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64-480: The Belovezhskaya Pushcha Biosphere Reserve spans ab area of 216,200 ha (2,162 km; 835 sq mi) (2015), subdivided into transition, buffer, and core zones. The national park occupies 150,069 ha (1,500.69 km; 579.42 sq mi) (2015). It is located 70 km (43 mi) north of Brest . The nature reserves and the national parks cover 2.7% of the Brest Region territory and 2.6% of

128-527: A Russian puppet state. Even this, however, came to an end after a Polish insurrection in 1831 , at which point Russia ended most of the kingdom's autonomy and exacted multiple punitive measures on the Polish populace. In 1867, Russia made Poland an official part of the Russian Empire, as opposed to a puppet state. Poland would not regain full independence until the end of World War I when the signing of

192-644: A bow (both silver) on a sky-blue shield. An alternative coat of arms has a red shield. Sigismund II Augustus , King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, first granted Brest a coat of arms in 1554. As a town, Brest – Berestij in Kievan Rus – was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle in 1019 when the Kievan Rus' took the stronghold from the Poles. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus. It

256-526: A branch of Belarusian National Technical University . Among the secondary specialized educational institutions of the city: Being situated on the main railway line connecting Berlin and Moscow, and a transcontinental highway (the M1 highway is part of the European route E30 running from Cork to Omsk , where it links with Asian Highway 6 leading to Busan ), Brest became a principal border crossing out of

320-672: A ceremony marking the park's centennial. In July 2009, the Millennium Monument of Brest was unveiled. Sovetskaya Street is a popular tourist destination in Brest; it was dramatically reconstructed in 2007–2009. Other important landmarks include the Brest Railway Museum . Brest is home to two Universities: A.S. Pushkin Brest State University and Brest State Technical University . There is also

384-617: A joint Nazi-Soviet military parade took place on 22 September 1939. While Belarusians consider it a reunification of the Belarusian nation under one constituency (the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic at that time), Poles consider it the date when the city was lost. During the Soviet control (1939–41), the Polish population was subject to arrests, executions and mass deportations to Siberia and

448-672: A mass grave containing the remains of 1,214 people were found in the Brest Ghetto area during a construction project. Most are believed to have been Jews murdered by Nazis. Brest lies astride the Mukhavets River which flows west through the city, dividing it into north and south, and meets the Bug River in the Brest Fortress. The river flows slowly and gently. Today the river looks quite broad in Brest. The terrain

512-613: A nationwide uprising against Poland's foreign occupiers, marking the beginning of the Kościuszko Uprising . Catherine II and Frederick William II were quick to respond and, despite initial successes by Kosciuszko's forces, the uprising was crushed by November 1794. According to legend, when Kosciuszko fell off of his horse at the Battle of Maciejowice , shortly before he was captured, he said "Finis Poloniae", meaning in Latin "[This is]

576-883: A part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569. In 1795, it was incorporated into the Russian Empire with the Third Partition of Poland . After the Polish-Soviet War , the city became part of the Second Polish Republic . In 1939, the city was captured by Nazi Germany during the invasion of Poland and then transferred to the Soviet Union per the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty . In 1941, it

640-498: A seat of the starost in the newly created Trakai Voivodeship . Under Władysław II and Vytautas the city was significantly developed and granted privileges similar to those of the Polish city of Lublin . In 1425, the city hosted a congress attended by Władysław II, Vytautas, dukes of Masovia and Polish and Lithuanian nobles. In 1440, a Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was held in the city, at which Casimir IV Jagiellon

704-556: A small garrison of four infantry battalions under General Konstanty Plisowski against General Heinz Guderian 's XIX Panzer Corps . After four days of heavy fighting , the Polish forces withdrew southwards on 17 September. The Soviet invasion of Poland began on the same day. As a result, the Soviet Red Army entered the city at the end of September 1939 following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 's Secret Protocol, and

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768-586: Is a city in Belarus at the border with Poland opposite the Polish town of Terespol , where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet, making it a border town . It serves as the administrative center of Brest Region and Brest District , though it is administratively separated from the district. As of 2024, it has a population of 344,470. Brest is one of the oldest cities in Belarus and a historical site for many cultures, as it hosted important historical events, such as

