69-656: The International Balzan Prize Foundation awards four annual monetary prizes to people or organizations who have made outstanding achievements in the fields of humanities, natural sciences, culture, as well as for endeavours for peace and the brotherhood of man. The assets behind the foundation were established by the Italian Eugenio Balzan ( it ) (1874–1953), a part-owner of Corriere della Sera who had invested his assets in Switzerland and in 1933 had left Italy in protest against fascism. He left
138-557: A 1971 book of the same name . Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time. During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew; the crew had been using new, untested photographic film . In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa. Other crew members said that it
207-415: A "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal. According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (such as the reuse of needles ) improved after Mother Teresa's death in 1997. Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya , mayor of Calcutta from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on
276-488: A Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus." Fluent in five languages – Bengali , Albanian , Serbian , English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons. These included, in 1971, a visit with four of her sisters, to Troubles -era Belfast . Her suggestion that the conditions she had found justified an ongoing mission
345-473: A home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying. ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come. On 7 October 1950, Mother Teresa received Vatican permission for
414-619: A hospice for those with leprosy , calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace). The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food. The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955, Mother Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth. The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by
483-530: A million Swiss francs to Mother Teresa . Award ceremonies alternate between Bern and the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, and frequently winners have later won a Nobel Prize. All awards are decided by a single committee. The Balzan Prize committee comprises twenty members of the prestigious learned societies of Europe. Each year the foundation chooses the fields eligible for the next year's prizes, and determines
552-569: A physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums". His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Mother Teresa. Chatterjee criticized her for promoting
621-551: A second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker . In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Mother Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay, and she agreed to continue. In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell, breaking her collarbone , and four months later she had malaria and heart failure . Although she underwent heart surgery , her health
690-651: A smile and do your own work". She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake and met with Soviet Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov . Mother Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia. In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana . By 1996, the Missionaries of Charity operated 517 missions in over 100 countries. The number of sisters in
759-516: A special ₹ 5 coin (the amount of money Mother Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many—namely, the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families." Indian views of Mother Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee ,
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#1732765594856828-422: A specific or an interdisciplinary field. The prizes go beyond the traditional subjects both in the humanities (literature, the moral sciences and the arts) and in the sciences (medicine and the physical, mathematical and natural sciences), with an emphasis on innovative research. In different fields the prize is considered a significant prize, for example in sociology. Every 3 to 7 years the foundation also awards
897-625: A substantial inheritance to his daughter Angela Lina Balzan (1892–1956), who at the time was suffering an incurable disease. Before her death, she left instructions for the foundation and since then it has two headquarters, the Prize administered from Milan, the Fund from Zurich. The first award was in fact one million Swiss francs to the Nobel Foundation in 1961. After 1962, a gap of 16 years followed when prizes recommenced with an award of half
966-458: A village near Gjakova , believed by her offspring to be Bishtazhin . According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, Anjezë was in her early years when she became fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal ; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life. Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of
1035-598: A week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country. Cardinal Secretary of State Angelo Sodano , the Pope's representative, delivered the homily at the service. Mother Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to
1104-666: Is different from Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Mother Teresa Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu MC (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu , Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒi.u] ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), better known as Mother Teresa or Saint Mother Teresa , was an Albanian-Indian Catholic nun , founder of the Missionaries of Charity and is a Catholic saint. Born in Skopje , then part of
