62-511: Panchkula district was formed as the 17th district of the Indian state of Haryana on 15 August 1995. It comprises two sub divisions and two tehsils : Panchkula and Kalka . It has 264 villages, out of which 12 are uninhabited and ten wholly merged with towns or treated as census towns according to the 1991 census. There are five towns in the district: Barwala , Kalka , Panchkula , Pinjore and Raipur Rani . The total population of
124-613: A humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ) characterised by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall, and great temperature variation (−1 to 45 °C or 30.2 to 113.0 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,110.7 millimetres or 43.73 inches. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the Western Disturbance originating over the Mediterranean Sea . The western disturbances bring rain predominantly from mid-December until
186-581: A union territory , is not entitled to a state-level election: thus State Assembly elections are not held and it is directly controlled by the central government . One seat for Chandigarh is allocated in the Lok Sabha elections held every five years. Manish Tewari ( INC ) is the Member of Parliament elected in 2024 from the Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency . The city is governed by
248-512: A civic administration or local government headed by Municipal Commissioner Anindita Mitra and Mayor Sarbjit Kaur. The city comprises 35 wards represented by 35 elected councillors , and also nominates 9 councillors. On 27 March 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced that the Chandigarh employees who were working under the Punjab service rules until 2022, would be working under
310-565: A couple of historical mosques in Manimajra and Burail. The Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh serves the Catholics of the city, with a co-cathedral in the city, which also governs most of the convent schools in Chandigarh. The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Chandigarh, as of year 2020. The table below shows the district nutrition profile of women in Chandigarh between
372-430: A population density of 622 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,610/sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.32%. Panchkula has a sex ratio of 870 females for every 1,000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.4%. 55.81% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes made up 18.14% of the population. Languages of Panchkula district (2011) At the 2011 Census of India , 82.13% of
434-474: A population of 1,055,450, giving it a density of about 9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for every 1,000 males. The child-sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has an effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%. 10.8% of
496-565: A vast area of flat, fertile land. Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar , while the remainder of its terrain is part of the Terai . Its surrounding cities are Mohali , New Chandigarh , Patiala , Zirakpur and Rupnagar in Punjab, and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana. Chandigarh is situated 44 km (28 miles) north of Ambala , 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar , and 250 km (156 miles) north of Delhi . Chandigarh has
558-573: Is a city and union territory in northern India , serving as the shared capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana . Situated near the foothills of the Himalayas , it borders Haryana to the east and Punjab in the remaining directions. Chandigarh constitutes the bulk of the Chandigarh Capital Region or Greater Chandigarh, which also includes the adjacent satellite cities of Panchkula in Haryana and Mohali in Punjab. It
620-440: Is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantations. Ashoka , cassia , mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem. The city is surrounded by forests that sustain many animal and plant species. Deer , sambars , barking deer , parrots, woodpeckers , and peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in
682-644: Is known for its green belts and other special tourist parks. Sukhna Lake itself hosts the Garden of Silence . The Rock Garden , is located near the Sukhna Lake and has numerous sculptures made by using a variety of different discarded waste materials. The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden (which is also Asia's largest rose garden) contains nearly 825 varieties of roses in it and more than 32,500 varieties of other medicinal plants and trees. Other gardens include
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#1732798449067744-479: Is located 260 km (162 miles) north of New Delhi and 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar . Chandigarh is one of the earliest planned cities in post independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier , which built upon earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and
806-400: Is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal husbandry, etc. These officers belong to the various State Services. The Government of Haryana has divided Haryana state in the following 22 districts: List of films , Chandrawal , Jagat Jakhar ) Chandigarh Chandigarh ( / ˌ tʃ ʌ n d ɪ ˈ ɡ ɑːr / )
