasties. Civil war followed. The outcome was that the Mataram kingdom was divided into two powerful kingdoms; the Shaivite dynasty of Mataram kingdom in Java led by Rakai Pikatan and the Buddhist dynasty of Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra led by Balaputra . Hostility between them did not end until 1016 when
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4128-617: The Ligor inscription , Laguna copperplate inscription and Pucangan inscription , the influence and knowledge of the Medang kingdom reached as far as Bali , southern Thailand , the kingdoms in the Philippine islands , and the Khmer in Cambodia . In 851 an Arabic merchant named Sulaimaan recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching
4257-579: The Mataram city located on Lombok island, currently the capital of West Nusa Tenggara province. The latter was actually the royal capital of the Cakranegara, a branch of Balinese Karangasem nobles that colonised Lombok in the early 19th century. Indeed, Lombok's Mataram city was named after the historic region of Mataram in Java, as it is a common practice for Balinese to name their settlements after their Javanese heritage. The earliest account of
4386-514: The Mesolithic period (200,000–3,000 BCE). However, the ancestors of the current Balinese inhabitants reached the island around 3,000 to 600 BCE during the Neolithic period, characterised by rice-growing technology and speaking Austronesian languages . The Bronze Age period followed, from around 600 BCE to 800 CE. The historical period in Bali started in c. 8th century, marked by
4515-504: The perwara (ancillary) temples and stupas in Plaosan complex bears some inscription of anumoda ("rejoicing" through donation) such as Anumoda śrī Kahulunan and Asthupa śrī mahārāja Rakai Pikatan . Balaputra however, opposed the rule of Pikatan and Pramodhawardhani. The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani is interpreted differently by some historians. Older theory according to Bosch and De Casparis holds that Balaputra
4644-532: The 12th century, King Jayapangus of northern Bali is known to have married a Chinese princess and has been immortalised through the Barong Landung art form as the effigy of the king and his Chinese consort. After the Warmadewa dynasty, their descendant, and their link to the Javanese court, there is no continuous further detailed information found about the rulers of Bali. It seems that Bali had developed
4773-611: The 8th-century stupas of Central Javanese Buddhist art found in Borobudur and other Buddhist temples dating from that period, which suggested the Sailendra link to Buddhist pilgrims or inhabitants in the early history of Bali. In the early 10th century, a king called Sri Kesari Warmadewa issued the Belanjong pillar inscription found near the southern strip of Sanur Beach. It is the oldest inscription found in Bali that names
4902-691: The Abhayagiri Vihara inscription. However, later it seems to be converted to become a fortified palace or a citadel, which evidence in the remnant of defensive structures. King Panangkaran probably also responsible to the conception and laid the foundation for the construction of grand Manjusrigrha temple, as mentioned in Manjusrigrha inscription dated 792. The king, however, never saw the completion of this grand temple complex, as it finished in 792, long after his death probably around 780. This massive temple complex with total of 249 structures
5031-481: The Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog . The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese : an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi , is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language. Balinese
5160-472: The Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However, in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language. The official spelling denotes both /a/ and /ə/ by ⟨a⟩ . However, ⟨a⟩
5289-476: The Balinese positions, with thousands dead, and the Balinese surrendered or committed puputan ritual suicide. Lombok and Karangasem became part of the Dutch East Indies. Soon the court of Bangli and Gianyar also accepted Dutch suzerainty, but southern Bali kept resisting. In 1906 the Dutch launched a military expedition against the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan , and weakened
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5418-471: The Dalem of Gelgel sent a letter to Prince Maurits , a translation of which was sent by Cornells van Eemskerck. The letter granted the Dutch permission to trade in Bali as well as stating Bali's request to freely trade with the Dutch. This diplomatic letter of friendship and trade agreement was mistranslated as Balinese recognition of Dutch overlordship and was subsequently used by the Dutch to lay their claims to
5547-598: The Dewa Agung kings of Klungkung are their primus inter pares among Balinese kings, and deserved the honourable titular as the king of Bali. Most of these kingdoms today formed the base and boundaries of Kabupaten (regencies) of Bali. In following centuries, the various kingdoms fought a succession of incessant wars among themselves, although they accorded the Dewa Agung a symbolic paramount status of Bali. This led to complicated relations amongst Balinese rulers, as there are many kings in Bali. This situation lasted until