1173-861: The Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978) and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975). In April 1976, Mother Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania , where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron . She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love. Mother Teresa continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in
1242-834: The Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice , where she often went on pilgrimages . Anjezë left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham , Ireland, to learn English with the intent of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India. She saw neither her mother nor her sister again. Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana . During communist leader Enver Hoxha 's rule, she
1311-549: The Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas. Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients. When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Mother Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with
1380-593: The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969. She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980. Mother Teresa's official biography, by Navin Chawla , was published in 1992. In Calcutta, she is worshipped as a deity by some Hindus . To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued
1449-775: The Kalighat Home for the Dying , free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday). Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were to read the Quran , Hindus received water from the Ganges , and Catholics received extreme unction . "A beautiful death", Mother Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted." She opened
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#17327655948561518-444: The Missionaries of Charity , a religious congregation that was initially dedicated to serving "the poorest of the poor" in the slums of Calcutta. Over the decades, the congregation grew to operate in over 133 countries, as of 2012 , with more than 4,500 nuns managing homes for those dying from HIV/AIDS , leprosy , and tuberculosis , as well as running soup kitchens , dispensaries, mobile clinics, orphanages, and schools. Members of
1587-469: The Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace". She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $ 192,000 cost be given to the poor in India and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize she
1656-556: The Ottoman Empire , she was raised in a devoutly Catholic family. At the age of 18, she moved to Ireland to join the Sisters of Loreto and later to India, where she lived most of her life and carried out her missionary work. On 4 September 2016, she was canonised by the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta . The anniversary of her death, 5 September, is now observed as her feast day . Mother Teresa founded
1725-550: The Prize for humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples . It was last awarded in 2014 to Vivre en Famille . List of Balzan Prize Winners (Redirected from List of Balzan Prize Winners ) This is a list of recipients of the Balzan Prize , one of the world's most prestigious academic awards. The International Balzan Prize Foundation awards four annual monetary prizes to people or organizations who have made outstanding achievements in
1794-614: The Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation". By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa was an international celebrity. She had been catapulted to fame via Malcolm Muggeridge 's 1969 BBC documentary, Something Beautiful for God , before he released
1863-660: The 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Mother Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters. Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and, during the 1970s, the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. The Missionaries of Charity Brothers
1932-1774: The Ancient Far East 2022 Robert Langer (US) --- Biomaterials for Nanomedicine and Tissue Engineering Martha Nussbaum (US) --- Moral Philosophy Dorthe Dahl-Jensen (Denmark) and Hans Oerlemans (Netherlands) --- Glaciation and Ice-Sheet Dynamics Philip Bohlman (US) --- Ethnomusicology 2023 David Damrosch (US) --- World Literature Jean-Jacques Hublin (France) --- Evolution of Humankind: Paleoanthropology Eske Willerslev (Denmark) --- Evolution of Humankind: Ancient DNA and Human Evolution Heino Falcke (Germany) --- High resolution images: from planetary to cosmic objects 2024 John Braithwaite (Australia) --- Restorative Justice Lorraine Daston (US / Germany) --- History of Modern and Contemporary Science Michael N. Hall (US / Switzerland) --- Biological Mechanisms of Ageing Omar M. Yaghi (US) --- Nanoporous Materials for Environmental Applications References [ edit ] ^ "Balzan Prize" . www.balzan.org (in Italian) . Retrieved 2020-09-15 . External links [ edit ] Official website "Prize Winners" . Milano Zurigo . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Balzan_Prize_recipients&oldid=1244968732 " Categories : Science-related lists Science and technology awards Lists of award winners Awards established in 1961 Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Articles with short description Short description
2001-714: The Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994, but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Mother Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell ; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial requesting clemency. Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees. Other civilian awards included
