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67-744: Woollarawarre Bennelong ( c. 1764 – 3 January 1813), also spelt Baneelon , was a senior man of the Eora , an Aboriginal Australian people of the Port Jackson area, at the time of the first British settlement in Australia in 1788. Bennelong served as an interlocutor between the Eora and the British, both in the colony of New South Wales and in the United Kingdom. Woollarawarre Bennelong,

134-490: A Gweagal woman, Kurubarabüla, after kidnapping her, and they stayed together a year until his departure for England. On his return, he had a son named Dickey with his final wife, Boorong . Dickey was adopted by Anglican priest William Walker and christened as Thomas Walter Coke. Boorong was later buried with Bennelong when they had both died. Bennelong was brought to the settlement at Sydney Cove in November 1789 by order of

201-443: A Port Jackson Dharuk root buugi- . In December 2020, Olivia Fox sang a version of Australia's national anthem in Eora at Tri Nations Test match between Australia and Argentina. Eora territory is composed of sandstone coastal outcrops and ridges, coves, mangrove swamps, creeks and tidal lagoons, was estimated by Norman Tindale to extend over some 700 square miles (1,800 km ), from Port Jackson's northern shores up to

268-558: A brick house for Bennelong at the site of the present Sydney Opera House at Tubowgulle , (Bennelong Point). The hut was demolished five years later. When the First Fleet of 1,300 convicts, guards, and administrators arrived in January 1788, the Eora numbered about 1,500. By early 1789 frequent remarks were made of great numbers of decomposed bodies of Eora natives which settlers and sailors came across on beaches, in coves and in

335-469: A counter-raid by robbing settlers and demanded Phillip to tell him the name of the soldier who killed Bangai. Phillip still wanted to maintain the friendship and by February 1791, Bennelong and the governor had again reached a reconciliation. Bennelong and another Aboriginal man, named Yemmerrawanne (or Imeerawanyee), travelled with Phillip on Atlantic to England in 1792. Many historians have claimed that they were presented to King George III , but there

402-406: A disreputable person amongst the colonists, being described as "a most insolent and troublesome savage" whose retaliatory action of spearing a soldier had "rendered him more hateful than any of his countrymen". Bennelong also apparently expressed a desire "of spearing the governor whenever he saw him". Despite the disparaging view the colonists held toward Bennelong, by the early 1800s he had become

469-460: A few months later in May 1789. Bennelong (married at the time to Barangaroo) was captured with Colebee (married to Daringa) on 25 November 1789 as part of Phillip's plan to learn the language and customs of the local people. William Bradley painted a watercolour of the occasion and described the capture in his journal as the "most unpleasant service" he was ever ordered to undertake. Bennelong's age, at

536-521: A handkerchief, is the first known text written in English by an Indigenous Australian. Within a short time, he took to the bush, reappearing only occasionally to dine at the servants' table in Governor King's residence . Many colonial reports complain of his refusal to rejoin "polished society". He participated in fighting contests over women and officiated at traditional ceremonies, including

603-478: A nasal consonant and almost certainly represents an inconsistency in transcription. Indeed, Troy gives an initial nasal consonant in her reference form nura for "place or country", which agrees with her and others' observation that "Australian languages do not usually have initial vowels". Despite the lack of evidence for the use of the word "Eora" as an ethnonym, Aboriginal people in Sydney have also begun to use

670-452: A person's subsection group is known, their relationship to any other Lardil can be determined. A Ngarrijbalangi is a 'father' to a Bangariny, a 'father-in-law' to a Yakimarr and a 'son' to another Bangariny, either in a social sense or purely through linearship. The mechanics of the Lardil skin system means that generations of males cycle back and forth between two subsections. Ngarrijbalangi

737-436: A point first made by David Collins and underlined decades later by a visiting Russian naval officer, Aleksey Rossiysky in 1814, who wrote: each man considers his own community to be the best. When he chances to meet a fellow-countryman from another community, and if someone speaks well of the other man, he will invariably start to abuse him, saying that he is reputed to be a cannibal, robber, great coward and so forth. Eora