5676-771: The Dutch had completely dismantled the royal institutions of Bali, destroyed the power and authority of Balinese kings and thus ended centuries of Balinese kingdoms' rule. During the Dutch East Indies period, the colonial capital of Bali and Lesser Sunda Islands was located in Singaraja on the northern coast. Balinese language Balinese is an Austronesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali , as well as Northern Nusa Penida , Western Lombok , Southern Sumatra , and Sulawesi . Most Balinese speakers also use Indonesian . The 2000 national census recorded 3.3 million people speakers of Balinese, however
5805-455: The Dutch indifference to Bali totally changed in the 19th century, as Dutch colonial control expanded across the Indonesian archipelago and they began to covet the island. The Dutch used the pretext of eradicating opium smuggling, arms running, Balinese tawan karang tradition (plunder of shipwrecks), and slavery to impose their control on Balinese kingdoms. The Dutch East Indies army invaded northern Bali in 1846 , 1848 , and finally in 1849
5934-512: The Dutch were able to take control of the northern Bali kingdoms of Buleleng and Jembrana . In 1894, the Dutch used the Sasak rebellion against Balinese ruler of western Lombok, as a pretext to interfere and conquer Lombok. The Dutch supported the Sasak rebellion, and launched a military expedition against Balinese court in Mataram , Lombok. By the end of November 1894, the Dutch had annihilated
6063-637: The Gelgel kingdom began to break up due to internal conflicts. In 1686 a new royal seat was established in Klungkung , four kilometres north of Gelgel. The rulers of Klungkung, known by the title Dewa Agung , were however unable to maintain power over Bali. The island was in fact split into nine minor kingdoms; Klungkung , Buleleng , Karangasem , Mengwi , Badung , Tabanan , Gianyar , Bangli and Jembrana . These minor kingdoms developed their own dynasty, built their own Puri (Balinese palace compound) and established their own government. Nevertheless, these nine kingdoms of Bali admitted Klungkung leadership, that
6192-524: The King" (42.1). This expedition seems to have integrated Bali into Singhasari ’s realm. However, after the Jayakatwang rebellion of Gelang-gelang in 1292 that led to the death of Kertanegara and the fall of Singhasari, Java was unable to assert their rule upon Bali, and once again Balinese rulers enjoyed their independence from Java. The Javanese contacts led to a deep impact on the language of Bali which
6321-543: The Maharaja of Srivijaya . The nature of Shailendras' close relations with the neighbouring Srivijayan empire based on Sumatra is quite uncertain and complicated. It seems that in earlier times, Shailendra family belonged within Srivijayan mandala sphere of influence . And for a later period of time, Shailendras' monarch rose to become the head of Srivijayan mandala. The shift that rendered Shailendras in return to become
6450-686: The Mataram kingdom is in the Canggal inscription , dated 732, discovered within the compound of Gunung Wukir temple in Canggal village, southwest of the town of Magelang . This inscription, written in Sanskrit using the Pallava script, tells of the erection of a lingga (a symbol of Shiva ) on the hill in the Kunjarakunja area, located on a noble island called Yawadwipa (Java) which had an abundance of rice and gold. The establishment of lingga
6579-489: The Nusa Penida dialect. The remaining villages either speak the Nusa Lembongan dialect or a dialect resembling mainland Klungkung Balinese. The Nusa Penida dialect is also used outside Nusa Penida, mainly due to the migration of its speakers following the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963. Significant speakers relocated to southern Sumatra , particularly to Bandar Lampung , Palembang , Mesuji , and East Lampung . Balinese has been written in two different writing systems :
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#17327654357546708-502: The Prambanan-Klaten area, such as Sambisari , Kedulan and Barong . Also Hindu temples on the slopes of Merapi volcano; Lumbung Sengi and Asu are possibly constructed during this era. Several Buddhist temples possibly also constructed during his reign, such as Banyunibo and Sajiwan temples. The Buddhist temple of Sajiwan is connected to Nini Haji Rakryan Sanjiwana which refer to Queen Mother Pramodhawardhani . The temple
6837-582: The Shailendra clan based in Srivijaya incited a rebellion by Wurawari, a vassal of the Mataram kingdom, and sacked the capital of Watugaluh in East Java. Srivijaya rose to become the undisputed hegemonic empire in the region. The Shaivite dynasty survived, reclaimed east Java in 1019, and then established the Kahuripan kingdom led by Airlangga , son of Udayana of Bali. In the early 19th century,
6966-479: The Shailendra realm. Panangkaran also awarded Kalaça village to a sangha (Buddhist monastic community). The temple connected to this inscription is the Kalasan temple that housed the image of Tara, and the nearby Sari temple that was probably functioned as the monastery. Panangkaran was also responsible for the construction of Abhayagiri Vihara, connected to the present-day of Ratu Boko . This hilltop compound
7095-680: The Sumatran branch of Shailendra dynasty and enthroned in Srivijayan capital of Palembang . Historians argued that this was because Balaputra's mother—Tara, the queen consort of King Samaragrawira was the princess of Srivijaya, this rendered Balaputra as the heir of Srivijayan throne. Balaputra the Maharaja of Srivijaya later stated his claim as the rightful heir of Shailendra dynasty from Java, as proclaimed in Nalanda inscription dated 860. The Shivagrha inscription (dated 856) mentioned about