832-413: Is fairly flat around Brest. The river has an extremely broad floodplain , that is about 2 to 3 kilometres (1 to 2 miles) across. Brest was subject to flooding in the past. One of the worst floods in recorded history occurred in 1974. Part of the floodplain was reclaimed with hydraulic mining . In the 1980s, big cutter-suction dredgers mined sand and clay from the riverbed to build up the banks. In

896-637: The Belarusian Men's Handball Championship , as well as the current (2018–19) champions. Also, there is a Women's handball club in Brest – HC Victoria-Berestie . HK Brest of the Belarusian Extraleague are the local pro hockey team. Another popular sport in Brest is football. FC Dynamo Brest is a local club playing in Belarusian Premier League . The sports venues are located on the northern riverside on

960-553: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1319. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth formed in 1569, the town became known in Polish as Brześć , historically Brześć Litewski (literally: "Lithuanian Brest", in contradistinction to Brześć Kujawski ). Brześć became part of the Russian Empire under the name Brest-Litovsk or Brest-Litovskii ( Russian : Брест-Литовск , Брест-Литовский , literally "Lithuanian Brest") in

1024-748: The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic . Many Poles were imprisoned in the local prison, and then moved to a prison in Minsk . It is suspected that they were murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre in 1940. On 22 June 1941, Brest Fortress and the city were attacked by Nazi Germany on the first day of Operation Barbarossa , Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union . The fortress held out for six days . Nearly all its Soviet army defenders perished. The Germans placed Brest under

1088-577: The Lithuanian word brasta ' ford '. Traditionally, Belarusian speakers called the city Берасце ( Bieraście ), similar to the Ukrainian name Берестя ( Berestia ). Once a center of Jewish scholarship, the city has the Yiddish name בריסק ( Brisk ), hence the term "Brisker" used to describe followers of the influential Soloveitchik family of rabbis . Brest became a part of

1152-698: The Polish Legions . In addition, Polish poets and artists would make the desire for national freedom a defining characteristic of the Polish Romanticist movement. Poland briefly regained semi-autonomy in 1807 when Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw , but this effectively ended with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The Congress created the Kingdom of Poland, sometimes called Congress Poland , as

1216-539: The Polish census of 1931 . In early September 1939, the Polish government evacuated a portion of the Polish gold reserve from Warsaw to Brześć, and then further southeast to Śniatyn at the Poland- Romania border, from where it was transported via Romania and Turkey to territory controlled by Polish-allied France . During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, the city was defended by

1280-1050: The Polish–Soviet War it was occupied by the Soviet Russians on 1 August 1920, and recaptured by the Poles on 20 August, with borders formally recognized by the Treaty of Riga of 1921. In 1921, it became the temporary capital of the Polesie Voivodeship instead of Pińsk . It was renamed Brześć nad Bugiem ( Brest on the Bug ) on 20 March 1923. The city was developed significantly and a number of representative public buildings were erected in Neoclassical and Modernist styles, especially at Ulica Unii Lubelskiej ( Union of Lublin Street, now Lenin Street), including

1344-760: The Roman-Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church . The 1596 council established the Uniate Church (also known as the Belarusian Greek Catholic Church in Belarus and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Ukraine ). A Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was held in the city in 1653. A royal mint was founded in the city by King John II Casimir Vasa in 1665. In 1657, and again in 1706,

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1408-738: The Union of Brest and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . Furthermore, the Brest Fortress was recognized by the Soviet Union as a Hero Fortress in honour of the defense of Brest Fortress in June 1941. In the High Middle Ages , the city often passed between Poland, the principalities of Kievan Rus' , and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . From the Late Middle Ages , the city was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later became

1472-632: The hydraulic fill , consisting of an indoor track-and-field centre, the Brest Ice Rink , and Belarus' first outdoor baseball stadium. On the opposite riverside is a large rowing course opened in 2007, home of the National Center for Olympic Training in Rowing. It meets international requirements and can host international competitions. Moreover, it has accommodation and training facilities, favourable location, 3 kilometres (2 miles) away from