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804-561: A profound mark of respect, Colebee's nephew Nanbaree , who died in 1821, asked to be buried with Bennelong. Bennelong's final wife, Boorong , was also interred in the same gravesite. Bidgee Bidgee, who led the Kissing Point clan for twenty years after Bennelong's death, asked to be buried with Bennelong as well, but there is no record of his death or of where he is buried. On 20 March 2011, Peter Mitchell of Macquarie University announced that he had located Bennelong's grave site under

871-499: A residential property at present-day 25 Watson Street, Putney, New South Wales , and stated that local Aboriginal authorities would be consulted about possible further exploration of the site. In November 2018, the New South Wales Government announced that it had bought the house and would turn the site into a public memorial to Bennelong, together with a museum commemorating the impact of British colonisation on

938-676: A social innovation originally from the Daly River region of the Northern Territory, which then spread rapidly southwards to other groups. The Yolŋu people of north-eastern Arnhem Land divide society (and much of the natural world) into two moieties : Dhuwa and Yirritja . Each of these is represented by people of a number of different groups (each with their own lands, languages and philosophies) through their hereditary estates – so many things are either Yirritja or Dhuwa : Fish, stone, river, sea etc., belongs to one or

1005-450: A spear at the soldiers, severely wounding one after the weapon pierced right through the man's abdomen. Bennelong would have been instantly killed for this action had not the provost marshal Thomas Smyth, interceded and dragged Bennelong away. Bennelong was beaten on the head with the butt of a musket and incarcerated for a night. On being released, he threatened the white people and left the settlement. After this incident, Bennelong became

1072-494: A subsection. They are also universal, meaning that every member of the society is assigned a position in the system. Subsection systems are found in Aboriginal societies across much of Central, Western and Northern Australia. On the basis of detailed analysis and comparison of the various subsection systems and their terminologies, and in particular the apparent prefix /j-/ for male and /n-/ for female, it has been identified as

1139-504: A tenuous peace between the Eora and the British that enabled some Aboriginal people to continue to exist as survivors in their own invaded land. Bennelong was played by actor Charles Yunupingu in the 1980 TV series The Timeless Land . Actor Jacob Junior Nayinggul portrayed Bennelong in reenactment sequences in the 2022 documentary series The Australian Wars . Eora The Eora / jʊər ɑː / (also Yura ) are an Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales . Eora

1206-414: A time limit on formal battles engaged to settle inter-tribal grievances. Such fights were regulated to begin late in the afternoon, and to cease shortly after twilight. When the colony was first established at Sydney Cove, the Eora were at first bewildered by settlers wreaking havoc on their trees and landscape. They were disconcerted by the suspicion these visitors were ghosts, whose sex was unknown, until

1273-412: A unique social structure that divide all of Australian Aboriginal society into a number of groups, each of which combines particular sets of kin. In Central Australian Aboriginal English vernacular, subsections are widely known as " skins ". Each subsection is given a name that can be used to refer to individual members of that group. Skin is passed down by a person's parents to their children. The name of

1340-425: A warrior who could switch between the British and Aboriginal worlds, and use the colonists' desire for conciliation as an advantage to both himself and his people. His on-again, off-again friendship with the British governors ultimately saw other Aboriginal people being brought into contact with the colony at Sydney. In contributing to some of the first cross-cultural communication between the groups, he helped establish

1407-526: Is discussed at length by the Aboriginal Heritage Office: There is a move away from using words like Eora, Dharug, Guringai among some of those involved but still a sense by others that these words now represent a part of Aboriginal culture in the 21st century. It seems clear that with each new piece of research the issue remains confusing with layer upon layer of interpretation based on the same lack of original information. This

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1474-434: Is exacerbated where writers make up names for their own problem-solving convenience. In the absence of factual evidence, it seems the temptation to fill the void with something else becomes very strong and this does not appear to be done in consultation with Aboriginal people who then inherit the problem. The language spoken by the Eora has, since the time of R. H. Mathews , been called Dharug , which generally refers to what

1541-576: Is father to Bangariny and Bangariny is father to Ngarrijbalangi and similarly for the three other pairs of subsections. Generations of women, however, cycle through four subsections before arriving back at the starting point. This means that a woman has the same subsection name as her ( matrilineal ) great-great-grandmother. The Pintupi of the Western Desert also have an eight-subsection system, made more complex by distinct forms for male and female subsection names; male forms begin with "Tj",