868-572: Is often called a "Pensioner's Paradise". Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board has been set up by the Government of India . There are about 15 medium-to-large industries, including two in the public sector . In addition, Chandigarh has over 2,500 units registered under the small-scale sector. The city's important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys, and machinery. Other industries in
930-430: Is the capital of Punjab and Haryana jointly. On 1 November 1966 Haryana was constituted as a separate state with seven districts, according to the partition plan of the then East Punjab . The seven districts were Rohtak , Jind , Hisar , Mahendragarh , Gurgaon , Karnal , Ambala . The partition was based on the linguistic demographics and was held after the recommendation of Sardar Hukam Singh —the then Speaker of
992-499: Is the nation's eighteenth most populous . The state borders with Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north and Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh . Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region . Chandigarh
1054-590: Is the nodal department for this purpose and has published a detailed booklet about it. The trees in the city that are a hundred or more years old have been given heritage status . Sukhna Lake , a 3 km artificial rain-fed lake in Sector 1, was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills . Chandigarh has a belt of parks running from sectors. It
1116-404: Is the predominant religion of Chandigarh followed by 80.71% of the population. Sikhism is the second most followed religion in the city, followed by 13.11% of the people, followed by Islam at 4.87%. Minorities are Christians at 0.83%, Jains at 0.19%, Buddhists at 0.11%, those that didn't state a religion at 0.10%, and others are 0.02%. There are several places of worship located all over
1178-559: The Indian Administrative Service . The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Haryana Civil Service and other state services. A Superintendent of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of
1240-479: The Shivalik Range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 114 km . It borders the states of Punjab and Haryana. The exact geographic coordinates of Chandigarh are 30°44′N 76°47′E / 30.74°N 76.79°E / 30.74; 76.79 . It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft). The city, lying in the northern plains, includes
1302-783: The Tabakhat-i-Nasiri . Timur sacked Pinjore on his return from Delhi. After Timur's invasion, Panchkula fell out of central control until 1450, when Bahlol Lodhi , then governor of Punjab, restored central control over the region as Sultan. Panchkula remained in Lodhi hands until Babur crushed the Lodhis at the Battle of Panipat and set up the Mughal Empire. Panchkula was part of the Sirhind Sarkar of Delhi Subah . During
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#17327984490671364-644: The "Second Machine Age". Two of the six monuments planned in the Capitol Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly, and the Secretariat, remain incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and Martyrs Memorial. Drawings were made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed. The capital city was officially shifted from Shimla to Chandigarh on 21 September 1953, though Chandigarh
1426-645: The American planner Albert Mayer . Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by a team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry . Chandigarh's Capitol Complex —as part of a global ensemble of Corbusier's buildings—was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the 40th session of the World Heritage Conference in July 2016. Chandigarh has grown greatly since its initial construction, and has also driven
1488-609: The Chandigarh Smart City Ltd (CSCL) board is yet to take the final decision. In 2021, the BJP-ruled corporation had increased the water tariff by 1.5 to 2.5 times. This created a widespread discontent among the residents. In 2021, there was an acute shortage of parking spaces. The problem was aggravated by an increase of 17% in parking rates by the Municipal Corporation. The increase in
1550-775: The Garden of Fragrance in Sector 36, Garden of Palms in Sector 42, Butterfly Park in Sector 26, Valley of Animals in Sector 49, the Japanese Garden in Sector 31, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33, Shanti Kunj Garden, the Botanical garden and the Bougainvillea Garden. There is also the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh in Sector 10. As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had
1612-677: The Haryana Police Service and other Haryana Police officials. A Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service is responsible for managing the Forests, environment and wild-life related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Haryana Forest Service and other Haryana Forest officials and Haryana Wild-Life officials. Sectoral development
1674-472: The Lok Sabha —Parliamentary Committee. A further 15 districts were added later by re-organizing the erstwhile districts. The First Chief minister of Haryana was Pt. Bhagwat Dayal Sharma . In 2016, Charkhi Dadri district was carved out of the larger Bhiwani. A district of Haryana state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to