1536-676: The 2000s, two new residential areas were developed in the southwest of Brest. To the east of Brest, the Dnieper–Bug Canal was built in the mid-nineteenth century to join the river to Pina , a tributary of the Pripyat River which in turn drains into the Dnieper . Thus Brest has a shipping route all the way to the Black Sea . If not for a dam and neglected weirs west of Brest, north-western European shipping would be connected with

1600-734: The AGSSt 3 prisoner-of-war assembly center, the Dulag 314 transit POW camp for Italians , the Stalag 397 POW camp for Soviet POWs and a subcamp of the Stalag 360 POW camp in the city. The Polish resistance movement , including the Polesie District of the Home Army , was active in the city. The city was re-occupied by the Red Army on 28 July 1944, and eventually annexed from Poland

1664-667: The Bank of Poland, Tax Chamber, Regional Chamber of the State Control, Healthcare Fund and Voivodeship Office. Other notable projects include the officials' housing estate, stylistically inspired by historic manor houses of Polish nobility and the garden city movement , and the Warburg Residential Colony, dedicated to poor Jews who had lost their homes in World War I, founded by Felix M. Warburg, chairman of

1728-538: The Black Sea also. Brest has a humid continental climate but slightly leans towards oceanic due to the irregular winter temperatures that mostly hover around the freezing point. However, summers are warm and influenced by its inland position compared to areas nearer the Baltic Sea . A majestic Soviet-era war memorial was constructed on the site of the 1941 battle to commemorate the known and unknown defenders of

1792-606: The Brest Fortress at the confluence of the Bug and Mukhavets rivers on the city' western outskirts, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, ending the war between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers and transferring the city and its surrounding region to the sphere of influence of the German Empire . This treaty was subsequently annulled by the Paris Peace Conference treaties which ended

1856-528: The Brest Fortress. This war memorial is the largest tourist attraction in the city. The Berestye Archeological Museum of the old city is located on the southern island of the Hero-Fortress . It has objects and huts dating from the 11th – 13th century that were unearthed during the 1970s. The Museum of Rescued Art Treasures has a collection of paintings and icons. Brest City Park is over 100 years old and underwent renovations from 2004 to 2006 as part of

1920-588: The Brześć population or 21,518 citizens. Some 80.3% of private enterprises were run by Jews. The Polish Army troops of the 9th Military District along with its headquarters were stationed in Brześć Fortress. The city had an overwhelmingly Jewish population in the Russian Partition : 30,000 out of 45,000 total population according to Russian 1897 census, which fell to 21,000 out of 50,000 according to

1984-611: The First Partition. Outraged with the further humiliation of Poland by her neighbors and the betrayal by the Polish nobility, and emboldened by the French Revolution unfolding in France, the Polish masses quickly turned against the occupying forces of Prussia and Russia. Following a series of nationwide riots, on 24 March 1794, Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko took command of the Polish armed forces and declared

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2048-415: The Great and Khan Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh under the Polish Deputy Chancellor Mikołaj Trąba 's initiative, to prepare for war with the Teutonic Knights , which resulted in the Tatars aiding Poland and Lithuania in the Battle of Grunwald the following year. In 1410 the city mustered a cavalry banner that participated in the Polish-Lithuanian military victory at Grunwald. In 1419 it became

2112-405: The Great the following year. From 1199 it was ruled by the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia , remaining under Polish suzerainty until 1205, when Roman the Great rebelled against Poland, but was killed in action in the Battle of Zawichost . Passing under Polish suzerainty again, in 1207, it was granted by Leszek the White as a fief to Princess Anna-Euphrosyne and her children. From 1210, it

2176-409: The Grodno Region. The park is home to a large population of European bison , the continent's heaviest land animals. It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of black and white storks , Eurasian eagle-owls , European honey-buzzards , and lesser spotted and greater spotted eagles . Most of the Białowieża Forest