2070-485: The Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City , and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country. Mother Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II . Following
2139-2958: The Planck Time to the First Galaxies) 2012 Ronald Dworkin (United States) --- Jurisprudence Reinhard Strohm (Germany) --- Musicology Kurt Lambeck (Australia) --- Solid Earth Sciences, with emphasis on interdisciplinary research David Baulcombe (United Kingdom) --- Epigenetics 2013 André Vauchez (France) --- Medieval History Manuel Castells (Spain) --- Sociology Alain Aspect (France) --- Quantum Information Processing and Communication Pascale Cossart (France) --- Infectious diseases: basic and clinical aspects 2014 Mario Torelli (Italy) --- Classical Archaeology Ian Hacking (Canada) --- Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind G. David Tilman (United States) --- Basic and/or applied Plant Ecology Dennis Sullivan (United States) --- Mathematics (pure or applied) Vivre en Famille (France) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 2015 Hans Belting (Germany) --- History of European Art (1300-1700) Joel Mokyr (Netherland / United States / Israel) --- Economic History Francis Halzen (Belgium / United States) --- Astroparticle Physics including neutrino and gamma-ray observation David Karl (United States) --- Oceanography 2016 Piero Boitani (Italy) --- Comparative Literature Reinhard Jahn (Germany) --- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, including neurodegenerative and developmental aspects Federico Capasso (Italy) --- Applied Photonics Robert Keohane (United States) --- International Relations: History and Theory 2017 Aleida Assmann (Germany) and Jan Assmann (Germany) --- Collective Memory Bina Agarwal (India / United Kingdom) --- Gender Studies Robert D. Schreiber (United States) and James P. Allison (United States) --- Immunological Approaches in Cancer Therapy Michaël Gillon (Belgium) --- The Sun's Planetary System and Exoplanets 2018 Éva Kondorosi (Hungary / France) --- Chemical Ecology Detlef Lohse (Germany) --- Fluid Dynamics Jürgen Osterhammel (Germany) --- Global History Marilyn Strathern (United Kingdom) --- Social Anthropology Terre des hommes Foundation (Switzerland) --- Humanity, Peace and Fraternity among Peoples 2019 Jacques Aumont (France) --- Film Studies Michael Cook (United States / United Kingdom) --- Islamic Studies Luigi Ambrosio (Italy) --- Theory of Partial Differential Equations Erika von Mutius , Klaus F. Rabe [ de ] , Werner Seeger [ de ] and Tobias Welte [ de ] (all Germany) --- Pathophysiology of respiration: from basic sciences to
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2208-459: The Red Cross (ICRC) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1997 Charles Coulston Gillispie (United States) --- History and philosophy of science Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah (Sri Lanka / United States) --- Social sciences: social anthropology Thomas Wilson Meade (United Kingdom) --- Epidemiology 1998 Andrzej Walicki (Poland / United States) --- History:
2277-575: The ancient world (Mediterranean area) 1991 György Ligeti (Hungary / Austria) --- Music John Maynard Smith (United Kingdom) --- Genetics and evolution Vitorino Magalhães Godinho (Portugal) --- History: The emergence of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries Abbé Pierre (Henri Grouès) (France) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1992 Armand Borel (Switzerland) --- Mathematics Ebrahim M. Samba [ ar ; de ] (Gambia) --- Preventive medicine Giovanni Macchia (Italy) --- History and criticism of
2346-457: The author of the tribute criticised Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political. In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat , leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , said that Mother Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian". Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and
2415-986: The bedside 2020s [ edit ] 2020 Susan Trumbore (US / Germany) --- Earth System Dynamics Jean-Marie Tarascon (France) --- Environmental Challenges: Materials Science for Renewable Energy Joan Martinez Alier (Spain) --- Environmental Challenges: Responses from the Social Sciences and the Humanities Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil) --- Human Rights 2021 Saul Friedländer (France / US) --- Holocaust and Genocide Studies Jeffrey I. Gordon (US) --- Microbiome in Health and Disease Alessandra Buonanno (Italy / US) and Thibault Damour (France) --- Gravitation: physical and astrophysical aspects Giorgio Buccellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati (Italy / USA) --- Art and Archaeology of
2484-528: The care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity." According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world." From the Indian government, under the name of Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu, Mother Teresa was issued a diplomatic passport. She received the Padma Shri in 1962 and
