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80-488: Gambit features reporting about local politics, news, food and drink, arts, music, film, events, environmental issues and other topics, as well as listings. Gambit publishes 36,000 papers each Tuesday, which are distributed to 400 locations in the New Orleans metro area beginning Sunday afternoon. In January 2009, the paper changed its name from Gambit Weekly , to which it had been renamed in 1996, back to Gambit ,

160-414: A breach may experience flooding similar to a natural event, while damage near a breach can be catastrophic, including carving out deep holes and channels in the nearby landscape. Under natural conditions, floodwaters return quickly to the river channel as water-levels drop. During a levee breach, water pours out into the floodplain and moves down-slope where it is blocked from return to the river. Flooding

240-413: A civilian labor force of over 650,000 and there are over 65,000 students enrolled in the region's nine universities and eight community/technical colleges as well as thriving film, technology and healthcare industries. In 2018, New Orleans was documented for its growing technology sector. Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport hosts 15 airlines, 54 nonstop flights, and connects to all U.S. hubs;

320-527: A combined population of 899,123 in 1960 and 1,045,809 in 1970. By the 1980 census , the population had increased by 14% to 1,187,073. In 1983, the official name was changed to the New Orleans metropolitan statistical area (New Orleans MSA). Two more parishes, St. Charles and St. John the Baptist , were added to the metropolitan area the same year, making a six-parish MSA. The newly defined area had

400-400: A controlled inundation by the military or a measure to prevent inundation of a larger area surrounded by levees. Levees have also been built as field boundaries and as military defences . More on this type of levee can be found in the article on dry-stone walls . Levees can be permanent earthworks or emergency constructions (often of sandbags ) built hastily in a flood emergency. Some of

480-612: A distance of some 610 km (380 mi). The scope and scale of the Mississippi levees has often been compared to the Great Wall of China . The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recommends and supports cellular confinement technology (geocells) as a best management practice. Particular attention is given to the matter of surface erosion, overtopping prevention and protection of levee crest and downstream slope. Reinforcement with geocells provides tensile force to

560-422: A dyke may be a drainage ditch or a narrow artificial channel off a river or broad for access or mooring, some longer dykes being named, e.g., Candle Dyke. In parts of Britain , particularly Scotland and Northern England , a dyke may be a field wall, generally made with dry stone . The main purpose of artificial levees is to prevent flooding of the adjoining countryside and to slow natural course changes in

640-444: A high suspended sediment fraction and thus are intimately associated with meandering channels, which also are more likely to occur where a river carries large fractions of suspended sediment. For similar reasons, they are also common in tidal creeks, where tides bring in large amounts of coastal silts and muds. High spring tides will cause flooding, and result in the building up of levees. Both natural and man-made levees can fail in

720-449: A longstanding political belief that judges should be appointed, not elected). The paper sponsors the annual Big Easy Theater Awards and Big Easy Music Awards, honoring New Orleans' best performing artists. On October 1, 2007, Gambit launched Blog of New Orleans to supplement its website Best of New Orleans with daily updates on New Orleans news, politics, arts, music, sports, cuisine and local culture. Its other publications include CUE,

800-474: A monthly home and fashion magazine and BRIDE & GROOM, a twice-annual wedding guide. The paper's columnists include political editor Clancy DuBos, who is also a political analyst and commentator on WWL-TV . Past columnists include Chris Rose, Jeremy Alford, Andrei Codrescu , and Ronnie Virgets . Other former writers and editors include Michael Tisserand , author of the books The Kingdom of Zydeco and Sugarcane Academy , Scott Jordan, former spokesman for

880-614: A new, ground-up terminal opened November 6, 2019. The Port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River operates in the area with more than $ 296 million capital infrastructure investment for quick container turnaround and increased capacity. Industrial projects, especially in St. James Parish , were estimated to help the New Orleans metro area add 4,600 jobs in 2018 and 7,600 in 2019, according to an annual economic forecast. The Greater New Orleans economy also benefits from expansions in

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960-428: A number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a levee breach . Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in