1736-699: The Palace of Assembly, and the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier also designed the general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors. Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's many Open Hand sculptures, standing 26 metres high. The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of "peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive." It represents what Le Corbusier called
1798-643: The ages of 15 to 49 years, as of the year 2020. Article 239 of the Constitution of India provides for the administration of the Union Territories by the President through an administrator. Since 1984 the Governor of Punjab has served concurrently as the administrator of Chandigarh . Gulab Chand Kataria has been the administrator of the union territory since 27 July 2024. Chandigarh, as
1860-552: The central civil services rules from 1 April 2022. The move was criticised by political parties such as the AAP , the INC and the Akali Dal . Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation after 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election as of December 2021: The prime responsibilities of the civic body Municipal Corporation Chandigarh , are to ensure cleanliness and sanitation in
1922-676: The city are food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals, and electrical appliances. The main occupation here is trade and business. However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court , Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) , the availability of an IT Park, and more than a hundred government schools provide other job opportunities to people. Four major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry, ASSOCHAM India , Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI)
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1984-540: The city describes itself. As part of the partition of India in 1947, the former Indian province of Punjab was divided into two parts, the mostly Hindu and Sikh East Punjab in India, and the mostly Muslim West Punjab in Pakistan . The capital of undivided Punjab, Lahore , had become part of Pakistan after the partition. Instead of shifting the capital to an already existing and established city, Jawaharlal Nehru ,
2046-595: The city, illumination of street lights, maintenance of parks, and sewerage disposal. The city has both brick and pipe sewers laid in four phases. In September 2020, the civic body announced that it would upgrade and renew the 50-year-old sewerage system. The pilot project for the 24x7 water supply is expected to begin in Chandigarh in May 2021, which was initially to start in September 2020 and end in March 2022. On 8 April 2021,
2108-464: The city, with many in each sector, including the historic Mata Basanti Devi Mandir in Sector 24. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Shitala and specially visited by devotees during first Tuesday of Chaitra month after Holi . Chandi Mandir , Mata Mansa Devi Mandir and Mata Jayanti Devi Mandir are important Hindu temples located near Chandigarh. Nada Sahib Gurudwara, a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity. Apart from this, there are
2170-462: The development of Mohali and Panchkula; the "tri-city" metropolitan area has a combined population of over 1,611,770. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country. The union territory has one of the highest Human Development Index among Indian states and territories. In 2015, a survey by LG Electronics ranked it as the happiest city in India on the happiness index. In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh one of
2232-538: The district is 319,398 out of which 173,557 are males and 145,841 are females. At the 2011 Census of India , it was the least populous district of Haryana. Panchkula city is the headquarters of this district. Chandimandir Cantonment is located in this district, adjoining the Panchkula Urban Estate. The primary languages spoken in the district are Hindi and Puadhi dialect of Punjabi. While both languages are widely used in urban and rural settings,
2294-585: The end of April, which can be heavier sometimes with strong wind and hail if the weather turns colder (during March–April months), which usually proves disastrous to local crops. Cold winds usually tend to come from the Himalayas that lie to the north, which receive snowfall during wintertime. The city experiences the following seasons and the respective average temperatures: Chandigarh has been ranked 27th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India. Most of Chandigarh
2356-569: The few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture, cultural growth, and modernisation. The name Chandigarh is a compound of Chandi and Garh . Chandi refers to the Hindu goddess Chandi and Garh means fortress. The name is derived from Chandi Mandir , an ancient temple devoted to Chandi near the city in Panchkula District. The motif or sobriquet of "The City of Beauty"
