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110-608: Black Creek Drive is a limited-access arterial road in Toronto , Ontario, Canada. A four-lane route that runs north–south, it connects Weston Road and Humber Boulevard with Highway 401 via Highway 400 , the latter of which it forms a southerly extension. Black Creek Drive officially transitions into Highway   400 at the Maple Leaf Drive overpass, southeast of the Jane Street interchange. The roadway

220-500: A 'ring' around the central core, were abandoned. By the 1940s, urban development extended past the city of Toronto's borders. It was recognized within the planning department of the city that population growth would take place and that the farmlands outside of the city's border would be developed . In 1943, the City of Toronto Planning Board developed a plan for the area within a nine-mile radius of Yonge Street and Queen Street. It included

330-549: A fairly recent addition to a complex network of roads. China's first expressway was built in 1988. Until 1993, very few expressways existed. The network is expanding rapidly after 2000. In 2011, 11,000 kilometres (6,800 mi) of expressways were added to the network. The Expressways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed highways in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained and operated federally by Pakistan's National Highway Authority . They are one class lower than

440-635: A land transfer in which the right-of-way for the Spadina Expressway south of Eglinton was given to the City of Toronto (which effectively blocked any southward extension of the Spadina Expressway) in exchange for Black Creek Drive being transferred to Metro. Had this not been done voluntarily then the province would have seized the Spadina right-of-way and billed Metro for the cost of Black Creek Drive. In 1989, Metro Toronto initiated

550-946: A larger plan to expand a network of expressways across Toronto, the route was instead completed as a compromise between Metropolitan Toronto and the provincial government, as part of the larger Spadina Expressway controversy. The goal of Metro Toronto was to establish a network of expressways across and into Toronto, including the Crosstown Expressway north of Dupont Street, and the Richview Expressway along Eglinton Avenue West. Plans were conceived to extend Highway   400 south from Highway   401 to Eglinton Avenue, where it would join those two new expressways. These plans would never reach fruition, as public opposition to urban expressways cancelled most highway construction in Toronto by 1971. The proposed route of

660-581: A maximum design speed of more than 60 km/h (37 mph), excluding pedestrian, bicycle, moped or tractor traffic. Oversized vehicles are banned. The construction of transregional Kraftfahrstraßen highways ( Autostraßen ) rank below the standard of German autobahns . With regard to the general German speed limits , on roads with lanes separated by a median or with a minimum of two marked lanes per direction, an advisory speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 km/h (81 mph) applies. At-grade intersections are admissible, regulation at junctions

770-472: A municipal extension of Highway 403. However, the province realigned Highway 403 to turn north and meet Highway 401 at a new junction, which was also designed to accommodate the new Highway 410 to Brampton, while Highway 401 was widened to a collector-express system between Highway 403 to Highway 427. The right of way (through Mississauga ) between Highway 403 and the proposed expressway was later used for an arterial called Eastgate Parkway . Lands allocated for

880-478: A network of superhighways: Source: Sewell (2009) With the creation of Metropolitan Toronto (Metro) in 1953, a new level of government was created with the authority to build what was necessary to facilitate the growth expected within the Metro area. Metro would build the infrastructure, such as sewers, sewage treatment plants, public transit, highways and arterial roads, leaving local roads and land use planning to

990-590: A plan in 2004 of expansion within the City borders to address the congestion. This included the building of a new Scarborough Expressway through a route over Lake Ontario , new expressways and arterial roads and the building of the Richview Expressway. It was quickly dismissed by members of Toronto City Council. The City of Toronto government , along with the Government of Ontario , is focused instead on transit alternatives. The City aims to reduce

1100-475: A private right of way and then widening (six lanes) of Steeles from just east of Markham Road to Ninth Line. New traffic lights and wider roadway should eliminate the bottleneck along Steeles to Ninth Line. The direct connection is not possible as it would need to cut across Cedar Brae Golf Club and build on lands close to Rouge River. The Richview Expressway was named after the Richview Sideroad,