1040-675: A population of 685,405. Following a term change by the Bureau of the Budget (present-day U.S. Office of Management and Budget ), the New Orleans SMA was called the New Orleans standard metropolitan statistical area (New Orleans SMSA). By the census of 1960 , the population had grown to 868,480, a 27% increase over the previous census. St. Tammany Parish was added to the New Orleans SMSA in 1963. The four-parish area had

1120-799: A property-boundary marker or drainage channel. Where it carries a stream, it may be called a running dike as in Rippingale Running Dike , which leads water from the catchwater drain , Car Dyke, to the South Forty Foot Drain in Lincolnshire (TF1427). The Weir Dike is a soak dike in Bourne North Fen , near Twenty and alongside the River Glen , Lincolnshire . In the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads ,

1200-464: A racial makeup of 51% White Americans, 35% Blacks or African Americans, 3% Asians, 2% from two or more races, and 9% Hispanic or Latinos of any race. The area's median age was 39 and the population made up 52% females and 48% males. Almost 8% of the population were foreign-born with the majority of origins from Latin America and Asia . The predominant language spoken among the racial and ethnic makeup

1280-525: A ridge and increasing the river channel's capacity. Alternatively, levees can be artificially constructed from fill , designed to regulate water levels. In some circumstances, artificial levees can be environmentally damaging . Ancient civilizations in the Indus Valley , ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China all built levees. Today, levees can be found around the world, and failures of levees due to erosion or other causes can be major disasters, such as

1360-412: A shorter route to the ocean and begin building a new delta. Wave action and ocean currents redistribute some of the sediment to build beaches along the coast. When levees are constructed all the way to the ocean, sediments from flooding events are cut off, the river never migrates, and elevated river velocity delivers sediment to deep water where wave action and ocean currents cannot redistribute. Instead of

1440-421: A shorter time interval means higher river stage (height). As more levees are built upstream, the recurrence interval for high-water events in the river increases, often requiring increases in levee height. During natural flooding, water spilling over banks rises slowly. When a levee fails, a wall of water held back by the levee suddenly pours out over the landscape, much like a dam break. Impacted areas far from

1520-422: A steep population decline after the hurricane, though by the 2020 census, it had regained a good portion of that loss. The post-August 2005 decline in the city's population negatively impacted population numbers for the entire metropolitan area, which had a population of 1,337,726 million as recorded in the 2000 United States census . Most of the decline in population was accounted for by the decline experienced in

1600-487: A total of 1,256,256 residents in 1980, but that number had declined to 1,238,816 in 1990. The New Orleans MSA expanded to eight parishes in 1993 with the inclusion of Plaquemines and St. James. The eight-parish area had a combined population of 1,285,270 at the 1990 census and 1,337,726 in 2000. The MSA was renamed the New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner metropolitan statistical area in 2003, and St. James Parish

1680-447: A waterway to provide reliable shipping lanes for maritime commerce over time; they also confine the flow of the river, resulting in higher and faster water flow. Levees can be mainly found along the sea, where dunes are not strong enough, along rivers for protection against high floods, along lakes or along polders . Furthermore, levees have been built for the purpose of impoldering, or as a boundary for an inundation area. The latter can be

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1760-541: Is English only, followed by Spanish . Greater New Orleans residents had an estimated per capita income of $ 31,889 and median household income of $ 55,710. Roughly 16.4% of the metropolis lived at or below the poverty line . In 2023, St. Tammany was split off into its own metropolitan area, leaving the New Orleans MSA with seven parishes and tabulating an adjusted 2020 census population of 1,007,275. The New Orleans–Metairie–Slidell combined statistical area (CSA)

1840-537: Is electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). This non-destructive geophysical method can detect in advance critical saturation areas in embankments. ERT can thus be used in monitoring of seepage phenomena in earth structures and act as an early warning system, e.g., in critical parts of levees or embankments. Large scale structures designed to modify natural processes inevitably have some drawbacks or negative impacts. Levees interrupt floodplain ecosystems that developed under conditions of seasonal flooding. In many cases,