7224-484: The Warmadewa dynasty was a patron of Mahayana Buddhism. Nevertheless, Hinduism was also practised in Bali during this period. In the second half of the 10th century, Bali was ruled by King Udayana Warmadewa and his queen, Mahendradatta , a princess of the Isyana dynasty from East Java. Mahendradatta was the daughter of King Sri Makutawangsawarddhana and sister of King Dharmawangsa of Mataram Kingdom . The presence of
7353-455: The adverb jani ("now") can be either definite or indefinite depending on context. Its more emphatic form, jani san ("right now"), is definite. The indefinite word ajanian ("up to now") refers to any time before or during the utterance. The word buin/bin ("again") is obligatory for puan and telun to clarify that they are not being used for their past tense meanings. Mani, manian, and puan can all be prefixed with mani to refer to
7482-510: The agent. It connotes a complete event and is only available to some verbs. Balinese has 2 main dialects, the Highland dialect and the Lowland dialect. The difference between the two dialects lies in the variety of vocabulary, phonology, and usage of register (e.g. High register vs. Low register). Highland dialect, also referred as Bali Aga dialect, has a few to absence of high register while
7611-479: The ancestor of Balinese kings of Tabanan and Badung royal houses. Canto 14 of the Nagarakretagama , composed during the reign of Hayam Wuruk in 1365, mentioned several places in Bali; Bedahulu and Lwa Gajah (identified as Goa Gajah ) as places under Majapahit dominion. The Majapahit capital in Bali was established at Samprangan and later Gelgel . Following Hayam Wuruk's death in 1389, Majapahit entered
7740-483: The builder tradition of his predecessor. He continued the construction of Manjusrigrha temple ( Sewu complex), and according to the Karangtengah inscription (dated 824) responsible for the construction of Venuvana temple, connected to Mendut or probably Ngawen temple. He was also probably responsible for the conception and initiation of the construction of Borobudur and Pawon temple. Dharanindra ascends as
7869-537: The capital city of Mataram has moved in Watugaluh ( śrī mahārāja makaḍatwan i bhūmi mātaram i watugaluḥ ) and Wwahan inscription 907 Śaka or 995 AD also reveals about the location of the new capital city of Mataram, namely in Watugaluh, this kingdom is still called Mataram ( mātaram riŋ watugaluḥ ), even though the center of his kingdom had moved to East Java. From that long period of time, until now it can be known again from various inscriptions that give an overview of
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#17327654357547998-488: The capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java . The young Khmer king was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently, the kingdom became a vassal of the Sailendra dynasty . In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called Zabag invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of the Khmer king was then brought to Zabag. Regardless of whether
8127-523: The capital in Mataram for a certain period. After defeating the usurper, Pikatan found that this bloodshed has made the capital in Mataram inauspicious, thus he moved the karaton (court) to Mamrati or Amrati located somewhere in Kedu Plain (Progo river valley), northwest from Mataram. According to the Shivagrha inscription, a public water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha temple
8256-514: The capital of the Central Javanese Mataram kingdom is also part of the historical Yavadvipa or Bhumijava (the land of Java ), and the classical Javanese civilisation. The Indians collectively called them Yawadvipa , the Khmer referred to them as Chvea , the Chinese called them Shepo , Chopo or Chao-wa , the Arabs called them Jawi , Jawah or Zabag , and Srivijayan refer to them as Bhumijava . The native Javanese most often refer to their lands and country simply as Jawi (Java), while
8385-529: The capital of the kingdom was during the 10th and 11th centuries, but the political, religious, and cultural centre of the kingdom may have been in the present-day Gianyar Regency , inferred from the concentration of archaeological finds in this area. The stone cave temple and bathing place of Goa Gajah , near Ubud in Gianyar, was made around the same period. It shows a combination of Buddhist and Hindu Shivaite iconography. Several carvings of stupas, stupikas (small stupas), and images of Boddhisattvas suggest that
8514-445: The coming of the Dutch in the 19th century. Although European contact had been made since 1512 and later in 1585 by the Portuguese fleet, no real presence of European power was felt in Bali as the Balinese kingdoms continued their way of life preserved since the Hindu Majapahit era. In 1597, Dutch ships with Cornelis de Houtman arrived in Bali. A second Dutch expedition appeared in 1601, that of Jacob van Heemskerck . On this occasion,
8643-451: The conquest by the Muslim rulers in 1478, in effect resulting in the transfer of the whole culture. Bali was looked on as the continuation of the Hindu Javanese culture and is the major source of knowledge about it in the modern times. The incoming Javanese nobles and priests established Majapahit-style courts in Bali. The influx led to several important developments. The marriage of prominent Balinese families along with Majapahit royalty led to