1608-444: Is known as the inland variety, as opposed to the coastal form Iyora (or Eora). It was described as "extremely grateful to the ear, being in many instances expressive and sonorous", by David Collins . It became extinct after the first two generations, and has been partially reconstructed in some general outlines from the many notes made of it by the original colonists, in particular from the notebooks of William Dawes , who picked up

1675-558: Is no direct evidence that this occurred. Soon after their arrival in England, they were hurriedly made clothes that would have been suitable for their presentation to the King. Jack Brook reconstructs some of their activities from the expense claims lodged with the government. They visited St Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London . A boat was hired, and they went bathing; they also went to

1742-479: Is no primary evidence for the derivation of the word, this theory remains speculation. Contemporary linguistic analysis of the primary evidence does not support this theory either. The only primary source for the word "country", the anonymous vocabulary (ca. 1790–1792), records the word three times: twice with an initial nasal consonant ( no-rār , we-ree norar ), and only once with an initial vowel ( warr-be-rong orah ), although in that case it occurs immediately after

1809-540: Is the name given by the earliest European settlers to a group of Aboriginal people belonging to the clans along the coastal area of what is now known as the Sydney basin, in New South Wales , Australia . The Eora share a language with the Darug people, whose traditional lands lie further inland, to the west of the Eora. Contact with the first white settlement's bridgehead into Australia quickly devastated much of

1876-404: Is used specifically of the people around the first area of white settlement in Sydney. The generic term Eora generally is used with a wider denotation to embrace some 29 clans. The sizes of these clans could range from 20 to 60 but averaged around 50 members. -gal denominates the clan or extendeds family group affixed to the place name. The Wangal, Wallumettagal and Burramattagal constituted

1943-866: The Hawkesbury River plateau's margins, around Pittwater . Its southern borders were as far as Botany Bay and the Georges River . Westwards it extended to Parramatta . In terms of tribal boundaries, the Kuringgai lay to the north: on the Western edges were the Darug ; and to the south, around Kundul were the Gwiyagal , a northern clan of the Tharawal . Their clan identification, belonging to numerous groups of about 50 members, overrode more general Eora loyalties, according to Governor Phillip ,

2010-398: The governor , Arthur Phillip , who was under instructions from King George III to establish relationships with the indigenous populations. At that time, the Eora conscientiously avoided contact with the newcomers, and in desperation Phillip resorted to kidnapping. A man named Arabanoo was captured, but he, like many other Aboriginal people near the settlement, died in a smallpox epidemic

2077-449: The Aboriginal people of the Sydney area. Bennelong's legacy was long contested. Among many others, Manning Clark wrote: "Bennelong disgusted his civilizers and became an exile from his own people." In recent decades, he has been defended, as someone who saw the best and worst of Western civilization and, having done so, rejected it, recreating a modified form of traditional lifestyle at Kissing Point. Bennelong has also been recognised as

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2144-530: The Martuthunira. The Lardil of Mornington Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria have eight subsection groups, shown here with some of their totems: Each Lardil person belongs to one of these groups. Their paternal grandfather 's subsection determines their own; so a Balyarriny man or woman will have a Balyarriny grandfather. Members of each group may only marry members of one other, specified, group. Once

2211-593: The bays. Canoes, commonly seen being paddled around the harbor of Port Jackson, had disappeared. The Sydney natives called the disease that was wiping them out ( gai-galla ) and what was diagnosed as a smallpox epidemic in April 1789 effectively decimated the Port Jackson tribes. Robert King states that of an estimated 2,000 Eora, half (Bennelong's contemporary estimate ) were decimated by the contagion. Smallpox and other introduced disease, together with starvation from

2278-452: The black men (or Eora) came from? In The Sydney Language (1994), Troy respells the word "Eora" as yura and translates it as "people, or Aboriginal people". In addition to this entry for "people, or Aboriginal people", Troy also gives an entry for "non-Aboriginal person", for which she lists the terms wadyiman , djaraba , djibagalung , and barawalgal . The distinction between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people, observed by Troy and

2345-463: The delight of recognition ensued when one sailor dropped his pants to clarify their perplexity. There were 17 encounters in the first month, as the Eora sought to defend their territorial and fishing rights. Misunderstandings were frequent: Governor Phillip mistook scarring on women's temples as proof of men's mistreatment, when it was a trace of mourning practices. From the outset, the colonizers kidnapped Eora to train them to be intermediaries between