1210-486: A route along the railway lines. Metro developed its official transportation plan, starting in 1964 by evaluating three concepts, a road-oriented plan, a transit-oriented plan, and a mixed plan, referred to as the 'balanced system'. The road-oriented system omitted the Spadina subway and included all of the expressways. The mixed system did not omit any roads but did omit a Queen Street subway. The transit-oriented plan included Eglinton Avenue and Queen Street subways, extending

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1320-726: A separate roadway which is today Eglinton Avenue through Etobicoke . It was only partially completed due to concerns of low use and opposition from local residents. Even though the Richview Expressway was never built, it did result in the provision of a wide right-of-way along the Eglinton Avenue corridor (after the Humber River was bridged and the Richview Sideroad designated as part of Eglinton) from Black Creek Drive to Highway 427. The present interchange of Highway 401 and Highway 427 includes several high-speed flyover ramps to and from Eglinton Avenue, which were originally meant for

1430-850: A space that is not accessible to vehicles, the drivers may not drive on the lane opposite to them. In Croatia , the term brza cesta (lit. "fast road") is used to describe a motor vehicle-only road, usually grade-separated , without an emergency lane , with a speed limit of 110 km/h (68 mph), although it can be lowered, usually to 70 or 90 km/h (43 or 56 mph). They range from 2+2 lane dual carriageways with grade-separated intersections and 110 km/h (68 mph) speed limit ( D2 in Osijek ), four or six-lane urban streets with at-grade intersections with traffic lights ( D1 in Karlovac ) or two-lane single carriageways with grade-separated intersections ( D33 in Šibenik ). They are either

1540-610: A standalone state road ( D10 ) or a part of one (Southern Osijek bypass, D2 ). Some portions of motorways are expressways since they are either in construction ( A8 between Pazin and Matulji ) or designed as such ( A7 in Rijeka ). As a rule, the expressways are not tolled, however major tunnels on expressways are tolled. Expressways in the Czech Republic ( Czech : Silnice pro motorová vozidla , are defined as dual carriageways with smaller emergency lane. The speed limit

1650-541: A study of the extension of Black Creek Drive south to the Gardiner Expressway. The Canadian Automobile Association has noted that the route operates inefficiently in its present form as a super-4 expressway and advocated upgrading the route to a freeway, by utilizing the corridor's right-of-way to widen it to six lanes and reconstruct the at-grade intersections to interchanges. The following table lists intersections along Black Creek Drive. The entire route

1760-495: A transportation system to serve the automobile, the Spadina Expressway would be a good place to start. But if we are building a transportation system to serve people, the Spadina Expressway is a good place to stop. It is our determination to opt for the latter. Davis agreed to continue funding for the construction of the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) subway line (now part of Line 1 Yonge–University ) that

1870-461: Is 100 km/h (summertime) and 80 km/h (wintertime). On motorways the speed limits are 120 and 100 km/h respectively. Especially during winter the speed limits can be changed due to weather conditions. A Kraftfahrstrasse ( German for "motor-power road", also colloquially called Schnellstraße , literally "fast road") in Germany is any road with access limited to motor vehicles with

1980-594: Is 110 km/h (70 mph). Expressway road signs are white on blue. In Denmark , a 'motortrafikvej' ( Danish for "motor traffic road") is a high-speed highway with a speed limit between 80–90 km/h (50–56 mph). The most common 'motortrafikvej' has two lanes (1+1) or 2+1. There is no grade intersections. The signs for 'motortrafikvej' have white text on blue background. In Finland , highways are separated into three categories: all-access valtatie ("main road"), limited-access moottoriliikennetie ("motor traffic road") and finally moottoritie ("motorway");

2090-404: Is a public road, the beginning of which is indicated by the first signboard (F9) and the end by the second sign (F11). An important difference with an autosnelweg is that crossroads as well as traffic lights can be on an autoweg . In Belgium there is no specific speed regulation for an autoweg . Only motor vehicles and their trailers (with the exception of mopeds), agricultural vehicles and