8772-433: The decline of the power of the Buddhist Shailendras in central Java." His reign seems to enjoyed a relative peace. The grand Shivagrha temple compound was continuously expanded and completed with hundreds of perwara (complementary) temples surrounding the main three prasada (tower) associated with the Trimurti Hindu Gods. It was probably during Lokapala's reign that several important Hindu temples were constructed in
8901-408: The discovery of inscribed Buddhist votive clay tablets. These Buddhist votive tablets, found in small clay stupa figurines called " stupikas ", are the first known written inscriptions in Bali and date from around the 8th century CE. Such stupikas have been found in the regency of Gianyar , and the villages of Pejeng, Tatiapi, and Blahbatuh. The bell-shaped stupikas bear resemblances to the style of
9030-413: The discovery of numerous ruins of great monuments —such as Borobudur , Sewu and Prambanan —which dominated the landscape of the Kedu and Kewu plains in Yogyakarta and Central Java , caught the attention of some historians and scholars in the colonial Dutch East Indies . This spurred archaeological studies to uncover the history of this ancient civilisation. The history of the Mataram area as
9159-515: The exact location of this capital is unknown, probably also located within Kedu Plain. However, it is highly possible that Poh Pitu was located around the Poh inscription (905), in Dumpoh hamlet, Potrobangsan village , North Magelang district within Magelang city. After king Lokapāla 's death in 885, the kingdom underwent a period of political turbulence: the period 885–887 saw three different kings in succession: king Tagwas, king Devendra (lord of Panumwanan), and king Bhadra (lord of Gurunwangi). For
9288-400: The existence of an ancient kingdom called "Medang". Current knowledge of historical Javanese civilisation is thus primarily derived from: Mataram is the name in Sanskrit : मातरम्।, mātaram . Taken from the word मातृ mātṛ meaning "mother", has the same meaning as मातृभूमि mātṛbhūmi meaning "motherland". In the inscription it is referred to as kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja i bhūmi i mātaram ,
9417-513: The expansive warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to be a pacifist, enjoying a peaceful prosperity of interior Java in Kedu Plain , and more interested on completing the Borobudur project. It was in these years, at the beginning of the ninth century, that the Khmer prince Jayavarman was appointed governor of Indrapura in the Mekong delta under Shailendran rule. This decision was proven as
9546-605: The fall of the Majapahit empire in the late 15th century. After the empire fell to its Muslim vassal the Demak Sultanate , a number of Hindu Majapahit courtiers, nobles, priests, and artisans found refuge on the island of Bali. As a result, Bali became what historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar describes as the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation. The Bali Kingdom in the following centuries expanded its influence to neighboring islands and began to establish
9675-459: The first type, the verbs have the same agent, whereas in the second, the object of the first verb is the subject of the second. The word order is similar to that of Indonesian , and verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession . The default, unmarked word order of Balinese
9804-624: The foundation of upper caste lineages of Bali. Javanese ideas especially the Majapahit tradition influenced the religion and arts of the island. The Javanese language also affected the spoken Balinese language . The modern Bali architecture and temples share much in common with aesthetics and style of bas-reliefs in East Javanese temples from the Majapahit golden age. Large numbers of Majapahit manuscripts, such as Nagarakretagama , Sutasoma , Pararaton and Tantu Pagelaran , were being well-kept in royal libraries of Bali and Lombok, and provides
9933-411: The future. Balinese is agglutinative . Verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal to Indonesian , but derivational morphology is extensive. Of the two dative suffixes, -ang and -in , the latter should be used if the object is animate. The suffix -né / -é marks nouns for both definiteness and possession . Nouns come before their modifiers, and are often marked with
10062-510: The genus Phoebe . Until the reign of East Java the name Mataram was still found in inscriptions, including Turyan inscription 851 Śaka or 929 AD ( kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja bhūmi mātaram kita pinakahurip niŋ rāt kabaiḥ ) the capital city of Mataram is located in Tamwlang ( śrī mahārāja makaḍatwan i tāmwlaŋ ), later mentioned in Paradah inscription in 865 Śaka or 943 AD that the location of
10191-536: The glimpse and valuable historical records on Majapahit. As a result of the influx of the Javanese element, historian Ramesh Chandra Majumdar states that Bali "soon became the last stronghold of Indo-Javanese culture and civilisation." According to the Babad Dalem manuscript (composed in 18th century), the conquest of Bali by the Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit was followed by the installation of
10320-624: The highland dialect is grouped into three main usage areas, namely the eastern, northern, and western regions which are detailed as follows: Overall, there are two Highland sub-dialect that is distinct from varieties spoken in the area mentioned. Those sub-dialect are Nusa Peninda dialect , spoken majorly in Nusa Penida , and Kapara dialect (also called as Bali Kapara ) notably spoken in Sembiran village , Tejakula sub-regency , Buleleng Regency with estimated 4,883 user. Nusa Penida dialect on