2553-1514: The cultural and social history of the Slavonic world from the reign of Catherine the Great to the Russian revolutions of 1917 Harmon Craig (United States) --- Geochemistry Robert McCredie May (United Kingdom / Australia) --- Biodiversity 1999 John Elliott (United Kingdom) --- History 1500-1800 Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (Italy / United States) --- Science of human origins Mikhail Gromov (Russia / France) --- Mathematics Paul Ricœur (France) --- Philosophy 2000s [ edit ] 2000 Ilkka Hanski (Finland) --- Ecological sciences Martin Litchfield West (United Kingdom) --- Classical antiquity Michael Stolleis (Germany) --- Legal history since 1500 Michel G.E. Mayor (Switzerland) --- Instrumentation and techniques in astronomy and astrophysics Abdul Sattar Edhi (Pakistan) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 2001 Claude Lorius (France) --- Climatology James Sloss Ackerman (United States) --- History of architecture (including town planning and landscape design) Jean-Pierre Changeux (France) --- Cognitive neurosciences Marc Fumaroli (France) --- Literary history and criticism (post 1500) 2002 Anthony Grafton (United States) --- History of
2622-472: The diocesan congregation, which would become the Missionaries of Charity. In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone". In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into
2691-616: The embassy where she was crying as she was leaving the building, saying: Dear God, I can understand and accept that I should suffer, but it is so hard to understand and accept why my mother has to suffer. In her old age she has no other wish than to see us one last time. She arrived in India in 1929 and began her novitiate in Darjeeling , in the lower Himalayas , where she learned Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent. She took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux ,
2760-2660: The end of the 19th to the end of the 20th century Pierre Deligne (Belgium) --- Mathematics Community of Sant'Egidio --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 2005 Lothar Ledderose (Germany) --- History of the art of Asia Peter Hall (United Kingdom) --- The social and cultural history of cities since the beginning of the 16th century Peter R. Grant (United Kingdom) and Rosemary Grant (United States) --- Population biology Russell J. Hemley (United States) and Ho-kwang (David) Mao (China) --- Mineral physics 2006 Ludwig Finscher (Germany) --- History of western music since 1600 Quentin Skinner (United Kingdom) --- Political thought: history and theory Andrew Lange (United States) and Paolo de Bernardis [ arz ; de ; fr ; it ; pt ; ru ] (Italy) --- Observational astronomy and astrophysics Elliott M. Meyerowitz (United States) and Christopher R. Somerville (Canada) --- Plant molecular genetics 2007 Sumio Iijima (Japan) --- Nanoscience Bruce A. Beutler (United States) and Jules A. Hoffmann (France) --- Innate Immunity Michel Zink (France) --- European Literature (1000 - 1500) Rosalyn Higgins (United Kingdom) --- International Law since 1945 Karlheinz Böhm (Austria) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 2008 Maurizio Calvesi (Italy) --- The Visual Arts since 1700 Thomas Nagel (Serbia / United States) --- Moral Philosophy Ian H. Frazer (Australia) --- Preventive Medicine, including Vaccination Wallace S. Broecker (United States) --- Science of Climate Change 2009 Terence Cave (United Kingdom) --- Literature since 1500 Michael Grätzel (Germany / Switzerland) --- Science of New Materials Brenda Milner (United Kingdom / Canada) --- Cognitive Neurosciences Paolo Rossi Monti (Italy) --- History of Science 2010s [ edit ] 2010 Manfred Brauneck [ de ; pt ] (Germany) --- History of theatre in all its aspects Carlo Ginzburg (Italy) --- European History (1400 - 1700) Jacob Palis (Brazil) --- Mathematics (pure or applied) Shinya Yamanaka (Japan) --- Stem Cells: Biology and potential applications 2011 Peter Brown (Ireland) --- Ancient History (The Graeco-Roman World) Bronislaw Baczko (Poland) --- Enlightenment Studies Russell Scott Lande (United States / United Kingdom) --- Theoretical Biology or Bioinformatics Joseph Ivor Silk (United States / United Kingdom) --- The Early Universe (From
2829-558: The government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying. In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery,
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2898-473: The guise of distress". In August 1987, Mother Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree from the university in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick. She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love". During her lifetime, Mother Teresa
2967-685: The humanities Dominique Schnapper (France) --- Sociology Walter J. Gehring (Switzerland) --- Developmental biology Xavier Le Pichon (France) --- Geology 2003 Eric Hobsbawm (United Kingdom) --- European history since 1900 Reinhard Genzel (Germany) --- Infrared astronomy Serge Moscovici (France) --- Social psychology Wen-Hsiung Li (Taiwan / United States) --- Genetics and evolution 2004 Andrew Colin Renfrew (United Kingdom) --- Prehistoric Archaeology Michael Marmot (United Kingdom) --- Epidemiology Nikki R. Keddie (United States) --- The Islamic world from
3036-2084: The humanities, natural sciences, culture, and peace on an international level. The Prizes are awarded in four subject areas: "two in literature, the moral sciences and the arts" and "two in the physical, mathematical and natural sciences and medicine." The special Prize for Humanity, Peace and Fraternity is presented at intervals of every three years or longer. 