1920-429: Is an elevated ridge , natural or artificial, alongside the banks of a river , often intended to protect against flooding of the area adjoining the river. It is usually earthen and often runs parallel to the course of a river in its floodplain or along low-lying coastlines. Naturally occuring levees form on river floodplains following flooding, where sediment and alluvium is deposited and settles, forming

2000-546: Is below mean sea level. These typically man-made hydraulic structures are situated to protect against erosion. They are typically placed in alluvial rivers perpendicular, or at an angle, to the bank of the channel or the revetment , and are used widely along coastlines. There are two common types of spur dyke, permeable and impermeable, depending on the materials used to construct them. Natural levees commonly form around lowland rivers and creeks without human intervention. They are elongated ridges of mud and/or silt that form on

2080-420: Is important in order to design stable levee and floodwalls . There have been numerous studies to investigate the erodibility of soils. Briaud et al. (2008) used Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software, numerical simulations were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when

2160-453: Is made up of nine Louisiana parishes and one Mississippi county. The CSA includes two metropolitan areas and two micropolitan areas . At the 2019 American Community Survey , the combined statistical area had a population of 1,507,017. In 2022 following a redrawing of the former New Orleans–Metairie–Hammond combined statistical area, and the addition of a Slidell metropolitan area, it had a census-estimated population of 1,485,510. In 2019,

2240-451: Is permanently diverted through the gap. Sometimes levees are said to fail when water overtops the crest of the levee. This will cause flooding on the floodplains, but because it does not damage the levee, it has fewer consequences for future flooding. Among various failure mechanisms that cause levee breaches, soil erosion is found to be one of the most important factors. Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens

2320-573: Is prolonged over such areas, waiting for floodwater to slowly infiltrate and evaporate. Natural flooding adds a layer of sediment to the floodplain. The added weight of such layers over many centuries makes the crust sink deeper into the mantle , much like a floating block of wood is pushed deeper into the water if another board is added on top. The momentum of downward movement does not immediately stop when new sediment layers stop being added, resulting in subsidence (sinking of land surface). In coastal areas, this results in land dipping below sea level,

2400-585: Is provided by Amtrak on the Crescent , City of New Orleans , and Sunset Limited routes. The Port of New Orleans is the 3rd-largest port in the United States , as measured by total bulk tonnage exported. According to the same source, the adjoining Port of South Louisiana is the largest port in the United States when measured by the same factor. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

2480-475: Is provided to Cancun, London, Montreal, San Pedro Sula, and Toronto. Major highways in the area include Interstate 10 , Interstate 12 , Interstate 610 , Interstate 310 , Interstate 510 , Interstate 55 , and Interstate 59 , as well as U.S. Highway 90 and U.S. Highway 61 . The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway , a 24-mile (39 km) span that is the world's longest bridge over water, connects Metairie (on

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2560-535: Is responsible for the design and construction of Greater New Orleans' flood protection system. In 2007, Louisiana voters created a new Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority (SLFPA) to coordinate with the Corps of Engineers regarding flood protection issues. Levee A levee ( / ˈ l ɛ v i / or / ˈ l ɛ v eɪ / ), dike ( American English ), dyke ( British English ; see spelling differences ), embankment , floodbank , or stop bank

2640-583: The Louisiana Democratic Party , and Rich Collins, a member of the children's music group Imagination Movers . The paper has won many local and national honors, and former Gambit writer Katy Reckdahl was awarded Hunter College 's James Aronson Award for Social Justice Journalism in 2002 for her series on the mistreatment of the homeless , and a 2002 Casey Journalism Center Medal for Distinguished Coverage of Children and Family Issues for her report titled "Louisiana Juvenile Justice" on

2720-525: The Nile Delta on the shores of the Mediterranean . The Mesopotamian civilizations and ancient China also built large levee systems. Because a levee is only as strong as its weakest point, the height and standards of construction have to be consistent along its length. Some authorities have argued that this requires a strong governing authority to guide the work and may have been a catalyst for