10449-511: The historical event. Native Javanese mythology and beliefs composed in the Mataram Sultanate era (circa 17th century), but probably originating from an earlier period, mentioned a semi-mythological kingdom named Medang Kamulan , which in Javanese translates to "Medang the origin" kingdom. The kingdom is mentioned in the myth of Dewi Sri and also Aji Saka . This is probably the remnant of vague native Javanese collective memory of
10578-436: The island of Bali and the surrounding areas. In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of
10707-756: The island. Although the VOC — centred in Batavia (now Jakarta ) — was very active in the Maluku Islands , Java and Sumatra , it took little interest in Bali, as the VOC was more interested in the spice trade , a produce scarce in Bali which was mainly a rice agriculture kingdom. The opening of a trading post was attempted in 1620 but failed due to local hostility. The VOC left the Bali trade to private traders, mainly Chinese , Arab , Bugis and occasionally Dutch, who mainly dealt with opium and slave trade. However,
10836-410: The kingdom of Klungkung , again under the pretext of Balinese tawan karang tradition (plunder of shipwrecks). Finally in 1908, the Dutch launched an invasion against the court of Klungkung , under the pretext of securing their opium monopoly. This event concluded the Dutch conquest over Bali, and by then it had become a Dutch protectorate . Although some members of Balinese royalties still survived,
10965-420: The kingdom seems to have been well populated and quite prosperous. The kingdom developed a complex society, had a well developed culture, and achieved a degree of sophistication and refined civilisation. In the period between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction . Temples dotted
11094-461: The landscape of its heartland in Mataram. The most notable of the temples constructed in Mataram are Kalasan , Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan , all quite close to the present-day city of Yogyakarta . At its peak, the kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java, but also in Sumatra , Bali , southern Thailand , Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines , and
11223-420: The last syllable. Even though most basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian originates from Austronesian and Sanskrit, many cognates sound quite different between languages. Balinese has four different registers : low ( basa kétah ), middle ( basa madiâ ), and high ( basa sínggíh ), the uses of which depend on the relationship and status of those speaking and those being spoken about. High Balinese
11352-474: The lowland dialect recognises both high register and low register. The highland dialect, also known as Bali Aga [dialect] is a dialect of the Balinese language spoken by the Bali Aga people in mountainous areas and northern part of Bali , especially in the mountain range of Kintamani, and regencies nearby such as Bangli , Buleleng , and Karangasem , as well in Nusa Penida . According to Bawa (1983:394),
11481-479: The manuscript seems to be romanticised, vague and not providing certain details on the period, nevertheless the almost exact name and theme of the story with historical Canggal inscription seems to confirm that the manuscript was based or inspired from the historical event. Other than Gunung Wukir temple, it was probably during Sanjaya reign, that several Hindu temples were constructed in Muntilan and Mataram area on
11610-406: The name of their nagara (country) is often based on their capital. The only foreign source mentioning Mdaη was found in the Philippines inscription , dated 822 saka (900). There are no comprehensive written records that have survived in Java except numbers of prasasti (inscriptions) written on stones or copper plates. These inscriptions most often recorded the political and religious deeds of
11739-399: The names of places and their hierarchy, namely Mamratipura and Poh Pitu. The name Medang then emerged from various inscriptions not only in Central Java but even in East Java. The name identifies that the Medang palace is located in the territory of the Mataram kingdom. The etymology of the name "Medang" might be derived from a local name of the hardwood "medang" tree which refer to trees of
11868-616: The neighbouring island of Java during the Indonesian Hindu-Buddhist period, the history of the Bali Kingdom was often intertwined with and heavily influenced by its Javanese counterparts, from Mataram (c. 9th century) to the Majapahit empire in the 13th to 15th centuries. The culture, language, arts and architecture of the island was influenced by Java. Javanese influences and presences grew even stronger with
11997-487: The next seven years (887–894), the kingdom had no single ruler. Rival claims to the throne in this period are illustrated in Bhadra's stele of Munggu Antan (887) and Devendra's Poh Dulur inscription (890). After the short reign of Jebang, lord of Watu Humalang (r. 894–898), Balitung emerged as the leading contender for the throne of Java, and reunited the kingdom for the first time since Lokapāla's death. Balitung came to