1960s–1970s [ edit ] 1961 Nobel Foundation (Sweden) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1962 Andrey Kolmogorov (Soviet Union) --- Mathematics Karl von Frisch (Austria) --- Biology Paul Hindemith (Germany) --- Music Samuel Eliot Morison (United States) --- History Pope John XXIII (Vatican) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1978 Mother Teresa of Calcutta (India) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1979 Ernest Labrousse (France) and Giuseppe Tucci (Italy) --- History Jean Piaget (Switzerland) --- Social and political sciences Torbjörn Caspersson (Sweden) --- Biology 1980s [ edit ] 1980 Enrico Bombieri (Italy) --- Mathematics Hassan Fathy (Egypt) --- Architecture and town planning Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina) --- Philology, linguistics and literary criticism 1981 Dan McKenzie (United Kingdom), Drummond Matthews (United Kingdom) and Frederick Vine (United Kingdom) --- Geology and geophysics Josef Pieper (Germany) --- Philosophy Paul Reuter (France) --- International public law 1982 Jean-Baptiste Duroselle (France) --- Social sciences Kenneth Vivian Thimann (United Kingdom / United States) --- Pure and applied botany Massimo Pallottino (Italy) --- Sciences of antiquity 1983 Edward Shils (United States) --- Sociology Ernst Mayr (Germany / United States) --- Zoology Francesco Gabrieli (Italy) --- Oriental studies 1984 Jan Hendrik Oort (Netherlands) --- Astrophysics Jean Starobinski (Switzerland) --- History and criticism of
3105-680: The literatures 1993 Jean Leclant (France) --- Art and archaeology of the ancient world Lothar Gall (Germany) --- History: societies of the 19th and 20th centuries Wolfgang H. Berger (Germany / United States) --- Paleontology with special reference to oceanography 1994 Fred Hoyle (United Kingdom) and Martin Schwarzschild (Germany / United States) --- Astrophysics (evolution of stars) Norberto Bobbio (Italy) --- Law and political science (governments and democracy) René Couteaux [ fr ] (France) --- Biology (cell structure with special reference to
3174-1443: The literatures Sewall Wright (United States) --- Genetics 1985 Ernst H. J. Gombrich (Austria / United Kingdom) --- History of western art Jean-Pierre Serre (France) --- Mathematics 1986 Jean Rivero [ fr ; pt ] (France) --- Basic human rights Otto Neugebauer (Austria / United States) --- History of science Roger Revelle (United States) --- Oceanography / climatology United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) --- Humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples 1987 Jerome Seymour Bruner (United States) --- Human psychology Phillip V. Tobias (South Africa) --- Physical anthropology Richard W. Southern (United Kingdom) --- Medieval history 1988 Michael Evenari (Israel) and Otto Ludwig Lange (Germany) --- Applied botany (incl. ecological aspects) René Étiemble (France) --- Comparative literature Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt (Israel) --- Sociology 1989 Emmanuel Lévinas (France / Lithuania) --- Philosophy Leo Pardi (Italy) --- Ethologie Martin John Rees (United Kingdom) --- High energy astrophysics 1990s [ edit ] 1990 James Freeman Gilbert (United States) --- Geophysics (solid earth) Pierre Lalive d'Epinay (Switzerland) --- Private international law Walter Burkert (Germany) --- Study of
3243-647: The nervous system) 1995 Alan J. Heeger (United States) --- Science of new non-biological materials Carlo M. Cipolla (Italy) --- Economic history Yves Bonnefoy (France) --- Art history and art criticism (as applied to European art from the Middle Ages to our times) 1996 Arno Borst [ de ; eo ; pl ] (Germany) --- History: medieval cultures Arnt Eliassen (Norway) --- Meteorology Stanley Hoffmann (Austria / United States / France) --- Political sciences: contemporary international relations International Committee of
3312-448: The order take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor." Mother Teresa received several honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize . Her life and work have inspired books, documentaries, and films. Her authorized biography, written by Navin Chawla , was published in 1992, and on 6 September 2017, she
3381-414: The organisation accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien , CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat's statement. In 1991 the country's first modern University, Senate of Serampore College (University) awarded a honorary doctorate during registrarship of D. S. Satyaranjan . Mother Teresa received
3450-566: The patron saint of missionaries; because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, she opted for its Spanish spelling of Teresa. Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta, taking the style of 'Mother' as part of Loreto custom. She served there for nearly twenty years and was appointed its headmistress in 1944. Although Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching at
3519-622: The poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it." On the Hindu right , the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Mother Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral. Vishwa Hindu Parishad , however, opposed
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#17327655948563588-630: The prize amount. These are generally announced in May, with the winners announced the September the following year. Since 2001 the prize money has increased to 1 million Swiss Francs per prize, on condition that half the money is used for projects involving young researchers. As of 2017, the amount of each of the four Balzan Prizes is now 750,000 Swiss francs (approx. €760,000; $ 750,000; £660,000). Four prizes have been awarded annually since 1978. The award fields vary each year and can be related to either
3657-503: The road to sainthood . She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large". The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996. Mother Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her
3726-547: The school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta . The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence. In 1946, during a visit to Darjeeling by train, Mother Teresa felt that she heard the call of her inner conscience to serve the poor of India for Jesus. She asked for and received permission to leave