2800-547: The Tallulah Correctional Center for Youth . New Orleans metropolitan area The New Orleans metropolitan area , designated the New Orleans–Metairie metropolitan statistical area by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget , or simply Greater New Orleans ( French : Grande Nouvelle-Orléans , Spanish : Gran Nueva Orleans ), is a metropolitan statistical area designated by

2880-577: The United States Census Bureau encompassing seven Louisiana parishes —the equivalent of counties in other U.S. states —centered on the city of New Orleans . The population of Greater New Orleans was 1,271,845 in 2020, up from 1,189,166 at the 2010 United States census . Greater New Orleans is the most populous metropolitan area in Louisiana, and the 45th most populous in the United States. According to 2017 census estimates,

2960-1163: The $ 1 billion Veterans Affairs Medical Center were constructed for the Greater New Orleans metropolitan region. HDTV channels are in green. † Indicates analog low power station Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport is located to the west of downtown, in the city of Kenner . As of 2023, the airport is currently served by fifteen airlines. Domestic nonstop service is provided to Akron, Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Bentonville, Boston, Charleston, Charlotte, Chicago (O'Hare and Midway), Cincinnati, Columbus, Dallas (DFW and Love Field), Denver, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Ft. Myers, Hartford, Houston (Bush Intercontinental and Hobby), Jacksonville, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Louisville, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Nashville, New York (JFK, LaGuardia, and Newark), Norfolk, Orlando (Orlando International and Sanford), Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Phoenix, Raleigh, Richmond, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, St. Louis, Tampa, Tulsa, and Washington DC (Reagan National and Dulles). International nonstop service

3040-638: The Mississippi, stretching from Cape Girardeau , Missouri , to the Mississippi delta . They were begun by French settlers in Louisiana in the 18th century to protect the city of New Orleans . The first Louisiana levees were about 90 cm (3 ft) high and covered a distance of about 80 km (50 mi) along the riverside. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Mississippi River Commission, extended

3120-444: The New Orleans metropolitan area and New Orleans–Metairie–Slidell combined statistical areas lie on a very low sea level elevation, though further inland near the Mississippi border its area above sea level increases to 371 feet. The New Orleans metropolitan area was first defined in 1950. Then known as the New Orleans standard metropolitan area (New Orleans SMA), it consisted of three parishes—Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard—and had

3200-402: The area include, Globalstar , Textron , Receivables Exchange, Tidewater Marine , and Intralox . Other companies with large operations in the New Orleans MSA include DXC Technology , Folgers , AT&T , and GE Capital to name a few. The New Orleans area has 88% of the nation's oil rigs off its coast, and is in the top three in the country in oil and gas production. The metropolis boasts

3280-495: The area with an average of 2.6 persons per household. An estimated 50% of households were married couples, 7% had a male householder with no female present, 23% female with no male householder present, and 19% non-family households. Roughly 43% of the metropolitan population was married and 57% were unmarried. The Greater New Orleans unmarried population included 40% males and 36% females never married. In 2019, there were 561,747 housing units and 63% were owner-occupied. Nearly 70% of

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3360-484: The broader New Orleans–Metairie–Slidell combined statistical area (CSA) had a population of 1,510,562. The New Orleans metropolitan area was devastated by Hurricane Katrina —once a category 5 hurricane, but a category 3 storm at landfall—on August 29, 2005. Within the city of New Orleans proper, multiple breaches and structural failures occurred in the system of levees and flood walls designed under federal government auspices. The city of New Orleans experienced

3440-527: The catastrophic 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans that occurred as a result of Hurricane Katrina . Speakers of American English use the word levee , from the French word levée (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever , 'to raise'). It originated in New Orleans a few years after the city's founding in 1718 and was later adopted by English speakers. The name derives from

3520-637: The city of Vancouver , British Columbia , there are levees (known locally as dikes, and also referred to as "the sea wall") to protect low-lying land in the Fraser River delta, particularly the city of Richmond on Lulu Island . There are also dikes to protect other locations which have flooded in the past, such as the Pitt Polder, land adjacent to the Pitt River , and other tributary rivers. Coastal flood prevention levees are also common along