12126-539: The north coast of Java, an action which led to the prominence of Demak Sultanate in following decades. This policy increased Majapahit economy and influence, but weaken Hindu - Buddha's position as the main religion, as Islam began to spread faster and freely in Java. Hindu - Buddha followers' grievance later urged Ranawijaya to defeat Kertabumi. In 1478, Ranawijaya's army under general Udara breached Trowulan defences and killed Kertabumi in his palace, Demak sent reinforcements under Sunan Ngudung, who later died in battle and
12255-819: The northwest, through the Banjarnegara and Bagawanta valley region, the full length of the Progo valley—from Kedu to the south coast, the Yogyakarta-Prambanan-Klaten core region, the upper Solo valley and Gunung Kidul region, to the upper Madiun river valley and the slopes of Mount Wilis, to the Blitar and Pare regions of the upper Brantas valley, the Malang highlands and the Brantas delta in the east. Balitung prolifically issued inscriptions, among others
12384-413: The other side was thought to be a different dialect, but there are some indication that Nusa Penida dialect might be sub-dialect of highland dialect. According to Jendra, et al. (1997), both Nusa Penida and Highland dialect share the same phonological pattern as explained below: However, there are other notable differences between the two dialects, namely the absence or reduction of the distribution of
12513-473: The patron of Nirartha, who carried out an extensive literary works that formed the spiritualism of Balinese Hinduism. Gelgel reached its apogee during the reign of Dalem Baturenggong, as Lombok , western Sumbawa and Blambangan on easternmost Java, were united under Gelgel's suzerainty. Gelgel's influence over the still Hindu Blambangan seems to caught the attention the Sultan of Mataram that aspired to unite
12642-455: The people and many of Pikatan's state advisors urged that Lokapala should be named as crown prince instead of Gurunwangi. Gurunwangi's loss of favour in succession—despite being the eldest sibling, has raised a question among scholars. It was previously thought that the name Rakai Gurunwangi Dyah Saladu refer to a female character (princess), although it is more likely that Gurunwangi was a prince. This revolt seems to have succeeded in taking over
12771-495: The phoneme / a / in word-final positions. Currently, the Nusa Penida dialect is widely used only in Nusa Penida in Klungkung Regency . However, it is important to note that not all communities in Nusa Penida use the Nusa Penida dialect. There are several groups of people who communicate using different dialects. On the islands of Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan , which are located next to Nusa Penida, as well as in
12900-519: The political landscapes in Central Java, that each are patrons of either Shaivite Hinduism or Mahayana Buddhism. Or more recently suggested theory, that there were only one dynasty—the Shailendras —and there was only the shift or split of royal patronage in favour to Hinduism or Buddhism. Panangkaran (r. 760–780) was an enthusiastic developer, he was credited for at least five major temple projects conducted and started during his reign. According to
13029-463: The regent of Palembang, landed in Bali. After seven months of battles, Majapahit forces defeated the Balinese king in Bedulu (Bedahulu) in 1343. After the conquest of Bali, Majapahit distributed the governing authority of Bali among Arya Damar's younger brothers; Arya Kenceng, Arya Kutawandira, Arya Sentong and Arya Belog. Arya Kenceng led his brothers to govern Bali under Majapahit banner, he would become
13158-471: The return of the Mataram Mataram court favour to Shaivite Hindus, instead of Mahayana Buddhism favoured by previous king Samaratungga. This is evident in the construction of grand Shivagrha temple compound in the Mataram capital, located only few hundred metres south from Manjusrigrha temple compound. Nevertheless, the inter-religious relations during Pikatan's reign seems to promote tolerance in
13287-531: The ruler of Srivijaya was unclear. Was it led by military campaign by Dharanindra against Srivijaya in Sumatra, or more likely formed by close alliance and kinship between the house of Shailendra and the Maharaja of Srivijaya. Arabic sources mentioned that Zabag (Java) ruled over Sribuza (Srivijaya), Kalah (a place in the Malay peninsula, probably Kedah), and Ramni (a place in Sumatra, probably Lambri ). Based on
13416-515: The ruler who issued it. The pillar is dated 914 CE according to the Indian Saka calendar . Three other inscriptions by Kesari are known in central Bali, which suggest conflict in the mountainous interior of the island. Sri Kesari is the first known ruler to bear the Warmadewa title, which was used by rulers for several generations before Javanese expansion. It is not known precisely where
13545-475: The rulers. The most common theme mentioned in inscriptions is the establishment of Sima (taxed rice cultivation land recognised through royal edict), and sometimes some portion or the whole of tax collected from this Sima land is appointed to fund the construction and maintenance of religious building . Nevertheless, some local legends and historical records, written on lontar —most often dated from later period—might also provides data and source to reconstruct
13674-571: The same person. However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in Mantyasih inscription as the fifth monarch of Mataram kingdom. Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira. Samaratungga (r. 819–838) was credited for the completion of massive stone mandala , the grand monument of Borobudur (completed in 825). Samaratungga just like Samaragrawira, seems to be deeply influenced by peaceful Mahayana Buddhist beliefs and strive to become