2240-517: The Joint Distribution Committee of American Funds for Jewish War Sufferers. In 1929, city limits were greatly expanded. In the twenty years of Poland's sovereignty, of the total of 36 brand new schools established in the city, there were ten public, and five private Jewish schools inaugurated, with Yiddish and Hebrew as the language of instruction. The first-ever Jewish school in Brześć history opened in 1920, almost immediately after Poland's return to independence. In 1936 Jews constituted 41.3% of

2304-457: The Museum of Nature, was built. Approximately 300,000 people visit the park annually. The border between the two countries runs through the forest with the Białowieża National Park on the Polish side of the border. Since May 2015 there has been a visa-free regime within the forest for hikers and cyclists at the Pierarova - Białowieża border crossing. Brest, Belarus Brest , formerly Brest-Litovsk and Brest-on-the-Bug, Berestia ,

2368-466: The Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth was partitioned for the third time in 1795. During Russian rule in the 19th century, Brest Fortress was built in and around the city. The Russians demolished the Polish Royal Castle and most Old Town "to make room" for the fortress. The main Jewish synagogue in the city, the Choral Synagogue , was completed c. 1862. In 1895, a massive fire rendered 15,000 people homeless, and dozens were killed. During World War I ,

2432-488: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ended the existence of an independent Polish and Lithuanian state for the next 123 years. Immediately following the Third Partition, the occupying powers forced many Polish politicians, intellectuals, and revolutionaries to emigrate across Europe, in what was later known as the Great Emigration . These Polish nationalists participated in uprisings against Austria , Prussia, and Russia in former Polish lands, and many would serve France as part of

2496-500: The Soviet Union in the postwar era. Today it links the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States . The city of Brest is served by Brest-Tsentralny railway station . Because of the break-of-gauge at Brest, where the Russian broad gauge meets the European standard gauge , all passenger trains, coming from Poland , must have their bogies replaced here, to travel on across Belarus . The freight must be transloaded from cars of one gauge to cars of another. Some of

2560-418: The administration of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine . The remaining municipal Jewish population (about 20,000) was sequestered in the Brest ghetto established by the German authorities in December 1941 and later murdered in October 1942. Only seven Jews survived the Nazi executions. The Germans also operated a Nazi prison, a forced labour "education" camp for men and women, a forced labour camp for Jews,

2624-420: The border crossing along Warsaw Highway (the European route E30 ). Third Partition of Poland The Third Partition of Poland (1795) was the last in a series of the Partitions of Poland–Lithuania and the land of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth among Prussia , the Habsburg monarchy , and the Russian Empire which effectively ended Polish–Lithuanian national sovereignty until 1918 . The partition

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2688-437: The city became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , and Grand Duke Gediminas stayed in the city in the winter of 1319–1320, preparing to capture Kyiv . In 1349, it was captured by King Casimir III of Poland , however, it was restored to Lithuania in 1352. Its suburbs were burned by the Teutonic Order in 1379. In 1385, it became part of the Polish–Lithuanian union . During the Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392) , in 1390,

2752-448: The city was administratively located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship . In 1566, following the decree of Sigismund II Augustus , a new voivodeship was created – Brest Litovsk Voivodeship . During the union of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire under king Sigismund III Vasa ( Polish–Swedish union ), diets were held there. In 1594 and 1596, it was the meeting-place of two remarkable councils of regional bishops of

2816-422: The city was captured by Polish forces of Władysław II Jagiełło . In 1390, Brześć became the second city in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (after the capital Vilnius ), and the first in the lands that now are Belarus, to receive Magdeburg rights . Given its proximity to Poland, it was a significant centre for trade with Poland. In 1409 it was a meeting place of King Władysław II Jagiełło , Grand Duke Vytautas

2880-440: The country's name: In view of the necessity to abolish everything which could revive the memory of the existence of the Kingdom of Poland, now that the annulment of this body politic has been effected ... the high contracting parties are agreed and undertake never to include in their titles ... the name or designation of the Kingdom of Poland, which shall remain suppressed as from the present and forever ... The Third Partition of

2944-480: The course of the Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. After World War I, and the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the government of the Second Polish Republic renamed the city as Brześć nad Bugiem ("Brest on the Bug") on 20 March 1923. After World War II, the city became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic with the name simplified as Brest. Brest's coat of arms, adopted on 26 January 1991, features an arrow pointed upwards and