3600-416: The city of New Orleans proper ( coterminous with Orleans Parish); the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the city's population dropped from 453,728 prior to the storm (July 1, 2005) to 389,476, the estimate for 2020. Greater New Orleans is the largest regional economy in Louisiana and borders the second largest economically-important area, Greater Baton Rouge . One Fortune 500 company is headquartered in

3680-475: The city of New Orleans), Plaquemines , St. Bernard , St. Charles , St. James , and St. John the Baptist . St. Tammany , Tangipahoa , and Washington parishes all lie across Lake Ponchartrain from New Orleans, and are oftentimes included as part of the region. According to the New Orleans region's chamber of commerce , GNO, Inc. (formerly Metrovision), the region boasts a civilian labor force of over 650,000 and there are over 65,000 students enrolled in

3760-488: The development of systems of governance in early civilizations. However, others point to evidence of large-scale water-control earthen works such as canals and/or levees dating from before King Scorpion in Predynastic Egypt , during which governance was far less centralized. Another example of a historical levee that protected the growing city-state of Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan and the neighboring city of Tlatelōlco,

3840-588: The earliest levees were constructed by the Indus Valley civilization (in Pakistan and North India from c.  2600 BCE ) on which the agrarian life of the Harappan peoples depended. Levees were also constructed over 3,000 years ago in ancient Egypt , where a system of levees was built along the left bank of the River Nile for more than 1,000 kilometers (600 miles), stretching from modern Aswan to

3920-479: The earth together. On the land side of high levees, a low terrace of earth known as a banquette is usually added as another anti-erosion measure. On the river side, erosion from strong waves or currents presents an even greater threat to the integrity of the levee. The effects of erosion are countered by planting suitable vegetation or installing stones, boulders, weighted matting, or concrete revetments . Separate ditches or drainage tiles are constructed to ensure that

4000-876: The foundation does not become waterlogged. Prominent levee systems have been built along the Mississippi River and Sacramento River in the United States , and the Po , Rhine , Meuse River , Rhône , Loire , Vistula , the delta formed by the Rhine, Maas/Meuse and Scheldt in the Netherlands and the Danube in Europe . During the Chinese Warring States period , the Dujiangyan irrigation system

4080-592: The health care sector and the National World War II Museum , as well as airport construction. Formosa Petrochemicals' $ 9.4 billion complex in St. James Parish and Venture Global's $ 8.5 billion liquefied natural gas export facility at the Port of Plaquemines were planned yet Formosa's construction delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic . A long-delayed $ 1.1 billion University Medical Center and

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4160-440: The households were single unit households, 28% were multi-units and approximately 3% were mobile homes. The median value of owner-occupied housing units was $ 211,900, about 25% higher than the amount in Louisiana at the time ($ 172,100). At the 2019 estimates 47% of housing units were from under $ 100,000 to $ 100,000 to $ 200,000. The New Orleans metropolitan area gained 12.5% of move-ins since 2018. As of 2020, Greater New Orleans had

4240-450: The impact is two-fold, as reduced recurrence of flooding also facilitates land-use change from forested floodplain to farms. In a natural watershed, floodwaters spread over a landscape and slowly return to the river. Downstream, the delivery of water from the area of flooding is spread out in time. If levees keep the floodwaters inside a narrow channel, the water is delivered downstream over a shorter time period. The same volume of water over

4320-462: The inland coastline behind the Wadden Sea , an area devastated by many historic floods. Thus the peoples and governments have erected increasingly large and complex flood protection levee systems to stop the sea even during storm floods. The biggest of these are the huge levees in the Netherlands , which have gone beyond just defending against floods, as they have aggressively taken back land that

4400-549: The laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation, similar to the experimental tests, while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions. Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping. Another approach applied to prevent levee failures

4480-471: The levee system beginning in 1882 to cover the riverbanks from Cairo, Illinois to the mouth of the Mississippi delta in Louisiana. By the mid-1980s, they had reached their present extent and averaged 7.3 m (24 ft) in height; some Mississippi levees are as high as 15 m (50 ft). The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee extends southwards from Pine Bluff , Arkansas , for