2412-408: The deteriorating relations between the two groups as more and more land was cleared and fenced for farming, and the hardening attitudes of many colonists towards "savages" who were not willing to give up their country and become labourers and servants useful to the colonists. Bennelong's people mourned his death with a traditional highly ritualised battle for which about two hundred people gathered. As

2479-647: The epidemic. It has been suggested that either rogue convicts/settlers or the governing authority itself spread the smallpox when ammunition stocks ran low and muskets, when not faulty, proved inadequate to defend the outpost. It is known that several officers of the Fleet had experience of war in North America where using smallpox to diminish tribes had been used as early as 1763. Several foreign reports, independent of English sources, such as those of Alexandro Malaspina in 1793 and Louis de Freycinet in 1802 give

2546-418: The female forms with "N". The Warlpiri system is almost the same: The Kunwinjku of Western Arnhem Land have a similar system; male forms begin with Na- , the female forms with Ngal- : Each person therefore has a patrimoiety and a matrimoiety , a father's and a mother's subsection group. Outsiders who have significant interaction with such groups may be given a 'skin name', commonly based on

2613-533: The geographic area that they describe, and none state their source. Despite the lack of evidence for its use as an ethnonym, the word is used as such by Tindale (1974) in his Aboriginal Tribes of Australia , and Horton (1994) in his map of Aboriginal Australia in the Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia , which has been widely circulated by AIATSIS . Kohen proposes that "Eora" is derived from "e" meaning "yes" and "ora" meaning "country". Given that there

2680-475: The governor away to safety. Willemering was a kurdaitcha from Broken Bay , and it has been suggested by some historians that he had been enlisted by Bennelong to carry out payback for the latter's sense of personal injury on having been kidnapped. In this view, some form of atonement was necessary as a prelude to any further arrangements with the colonists. Phillip ordered that no retaliation take place and Bennelong, some days later, turned up to visit him as he

2747-609: The groups can vary. There are systems with two such groupings (these are known as ' moieties ' in kinship studies), systems with four (sections), six and eight (subsection systems). Some language groups extend this by having distinct male and female forms, giving a total of sixteen skin names, for example the Pintupi (listed below) and Warlpiri. While membership in skin groups is ideally based on blood relations, Australian Aboriginal subsection systems are classificatory, meaning that even people who are not actual blood relations are assigned to

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2814-462: The impression that the settlers' relations with the Eora who survived the epidemic were generally amenable. Governor Phillip chose not to retaliate after he was speared by Willemering at Kayemai (Manly Cove) on 7 September 1790, in the presence of Bennelong who had, in the meantime, "gone bush". Governor William Bligh wrote in 1806: "Much has been said about the propriety of their being compelled to work as Slaves, but as I have ever considered them

2881-501: The languages spoken by the Eora from his companion Patyegarang . Some of the words of Aboriginal language still in use today are from the Darug (also possibly Tharawal ) language and include: dingo = dingu ; woomera= wamara ; boomerang=combining wamarang and bumarit , two sword-like fighting sticks; corroboree = garabara ; wallaby , wombat , waratah , and boobook (owl). The Australian bush term bogey (to bathe) comes from

2948-474: The last recorded initiation ceremony in Port Jackson in 1797. In December 1797, factional feuding between Bennelong's associates and their opponents resulted in Bennelong's colleague, Colebee, killing an Aboriginal man in a dishonourable fashion. Colebee was subsequently punished in public according to cultural law , but when British soldiers interfered to protect Colebee, Bennelong became enraged. He threw

3015-560: The leader of a 100-strong group of Aboriginal people, remnants of the dispossessed Port Jackson clans, living on the north side of the Parramatta River to the west of Kissing Point in Wallumedagal country. He was held in respect as an authoritative elder not only by his own group, but also by the remaining Gweagal people of Botany Bay . He died on 3 January 1813 at Kissing Point on the Parramatta River in Sydney and

3082-464: The letters represent two distinct phonemes , and are not a digraph ). Similar systems are found across most language groups in the Pilbara, though with some variation in the forms of the names. For example, speakers of Ngarla use Milangka where Martuthunira use Pal.yarri . The Alyawarre language group from Central Australia also have a four-section system, but use different terms from