3008-419: The defending Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army , under the leadership of Szymon Zabiełło , and the invading Imperial Russian Army fought a battle near Brześć. On 19 September 1794, the area between Brest and Terespol was the site of another battle won by the Russian invaders led by Alexander Suvorov over a Polish-Lithuanian division under General Karol Sierakowski . Thereafter, Brest was annexed by Russia when

3072-400: The enactment of the May Constitution in 1791, which established a constitutional monarchy with separation into three branches of government, strengthened the bourgeoisie and abolished many of the nobility 's privileges as well as many of the old laws of serfdom. In addition, to strengthen Poland's international standings, King Stanislaus signed the Polish-Prussian Pact of 1790. Angered by what

3136-407: The end of Poland." Austrian, Prussian, and Russian representatives met on 24 October 1795 to dissolve the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the three conquering powers signing a treaty to divide the region on 26 January 1797. This gave the Habsburg monarchy control of the Western Galicia and Southern Mazovia territories, with approximately 1.2 million people; Prussia received Podlachia ,

3200-494: The following year. In 1945, the Związek Obrońców Wolności ("Freedom Defenders Association") Polish resistance organization was founded in the city, with its activities including secret Polish schooling, rescuing historical Polish monuments from devastation and organising aid for repressed people and those in a difficult material situation. The organization was crushed by the NKVD in 1948, and its members were deported to Gulag forced labour camps for 25 years. In early 2019,

3264-424: The land in the Brest rail yards remains contaminated due to the transhipment of radioactive materials here since Soviet days. However, cleanup operations have been taking place. The local airport, Brest Airport (code BQT), operates flights on a seasonal schedule to Kaliningrad in the Russian Federation and seasonal charter flights to Burgas and Antalya . HC Meshkov Brest is the most successful team of

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3328-433: The principalities of Turov and Volhynia . In 1164, it was briefly captured by Lithuanians. In 1178, it was captured by Casimir II the Just of Poland, and made the seat of his fraternal nephew Leszek, Duke of Masovia , who, however, soon lost it to the Principality of Minsk . In 1182, Casimir II the Just captured the city once again, and built a castle there, and then granted it as a fief to his sororal nephew Roman

3392-411: The remainder of Masovia, and Warsaw , with 1 million people; and Russia received the remaining land, including Vilnius and 1.2 million people. Unlike previous partitions, no Polish representative was party to the treaty. The Habsburgs, Russia, and Prussia forced King Stanislaus to abdicate and retire to St. Petersburg, where he died as a trophy prisoner in 1798. The victors also agreed to erase

3456-421: The top leaders of the Soviet state and their guests from friendly countries. In 1991, the forest acquired its current status as a state national park. In 2009 the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park celebrated the 600th anniversary of its reserve status. The park's headquarters are in Kamieniuki .All of the hotels and cafes were rebuilt and new ones were added to the park. The Eco Education Center, which houses

3520-496: The town and castle were captured by the Swedish Army during its invasions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Then, in an attack from the other direction, on 13 January 1660, the invading Streltsy of the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan Andreyevich Khovansky took the Brest Castle in an early morning surprise attack, the town having been captured earlier, and massacred the 1,700 defenders and their families (according to an Austrian observer, Captain Rosestein). On 23 July 1792,

3584-435: The town was captured by the Imperial German Army under August von Mackensen on 25 August 1915, during the Great Retreat of 1915 . Shortly after Brest fell into German hands, war poet August Stramm , who has been called "the first of the Expressionists " and one of "the most innovative poets of the First World War," was shot in the head during an attack on nearby Russian positions on 1 September 1915. In March 1918, in

3648-448: The war and even more so by events and developments in Central and Eastern Europe . During 1918, the city became a part of the Volhynia Governorate of the Ukrainian People's Republic as a result of negotiations and own treaty between the delegation of the Ukrainian Central Rada and Central Powers. On 9 February 1919, Polish troops entered the city, and it returned to Poland , which regained independence three months earlier. During