4560-420: The levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a crevasse splay . In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of meander cutoffs if the river flow direction

4640-475: The levees in the area, created for the purpose of farming the fertile tidal marshlands. These levees are referred to as dykes. They are constructed with hinged sluice gates that open on the falling tide to drain freshwater from the agricultural marshlands and close on the rising tide to prevent seawater from entering behind the dyke. These sluice gates are called " aboiteaux ". In the Lower Mainland around

4720-543: The main channel, this will make levee overtopping more likely again, and the levees can continue to build up. In some cases, this can result in the channel bed eventually rising above the surrounding floodplains, penned in only by the levees around it; an example is the Yellow River in China near the sea, where oceangoing ships appear to sail high above the plain on the elevated river. Levees are common in any river with

4800-457: The majority are minority, with only 45.2% being non-Hispanic whites. In 2013, St. James was once again included in the MSA, which at the same time was renamed to "New Orleans–Metairie". The 2019 U.S. census estimates determined the New Orleans metropolitan area's population stood at 1,270,530. In 2020, its population increased to 1,271,845. Of the metropolitan population, 485,267 households made up

4880-445: The majority of The Lake being drained in the 17th century. Levees are usually built by piling earth on a cleared, level surface. Broad at the base, they taper to a level top, where temporary embankments or sandbags can be placed. Because flood discharge intensity increases in levees on both river banks , and because silt deposits raise the level of riverbeds , planning and auxiliary measures are vital. Sections are often set back from

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4960-522: The name under which it had been founded in 1981. On April 9, 2018, Georges Media, the holding company for The New Orleans Advocate , purchased Gambit . Regular features include "Opening Gambit" (political news briefs), and "Thumbs Up & Thumbs Down," weekly awards for the city's "heroes and zeroes." Gambit also publishes a weekly editorial and issues endorsements in many political races, with two notable exceptions: it does not endorse in national elections, nor does it endorse in judicial elections (on

5040-399: The ocean migrating inland, and salt-water intruding into freshwater aquifers. Where a large river spills out into the ocean, the velocity of the water suddenly slows and its ability to transport sand and silt decreases. Sediments begin to settle out, eventually forming a delta and extending to the coastline seaward. During subsequent flood events, water spilling out of the channel will find

5120-484: The overtopping water impinges the levee. By analyzing the results from EFA test, an erosion chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed. Hughes and Nadal in 2009 studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to

5200-572: The racial and ethnic makeup of the combined statistical area was 54% White, 33% Black or African American, 3% Asian, 2% from two or more races, and 8% Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of 2022, its racial and ethnic composition was 52% White, 31% Black or African American, 2% Asian, 1% other race or ethnicity, 5% two or more races, and 9% Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2019, it had a median household income of $ 53,766 and per capita income of $ 30,533. There were 572,520 households and 667,185 housing units. The median value of an owner-occupied housing unit

5280-454: The rebellious Batavi pierced dikes to flood their land and to protect their retreat (70  CE ). The word dijk originally indicated both the trench and the bank . It closely parallels the English verb to dig . In Anglo-Saxon , the word dic already existed and was pronounced as dick in northern England and as ditch in the south. Similar to Dutch, the English origins of

5360-515: The region's nine universities and eight community/technical colleges. The Louisiana State Legislature created a commission (the Regional Planning Commission) to be responsible for the planning and development of the New Orleans metropolitan area. The eight parishes covered by the commission are: Jefferson, Orleans, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, St. Tammany and Tangipahoa. Each parish within

5440-494: The region, Entergy . The largest companies operating in the New Orleans metropolitan area are Globalstar , AT&T , GE Capital , and the Port of New Orleans . Home to some of Louisiana's most-visited tourist destinations, tourists have spent over $ 10.05 billion in 2019. For U.S. census purposes, the New Orleans–Metairie metropolitan statistical area includes seven parishes: Jefferson , Orleans ( coterminous with