13803-445: The skyline of Kedu and Kewu Plain . Most notable of these temples are Sewu , Borobudur and Prambanan temple. The Shailendras are known as ardent temple builders. King Sanjaya was a Shaivite, and yet his successor Panangkaran was a Mahayana Buddhist. This shift of faith, from Shaivite Sanjaya to Buddhist Panangkaran has raised problematic questions among scholars; whether there were two competing royal families that dominated
13932-512: The slopes of Mount Merapi, such as Banon, Gunungsari, Kadisoka and Gebang temples. Those Hindu temples are estimated was built during early Mataram kingdom era circa 8th century. The period between the reign of King Panangkaran to King Balitung (span between 760 and 910) that roughly lasted for 150 years, marked the apogee of Javanese classic civilisation. This period witnessed the blossoming of Javanese art and architecture, as numbers of majestic temples and monuments were erected and dominated
14061-475: The spirit of reconciliation. Their reign is credited to the construction and expansion of at least two of perwara temple and stupa in Plaosan complex, located east from Sewu (Manjusrigrha) temple. Plaosan temple with twin main temples is probably built and dated from an earlier period, probably started by Panangkaran, Samaragrawira or Samaratungga, but completed during Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani's reign. Several of
14190-556: The story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra. Dharanindra's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800–819), mentioned in Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputra , and the son of Śailendravamsatilaka (the ornament of Śailendra family) with stylised name Śrīviravairimathana (the slayer of enemy hero), which refer to Dharanindra. Unlike his predecessor
14319-506: The structure of the Mataram kingdom as already mentioned. The name "Mataram" was originally known in the 8th century as a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom then the name reappeared in the 16th century as one of the Islamic kingdom or known as Mataram Sultanate . As a result, the historiography of this kingdom is referred to as Ancient Mataram to distinguish it from Islamic Mataram. This historic Javanese kingdom of Mataram should not be confused with
14448-467: The throne on 10 May 898 and ruled for approximately 12 years. He centralised royal authority and restricted the autonomy of aristocrats, supported both Hindu and Buddhist foundations, and for the first time, incorporated parts of east Java into the Mataram kingdom. The historian Wisseman Christie described the extent of Balitung's influence: from the Cilacap region in the far southwest and Pekalongan in
14577-542: The war between Sultanate of Demak and Daha, since Demak ruler, Raden Patah , were the descendant of Kertabhumi. In 1498, vice regent Udara usurped Girindrawardhana and the war between Demak and Daha recede. But this delicate balance end when Udara ask help to Portugal in Malacca and led Adipati Yunus of Demak to attack both Malacca and Daha. Another theory suggested that the reasons for the Demak's attacks against Majapahit
14706-565: The whole of Java and also to spread Islamic faith. In 1639 Mataram launched an invasion to Blambangan. Kingdom of Gelgel immediately supported Blambangan as a buffer against the Islamic expansion of Muslim Mataram. Blambangan surrendered in 1639, but quickly regained their independence and rejoined Bali soon after the Mataram troops withdrew. Mataram Sultanate itself, after the death of Sultan Agung, seems to preoccupied in their internal problems, and lost interest to continue their campaign and pursue hostilities against Blambangan and Gelgel. After 1651
14835-657: Was a Javanese Hindu - Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java , and later in East Java . Established by King Sanjaya , the kingdom was ruled by the Shailendra dynasty and Ishana dynasty . During most of its history the kingdom seems to have relied heavily on agriculture, especially extensive rice farming , and later also benefited from maritime trade. According to foreign sources and archaeological findings,
14964-659: Was a revenge against Girindrawardhana, who had defeated Adipati Yunus' grandfather Prabu Bhre Kertabumi (Prabu Brawijaya V). The defeat of Daha under Demak marked the end of Hindu Majapahit era in Java. After the fall of the empire, many Majapahit nobles, artisans and priests took refuge either in the interior mountainous region of East Java, Blambangan in eastern end of Java, or across the narrow strait to Bali. The refugees probably fled to avoid Demak's retribution for their support for Ranawijaya against Kertabhumi. The Javanese Majapahit empire influenced Bali both culturally and politically. The whole court of Majapahit fled to Bali following
15093-437: Was actually not a religious structure; consist of series of gates, ramparts, fortified walls, dry moats, walled enclosure, terraces and building bases. This site displays attributes of an occupation or settlement site, although its precise functions is unknown. This led to a suggestion that this compound probably was served as the palace . Initially it was likely intended as a secluded hilltop Buddhist monastery, as mentioned in