3149-596: The one at Circular Quay in the 1880s. An Eora song has survived. It was sung by Bennelong and Yemmerrawanne at a concert in London in 1793. Their words and the music were transcribed by Edward Jones and published in 1811. A modern version of the song was rendered by Clarence Slockee and Matthew Doyle at the State Library of NSW, August 2010, and may be heard online. Source: Tindale 1974 , p. 193 Australian Aboriginal kinship Subsection systems are

3216-505: The other moiety. Things that are not either Dhuwa or Yirritja are called wakinŋu . Yolŋu also have a kinship system with eight subsections (four Dhuwa and four Yirritja which is what creates moiety). The Gamilaraay language group from New South Wales have a four-section system. The Martuthunira language group from the Pilbara region of Western Australia have a four-section system. (The spelling ⟨l.y⟩ indicates that

3283-416: The plundering of their fish resources, is said to have accounted for the virtual extinction of the 30–50 strong Cadigal clan on the peninsula ( kattai ) between Sydney Cove and South Head. J. L. Kohen estimates that between 50 and 90 percent of members of local tribes died during the first three years of settlement. No settler child showed any symptoms of the disease. The English rebuffed any responsibility for

3350-581: The population through epidemics of smallpox and other diseases. Their descendants live on, though their languages, social system, way of life and traditions are mostly lost. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity occurred in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years, in the Upper Paleolithic period. However, numerous Aboriginal stone tools found in Sydney's far western suburbs gravel sediments were dated to be from 45,000 to 50,000 years BP , which would mean that humans could have been in

3417-506: The primary sources, is also found in other Australian languages. For example, Giacon observes that Yuwaalaraay speakers used different lexical items for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal persons: dhayn / yinarr for an Aboriginal man/woman, and wanda/wadjiin for a non-Aboriginal man/woman. Whereas the primary sources, Troy, and Attenbrow only use the word "Eora" or its reference form yura in its original sense "people" or "Aboriginal people", from 1899 onwards non-Aboriginal authors start using

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3484-586: The real Proprietors of the Soil, I have never suffered any restraint whatever on these lines, or suffered any injury to be done to their persons or property." Governor Macquarie established a Native Institution to house aboriginal and also Māori children to civilize them, on the condition they could only be visited by their parents on one day, 28 December, a year. It proved a disaster, and many children died there. Aboriginal people continued to camp in central Sydney until they were evicted from their camps, such as

3551-399: The region earlier than thought. The word "Eora" has been used as an ethnonym by non-Aboriginal people since 1899, despite there being "no evidence that Aboriginal people had used it in 1788 as the name of a language or group of people inhabiting the Sydney peninsula". Since the late 20th century it has also come to be used as an ethnonym by Aboriginal people too. The word first appears in

3618-531: The settlers and the indigenous people. The first man to suffer this fate was the Guringai Arabanoo , who died soon after in the smallpox epidemic of 1789. Several months later, Bennelong and Colebee were captured for a similar purpose. Colebee escaped, but Bennelong stayed for several months, learning more about British food needs, etiquette, weaponry and hierarchy than anything the British garnered from conversing with him. Eventually Phillip built

3685-564: The ship that took surgeon George Bass to the colony for the first time. Bass nursed him back to health and in exchange Bennelong taught him a sufficient amount of Dharug to enable the former to communicate with the indigenous Eora on arriving in Sydney. Of the 2 years and 10 months he spent abroad, 18 months had been passed either at sea or on board ships in a dock. Bennelong arrived back in Sydney on 7 September 1795. A letter he had drafted in 1796 to Mr and Mrs Phillip, thanking Mrs Phillip for caring for him in England and asking for stockings and

3752-650: The son of Goorah-Goorah and Gagolh, was a member of the Wangal clan, connected with the south side of Parramatta River , having close ties with the Wallumedegal clan, on the west side of the river, and the Burramattagal clan near today's Parramatta. He had several sisters, Wariwéar, Karangarang, Wûrrgan and Munânguri, who married important men from nearby clans, thereby creating political links for their brother. He had five names, given at different times during