5520-413: The river floodplains immediately adjacent to the cut banks. Like artificial levees, they act to reduce the likelihood of floodplain inundation. Deposition of levees is a natural consequence of the flooding of meandering rivers which carry high proportions of suspended sediment in the form of fine sands, silts, and muds. Because the carrying capacity of a river depends in part on its depth, the sediment in

5600-440: The river to form a wider channel, and flood valley basins are divided by multiple levees to prevent a single breach from flooding a large area. A levee made from stones laid in horizontal rows with a bed of thin turf between each of them is known as a spetchel . Artificial levees require substantial engineering. Their surface must be protected from erosion, so they are planted with vegetation such as Bermuda grass in order to bind

5680-575: The riverbed, even up to a point where the riverbed is higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees, are found for the Yellow River in China and the Mississippi in the United States. Levees are very common on the marshlands bordering the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia , Canada . The Acadians who settled the area can be credited with the original construction of many of

5760-404: The soil to better resist instability. Artificial levees can lead to an elevation of the natural riverbed over time; whether this happens or not and how fast, depends on different factors, one of them being the amount and type of the bed load of a river. Alluvial rivers with intense accumulations of sediment tend to this behavior. Examples of rivers where artificial levees led to an elevation of

5840-621: The south shore) to Mandeville on the North Shore. Should metropolitan New Orleans appear to be threatened by a severe hurricane , the Louisiana State Police are prepared to enact a contraflow lane reversal program in order to evacuate the metropolitan area as quickly as possible. Metropolitan New Orleans is served by six of the seven Class 1 freight railroads operating in North America. Passenger train service

5920-492: The trait of the levee's ridges being raised higher than both the channel and the surrounding floodplains. The modern word dike or dyke most likely derives from the Dutch word dijk , with the construction of dikes well attested as early as the 11th century. The 126-kilometer-long (78 mi) Westfriese Omringdijk , completed by 1250, was formed by connecting existing older dikes. The Roman chronicler Tacitus mentions that

6000-494: The water which is over the flooded banks of the channel is no longer capable of keeping the same number of fine sediments in suspension as the main thalweg . The extra fine sediments thus settle out quickly on the parts of the floodplain nearest to the channel. Over a significant number of floods, this will eventually result in the building up of ridges in these positions and reducing the likelihood of further floods and episodes of levee building. If aggradation continues to occur in

6080-482: The word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has meant that the name may be given to either the excavation or to the bank. Thus Offa's Dyke is a combined structure and Car Dyke is a trench – though it once had raised banks as well. In the English Midlands and East Anglia , and in the United States, a dike is what a ditch is in the south of England,

6160-483: Was $ 202,000 and 6.7% of CSA's population were foreign-born. Over 60% of the former New Orleans–Metairie–Hammond combined statistical area's foreign-born population were from Latin America as of 2019. In 2019, 17.3% of the CSA lived at or below the poverty line. Greater New Orleans is home to one of the busiest ports in the world. Greater New Orleans' single Fortune 500 company is Entergy . Other companies headquartered in

6240-642: Was built by the Qin as a water conservation and flood control project. The system's infrastructure is located on the Min River , which is the longest tributary of the Yangtze River , in Sichuan , China . The Mississippi levee system represents one of the largest such systems found anywhere in the world. It comprises over 5,600 km (3,500 mi) of levees extending some 1,000 km (620 mi) along

6320-488: Was constructed during the early 1400s, under the supervision of the tlahtoani of the altepetl Texcoco, Nezahualcoyotl. Its function was to separate the brackish waters of Lake Texcoco (ideal for the agricultural technique Chināmitls ) from the fresh potable water supplied to the settlements. However, after the Europeans destroyed Tenochtitlan, the levee was also destroyed and flooding became a major problem, which resulted in

6400-416: Was removed. At the 2010 U.S. census, the metropolitan statistical area's population grew to 1,189,166. The overall racial composition of the New Orleans metropolitan area was as follows: White 58.2% ( non-Hispanic white ) 52.4%, Black or African American 32.5%, American Indian 0.8%, Asian 3.5%, some other race 2.8%, two or more races 2.0%, and Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 8.6%. For those under 18,

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