3795-518: The school. In 1950, she founded the Missionaries of Charity , choosing a white sari with two blue borders as the order's habit. On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It
3864-443: The slums. She founded a school in Motijhil, Calcutta, before she began tending to the poor and hungry. At the beginning of 1949, Mother Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor". Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister. Mother Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year
3933-630: The vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood. By 1997, the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centres worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, the disabled, the aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine. By 2007, the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries. Mother Teresa said, "By blood, I am Albanian . By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am
4002-407: Was Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha) Bojaxhiu ( Anjezë is a cognate of Agnes ; Gonxhe means "flower bud" in Albanian ). She was born on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family in Skopje , Ottoman Empire (now the capital of North Macedonia ). She was baptised in Skopje the day after her birth. She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday". She
4071-404: Was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century , out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin. She was first in all major demographic categories except the very young. In 1979, Mother Teresa received
4140-555: Was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith." Joseph Langford , MC, founder of her congregation of priests, the Missionaries of Charity Fathers, later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa". She began missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Mother Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into
4209-420: Was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture , she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But
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#17327655948564278-461: Was clearly declining. According to the Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza , he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil . On 13 March 1997, Mother Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity. She died on 5 September. Mother Teresa lay in repose in an open casket in St Thomas, Calcutta , for
4347-473: Was considered a dangerous agent of the Vatican. Despite multiple requests and despite the fact that many countries made requests on her behalf, she was denied a chance to see her family and was not granted the opportunity to see her mother and sister. Both of them died during Hoxha's rule, and Anjezë herself was only able to visit Albania five years after the communist regime collapsed. Dom Lush Gjergji in his book "Our Mother Teresa" describes one of her trips to
4416-446: Was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film. Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism. Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Mother Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, her display of Christian charity and her efforts for peace. She received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976. After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on
4485-438: Was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981, Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests and with Joseph Langford founded the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984 to combine
4554-494: Was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months: Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for
4623-1122: Was named a co-patron of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta alongside St Francis Xavier . However, she was also a controversial figure, drawing criticism for her staunch opposition to abortion, divorce and contraception, as well as the poor conditions and lack of medical care or pain relief in her houses for the dying. Saint Thomas Christian denominations Syro-Malabar Catholic , Syro-Malankara Catholic , Latin Catholic Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church , Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Malabar Independent Syrian Church Chaldean Syrian Mar Thoma Syrian , St. Thomas Evangelical Protestant denominations Andhra Evangelical Lutheran , Assemblies Jehovah Shammah , Christian Revival Church , Church of North India , Church of South India , Garo Baptist , Indian Brethren , Indian Pentecostal Church of God , Church of God (Full Gospel) , North Bank Baptist Christian , Northern Evangelical Lutheran , Methodist Church , Presbyterian , The Pentecostal Mission , Seventh-day Adventist , United Evangelical Lutheran Mother Teresa's given name
4692-405: Was the cause of some embarrassment. Reportedly under pressure from senior clergy, who believed "the missionary traffic should be in other direction", and despite local welcome and support, she and her sisters abruptly left the city in 1973. At the height of the Siege of Beirut in 1982, Mother Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between
4761-456: Was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai). Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Ottoman Macedonia , was probably poisoned, an act attributed to Serbian agents, after he had visited Belgrade for a political meeting in 1919 when she was eight years old. He was born in Prizren (today in Kosovo ), however, his family was from Mirdita (present-day Albania ). Her mother may have been from
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