3819-521: The theatre. While in London, they resided with Henry Waterhouse , and when Yemmerrawanne became sick, they moved to Eltham and resided at the house of Edward Kent, where they were tended by Mr and Mrs Phillips, and met Lord Sydney . Yemmerrawanne died while in Britain after a serious chest infection, and Bennelong's health deteriorated. He returned to Sydney in February 1795 on HMS  Reliance ,

3886-658: The three Parramatta saltwater peoples. It has been suggested that these had a matrilineal pattern of descent. The traditional Eora people were largely coastal dwellers and lived mainly from the produce of the sea. They were expert in close-to-shore navigation, fishing, cooking, and eating in the bays and harbours in their bark canoes. The Eora people did not grow or plant crops; although the women picked herbs which were used in herbal remedies . They made extensive use of rock shelters, many of which were later destroyed by settlers who mined them for their rich concentrations of phosphates, which were then used for manure. Wetland management

3953-414: The time of his capture, was estimated at 25, and he was described as being "of good stature, stoutly made", with a "bold, intrepid countenance". His appetite was such that "the ration of a week was insufficient to have kept him for a day", and "love and war seemed his favourite pursuits". Colebee soon escaped, but Bennelong stayed in the settlement for several months, then slipped away. Four months later, he

4020-504: The various ritual inductions he underwent. The other four are given as Wolarrebarre, Wogultrowe, Boinba, and Bundabunda. The island of Memel in Port Jackson was part of his personal property, inherited through his father. He had several wives: the first, whose name is not known, died, probably from smallpox , before he was captured. He then married the Cammeray clanswoman Barangaroo , who died shortly after in 1791. He then took up with

4087-427: The word as an ethnonym, in the sense "Aboriginal people of Sydney", despite the lack of evidence for this use. In two journal articles published in 1899, Wentworth-Bucknell and Thornton give "Ea-ora" as the name of the "tribe" who inhabited " Port Jackson " and "the Sydney district" respectively, and this definition appears to be copied directly in a 1908 wordlist. Attenbrow points out that none of these authors clarify

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4154-745: The word as such. For example, in the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council 's Protocols for welcome to country and acknowledgement , the Council gives this example acknowledgement of country: The Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council and its members would like to acknowledge the traditional owners of the lands within our boundaries, the 29 clan groups of the Eora Nation. […] The dilemma in using terms "coined by 19th century anthropologists (e.g. Daruk) or modified from their original meaning (e.g. Eora)"

4221-439: The wordlists of First Fleet officers, where it was mostly translated as "men" or "people": Collins's wordlist is the only original wordlist that does not translate the term as "men" or "people"; however, in the text of his Account , Collins uses the word to mean "black men", specifically in contrast to white men: Conversing with Bennilong … [I observed] that all the white men here came from England. I then asked him where

4288-473: Was buried in the orchard of the brewer James Squire , a friend to Bennelong and his clan. His death notice in the Sydney Gazette was dismissive, insisting that "he was a thorough savage, not to be warped from the form and character that nature gave him"—which reflected the feelings of some in Sydney's white society that Bennelong had abandoned his role as ambassador in his last years, and also reflects

4355-512: Was important: Queenscliff , Curl Curl and the Dee Why lagoons furnished abundant food, culled seasonally. Summer foods consisted of oyster, netted mullet caught in nets, with fat fish caught on a line and larger fish taken on burley and speared from rock ledges. As summer drew to an end, feasting on turtle was a prized occasion. In winter, one foraged for and hunted possum , echidna , fruit bats , wallaby and kangaroo . The Eora placed

4422-632: Was recovering from the wound, and their relationship was renewed. In a gesture of kinship , Bennelong bestowed upon Phillip the Aboriginal name Wolawaree and learned to speak English. In 1790, Phillip built a hut for him on what became known as Bennelong Point (now occupied by the Sydney Opera House ). However, their association remained tense after Bennelong's friend, Bangai, was shot dead near Dawe's Point by soldiers in December 1790 for his supposed role in stealing potatoes. Bennelong led

4489-472: Was sighted by officers in Manly Cove , and Phillip was notified. The governor hurried over and approached Bennelong, who was with a group of roughly 20 warriors. Phillip took a gesture by Bennelong towards another Aboriginal man, Willemering , as an invitation for an introduction, and extended his hand to the latter, who responded by spearing Phillip in the shoulder. A scuffle broke out, but the officers led

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