3712-410: Was chosen Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1446, a meeting of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, and Polish senators regarding the political affiliation of Volhynia took place in the city, and in 1454 Casimir IV met with Lithuanian nobility to convince them to participate in the Polish–Teutonic War on the side of Poland. In 1500, it was burned again by Crimean Tatars . From 1513,

3776-520: Was declared a national park on August 11, 1932 during the Second Polish Republic . After World War II the forest was divided in accordance with the Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945 between the People's Republic of Poland and the Byelorussian SSR of the Soviet Union . Poland reopened the Białowieża National Park in 1947. In 1957, the Belarusian part received a new status – “The State Reserve-Hunting Farm” ( Russian : Государственное заповедно-охотничье хозяйство ), intended for recreation of

3840-2018: Was directly part of Poland, until it passed to Galicia–Volhynia either in 1215 or 1217. In 1220, it passed to the Principality of Pinsk as a fief of Galicia–Volhynia. It was laid waste by the Mongols in 1241, and was not rebuilt until 1275. Possibly since the 1270s, the city was contested by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . [REDACTED] Kievan Rus' (1170–1178) ∟ Principality of Volhynia (1170–1177) ∟ Principality of Minsk (1177–1178) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1178– c.  1179 ) ∟ Duchy of Masovia (1178– c.  1179 ) [REDACTED] Kievan Rus' ( c.  1179 –1182) ∟ Principality of Minsk ( c.  1179 –1182) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1182– c.  1217 ) ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1205) [REDACTED] Principality of Galicia–Volhynia ( c.  1217 –1246) [REDACTED] Golden Horde (1246–1319) ∟ Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (1246–1253) ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1253–1319) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1319–1320) [REDACTED] Golden Horde (1320–1321) ∟ Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1320–1321) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1321–1349) [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland (1349–1351) [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1351–1569) [REDACTED] Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1795–1812) [REDACTED] French occupation (1812) [REDACTED] Russian Empire (1812–1915) [REDACTED] German occupation (1915–1918) [REDACTED] Second Polish Republic (1918–1919) [REDACTED] SSR Byelorussia (1919) [REDACTED] Second Polish Republic (1919–1939) [REDACTED] Soviet occupation (1939–1941) [REDACTED] German occupation (1941–1944) [REDACTED] Soviet occupation (1944–1945) [REDACTED]   Soviet Union (1945–1991) [REDACTED]   Belarus (1991– present ) In 1319,

3904-487: Was hotly contested between the Polish rulers (kings, principal dukes and dukes of Masovia ) and Kievan Rus princes. It was recaptured by Poland in 1020, and unsuccessfully besieged by Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev in 1022. It was captured by Yaroslav the Wise, according to various sources, either in 1042 or 1044, then by 1076 recaptured by King Bolesław II the Bold of Poland, but then lost again by his successor Władysław I Herman . Afterwards, it often passed between

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3968-449: Was retaken by the Germans during Operation Barbarossa . In 1944, it was retaken by the Soviet Red Army during the Lublin–Brest offensive . The city was part of the Byelorussian SSR until the breakup of the USSR in 1991. Since then, Brest has been part of independent Belarus . Several theories attempt to explain the origin of the city's name. The name could originate from Slavic root berest ' elm '. It could likewise have come from

4032-545: Was seen as dangerous, Jacobin -style reforms, Russia invaded Poland in 1792, beginning the War in Defense of the Constitution . Abandoned by her Prussian allies and betrayed by Polish nobles who desired to restore the privileges they had lost under the May Constitution, Poland was forced to sign the Second Partition in 1793, which ceded Dobrzyn, Kujavia, and a large portion of Greater Poland to Prussia and all of Poland's eastern provinces from Moldavia to Livonia to Russia, reducing Poland to one-third of her original size before

4096-429: Was the result of the Kościuszko Uprising and was followed by a number of Polish–Lithuanian uprisings during the period. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, in an attempt to strengthen the significantly weakened Commonwealth, King Stanisław August Poniatowski put into effect a series of reforms to enhance Poland's military, political system, economy, and society. These reforms reached their climax with

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