2418-528: The first Prime Minister of India, envisioned an altogether new and modern city to be built to serve as the capital of Punjab . Partap Singh Kairon , then the Chief Minister of East Punjab , and Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai , then the Chief Secretary of East Punjab, were instrumental in creating Chandigarh as the capital of the state. In 1949, the American planner and architect Albert Mayer
2480-414: The former state of Punjab was split in two . The western and northern mostly Punjabi -speaking portion became the present-day state of Punjab , while the eastern and southern Hindi- and Haryanvi -speaking areas became Haryana . Chandigarh ended up being located on the border of the two states, and both of them moved to incorporate the city into their respective territories. However, the city of Chandigarh
2542-615: The growth of the economy, especially in the Services sector. The government is a major employer in Chandigarh, with three governments having their base here, those being the Chandigarh Administration, the Punjab government, and the Haryana government. A significant percentage of Chandigarh's population, therefore, consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service, mainly armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh
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2604-402: The land's gentle grade promoted proper drainage. Mayer stopped his work on the city after his architect-partner Matthew Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950. Government officials recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and Nowicki, who utilised many elements of Mayer's original plan without attributing them to him. Le Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High Court,
2666-497: The people to fight against the British. At the time of Partition in 1947, Panchkula, like the rest of Punjab, saw riots which forced its Muslim population to flee to Pakistan and their replacement by Hindu and Sikh refugees from Pakistan. In 1950, the city of Chandigarh was founded in the then-middle of Punjab, situated very close to Panchkula. In 1966, Punjab was trifurcated into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. Ambala district
2728-409: The population in the district declared their first language to be Hindi , 9.48% Punjabi , 2.72% Haryanvi and 1.19% Pahari . List of films , Chandrawal , Jagat Jakhar ) 30°41′24″N 76°51′36″E / 30.69000°N 76.86000°E / 30.69000; 76.86000 Districts of Haryana Haryana , with 22 districts , is a state in the northern region of India and
2790-455: The population is under 6 years of age. The population of Chandigarh formed 0.09 per cent of India in 2011. There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just 17.10% growth between 2001 and 2011. Since the 1951–1961 period, the growth rate has decreased from 394.13% to 17.10%, a likely cause being the rapid urbanisation and development in neighbouring cities. The urban population constitutes 97.25% of
2852-470: The prevalence of the Puadhi dialect is a defining characteristic of Panchkula district's rural culture. Panchkula takes its name from Panch khul , five natural springs in the area. The earlier main town in the region was Pinjore. Near the later part of the 7th century and early part of the 8th century, the district was part of the empires of Yasovarman of Kannauj and Lalitaditya Muktapida of Kashmir. It
2914-623: The region was dotted with various minor principalities such as Ramgarh, Raipur, Kotaha and Kizhirabad, which were practically independent. In 1755, Adina Beg defeated Qutub Khan, and in return was given the sarkar of Sirhind, included present Panchkula district. In 1753, Ahmed Shah Abdali invaded the region and took over the Sirhind Sarkar. Afghan rule was ended when the Sikhs killed Abdali's governor, Zain Khan Sirhindi , in 1763. Afterwards Panchkula district became part of various Sikh misls, and
2976-569: The reign of Aurangzeb , Fidai Khan Koka , his Master of Ordinance, constructed the Pinjore Gardens (now called Yadvindra Gardens) for use by Aurangzeb as a summer retreat. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, Banda Singh Bahadur , a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh, ravaged erstwhile Ambala district, including Panchkula, but was defeated at the Battle of Sadhaura in 1710. In 1739, the region was plundered again by Nader Shah . After his retreat,
3038-412: The state of rights over Chandigarh. [1] Present-day Chandigarh was also the site of a short-lived late 18th-century principality, with a small fort at Mani Majra . Many villages that predate the city are still inhabited within the modern blocks of some sectors, including Burail and Attawa , while several other such villages lie on the margins of the city. Chandigarh is located by the foothills of
3100-415: The third-largest deposit center and seventh-largest credit center nationwide as of June 2012. With an average household monthly income of ₹ 199,000 (US$ 2,400), Chandigarh is one of the richest towns in India. Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2014–15 is estimated at ₹290 billion ( short scale ) (US$ 4.3 billion) at current prices. According to a 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in