15222-532: Was called by a different title ( saŋ ratu sañjaya ). The name of the Mataram kingdom was first discovered by epigraphy in Wuatan Tija inscription 802 Śaka or 880 AD ( dewatā prasiddha maṅrakṣa kaḍatwan śrī mahārāja i bhūmi i mātaram kita ). The inscription data mentions a number of place names as the center of government located in Central Java , including Shivagrha inscription 778 Śaka or 856 AD and Mantyasih inscription 829 Śaka or 907 AD. The inscription shows
15351-614: Was hailed as Wairiwarawiramardana or "the slayer of courageous enemies". The similar title also found in Ligor B inscription discovered in Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula; Sarwwarimadawimathana , which suggest it referred to the same person. Dharanindra seems to be a valiant and warlike character, as he embarked on military naval expedition overseas and has brought Shailendras' control on Ligor in Malay Peninsula. King Indra seems to continue
15480-613: Was impacted by the Kawi language , a style of Old Javanese . The language is still used in Bali though is rare. In East Java, Majapahit under the reign of queen regnant Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and her able and ambitious Prime Minister Gajah Mada , saw the expansion of Majapahit armada into neighbouring islands in Indonesian archipelago including nearby Bali. According to Babad Arya Tabanan manuscript, in 1342 Majapahit troops led by Gajah Mada assisted by his general Arya Damar,
15609-403: Was made around the same period. It demonstrates a similar temple style of Java during the late Mataram period. The Warmadewa dynasty continued to rule Bali well until the 12th century with the reigns of Jayasakti (1146–50) and Jayapangus (1178–81). Contacts with imperial China were also important during this period. Chinese coins called kepeng were widely in use in the Balinese economy. In
15738-478: Was made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco Serrão sailed from Portuguese Malacca and reached northern coast of Bali. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues. In Majapahit, East Java, the fall of Daha to Demak Sultanate in 1527 has prompted the refuge of Hindu nobles, priests and artisans to Bali. In 1585, the Portuguese government in Malacca sent
15867-513: Was replaced by Sunan Kudus , but they came too late to save Kertabumi although they managed to repel the Ranawijaya's army. This event is mentioned in Jiwu and Petak inscription, where Ranawijaya claimed that he already defeated Kertabhumi and reunited Majapahit as one Kingdom. Ranawijaya ruled from 1474 to 1498 with the formal name Girindrawardhana, with Udara as his vice-regent. This event led to
15996-557: Was suggested that Amrati might be located near the location of Wanua Tengah III inscription, in Kedunglo hamlet, Kaloran village, within Temanggung Regency . After being absent for several generations, the name "Mataram" reappears in Javanese inscription during the reign of Balitung, which probably signify the transfer of capital. King Balitung moved his capital from Amrati to Poh Pitu, and renamed Poh Pitu as Yawapura. Again
16125-535: Was the grandest of its time, and probably served as the official state's temple that conducted important stately religious ceremonies. There are some reports that naval Javanese raiders invaded Tran-nam in 767, Champa in 774, and Champa again in 787. The successor of Panangkaran was Dharanindra (r. 780–800) or commonly known as King Indra. He was mentioned in Kelurak inscription (dated 782) in his formal reign name Sri Sanggrama Dhananjaya. In this inscription, he
16254-561: Was the son of Samaratungga, which means he was the younger brother of Pramodhawardhani. Later historians such as Muljana on the other hand, argued that Balaputra was the son of Samaragrawira and the younger brother of Samaratungga, which means he was the uncle of Pramodhawardhani. It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from Central Java because of succession dispute with Pikatan, or was he already ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra). Either ways, it seems that Balaputra eventually ruled
16383-622: Was the starting year of Sanjaya chronicle used in King Daksa's inscription far later in early 10th-century. According to Canggal inscription, Sanjaya established a new kingdom in Southern Central Java. And yet it seems to be the continuation of earlier polity ruled by King Sanna, Sanjaya's uncle. This earlier polity is linked to the earlier temple structures in Dieng Plateau , in the northern part of Central Java, which
16512-507: Was under the order of Rakai Mataram Sang Ratu Sanjaya (King Sanjaya Rakai (lord) of Mataram). This inscription tells that Yawadwipa was ruled by King Sanna , whose long reign was marked by wisdom and virtue. After Sanna died, the kingdom fell into disunity. Sanjaya , the son of Sannaha (Sanna's sister) ascended to the throne. He conquered the areas around his kingdom, and his wise reign led to peace and prosperity for all of his subjects. It seemed that Sanjaya came to power c. 717 CE; that
16641-729: Was undertaken during the construction of the temple. The river, identified as the Opak River , now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple. Experts suggest that the shift of the river was meant to secure the temple complex from the overflowing of lahar volcanic materials from Merapi volcano. Later Pikatan decided to abdicate his throne in favour of his youngest son Dyah Lokapala (r. 855–885). Rakai Pikatan retired, renounce worldly affairs and become
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