3162-473: The top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations" ahead of cities like Beldon (Amritsar) . The Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park, also known as the Chandigarh IT Park, is an special economic zone which has facilities for information technology. Technology Park, which has changed the economic scenario of the city and the vicinity by facilitating
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#17327984490673224-613: The total and the rural population makes up 2.75%, as there are only a few villages within Chandigarh, situated on its Western and South-Eastern border, and the majority of people live in the heart of Chandigarh. Languages of Chandigarh (2011) English is the sole official language of Chandigarh. The majority of the population speaks Hindi (67.76%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.02%. Government schools use English, Hindi, and Punjabi textbooks. The percentage of Punjabi speakers has fallen from 36% in 1981 to 22% in 2011, while that of Hindi speakers has increased from 51% to 78%. Hinduism
3286-469: The waste collection charges, water tariff and property tax rates during the last five years 2016 to 2021 were unpopular among the public. During the COVID-19 pandemic in India , concerns were raised about whether sufficient relief measures had been taken by the local government. The sitting Councillors were accused of not being found to be approachable when the public needed support. In 2016, Chandigarh
3348-404: The winter season. The Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh provides a home to a large number of parrots. Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998. Many trees in Chandigarh are given the status of the natural heritage of the city. The Chandigarh government has identified a list of 31 trees as Heritage Trees. The Department of Forest & Wildlife Chandigarh Administration
3410-481: Was commissioned to design a new city to be called "Chandigarh". The government carved out Chandigarh from about fifty Puadhi -speaking villages in the then-state of East Punjab, India. Shimla was the temporary capital of the state until Chandigarh was completed. Albert Mayer developed a superblock -based city interspersed with green spaces, with an emphasis on cellular neighbourhoods and traffic segregation. His site plan took advantage of natural land characteristics;
3472-415: Was controlled directly by the central government and was to serve as the shared capital of the two states until a resolution could be reached. It has been noted by industrialists that large real-estate projects have stagnated since the creation of Chandigarh in Punjab and Haryana as an economic rival city would be perceived as a city that could be used as capital instead of Chandigarh and hence relinquishing
3534-526: Was derived from the City Beautiful movement , which was a popular philosophy in North American urban planning during the 1890s and 1900s. Architect Albert Mayer , the initial planner of Chandigarh, lamented the American rejection of City Beautiful concepts and declared, "We want to create a beautiful city..." The phrase was used as a logo in official publications in the 1970s and is now how
3596-467: Was formally inaugurated by India's first president, Rajendra Prasad on 7 October 1953. During excavations at the time of the building of the city, some Indus Valley artefacts were discovered, suggesting that the area that is today Chandigarh was home to some settlements of the Indus Valley civilisation . On 1 November 1966, after a long-drawn movement demanding the formation of a Punjabi state,
3658-634: Was incorporated into the Sikh Empire . In 1805, the British conquered the region from the Sikhs, and made it part of the Ambala district. The 1857 Rebellion had a nerve centre in nearby Ambala, and Panchkula played a role in supporting the rebels. After the suppression of the rebellion, the region was made part of the British Raj. Panchkula became part of the Ambala district. Ambala produced many freedom fighters such as Lala Muralidhar, who exhorted
3720-643: Was part of the empire of Mihir Bhoj of the Gujara-Pratihara dynasty. In the 10th century CE, the region was raided by Mahmud of Ghazni several times. However it was soon brought back to peace by the Chauhans of Delhi, until Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192, when it became part of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1254, Nasiruddin Muhammad plundered Pinjore, an event recorded in
3782-543: Was split and part of it went to Punjab, while the Panchkula and Ambala areas came to Haryana. In the 1970s, the Haryana Government began the construction of Panchkula as a planned city. In 1995, the district was split off from Ambala district. According to the 2011 census of India, Panchkula district had a population of 561,293, This ranked it 537th in India out of a total of 640 districts . The district has
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#17327984490673844-464: Was the second cleanest city of India . In 2021, Chandigarh fell 66 positions in the list of cleanest cities in India. The garbage piled up at the Dadu Majra garbage dump site. The city's cleanliness was once a point for the city, and its decline became an important poll issue. Chandigarh has been rated as one of the "Wealthiest Towns" of India. The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as
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