2200-487: Is accessed via cross roads or frontage roads , while minor roads can cross at grade and farms can have direct access. This definition is also used by some states, some of which also restrict freeways only to motor vehicles capable of maintaining a certain speed. Some other states use "controlled access" to mean a higher standard than "limited access", while others reverse the two terms. While Australia 's larger capital cities feature controlled-access highway networks,

2310-643: Is between 50–70 km/h (31–43 mph) and in rural and desert areas between 90–110 km/h (56–68 mph). The term Expressway as used in English in Japan refers to both freeway -style highways and narrower, more winding, often undivided Regional High-Standard Highways 地域高規格道路 ( ちいきこうきかくどうろ ) . Both types of expressways have a combined length of 10,021 km (6,227 mi) as of April 2012. Limited-access roads in Malaysia usually, but not always, take

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2420-739: Is located within Toronto.  Limited-access road The first implementation of limited-access roadways in the United States was the Bronx River Parkway in New York , in 1907. The New York State Parkway System was constructed as a network of high-speed roads in and around New York City . The first limited access highway built is thought to be the privately built Long Island Motor Parkway in Long Island , New York. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while

2530-542: Is named after the Black Creek ravine, which it parallels for most of its route. It features a maximum speed limit of 70 km/h (43 mph). Following the path of a proposed freeway extension of Highway   400, it was built instead as an arterial road with at-grade intersections by the provincial government . While Metropolitan Toronto and the Province of Ontario sought to extend Highway   400 south to

2640-667: Is named the 'Chester Hill' interchange. The East Metro Freeway was a proposed north–south expressway to begin at Highway 401 and east of Morningside Avenue and roughly follow the edge of the Rouge River valley to Highway 407 which itself was under planning at that time. In phase 2, beyond Highway 407, the proposed route was between the Ninth Line and the York-Durham Line in Markham , leading to Stouffville . It

2750-431: Is reduced to 110 km/h for vehicles under 3.5 tons, and 70 km/h for vehicles over 3.5 tons. In Hungary there are multiple types of dual carriageways. One part is almost identical with motorways, but the driving lanes are narrower. Parameters of a 2+2 lane dual carriageway off-habitat area: Parameters of a 2+2 lane dual carriageway in habitat (town/city) area: There are also semi-motorways with only one side of

2860-521: Is under construction. It is proposed that Line 1 be extended north to Richmond Hill, Line 2 east to Scarborough City Centre, Line 5 west to Toronto Pearson International Airport and a new line, the Ontario Line , is proposed to serve the core and neighbourhoods in the former North York and East York districts. Other plans debated during municipal elections have included the development of new toll highways and/or expansion of current expressways through

2970-515: Is usually provided by traffic lights or roundabouts . U-turns and any deliberate stopping are prohibited. Kraftfahrstraßen are out of bounds to pedestrians , except for special crosswalks. Expressways in Hungary are called Autóút (Auto/car road). They are mostly dual carriageways. The main difference between Hungarian motorways and expressways is, that they are more cheaply built with narrower width and often undivided. Maximum speed limit

3080-570: The Gardiner Expressway , public opposition to building freeways into central Toronto resulted in the road being constructed only as far south to Weston Road as a limited controlled-access expressway with at-grade intersections. At its south end, Black Creek Drive begins at an intersection with Weston Road and Humber Boulevard, in the Mount Dennis neighbourhood of Toronto. The four-lane road passes beneath railway tracks that carry

3190-692: The Indian National Highway System on which they are the highest class of road. The National Highways Development Project is underway to add an additional 18,637 km (11,580 mi) of expressways to the network by the year 2023. Expressways in Iran are one class lower than freeways and are used in large urban areas such as Isfahan , Mashhad , or Tehran and between other important cities (Usually two province capitals) in rural and desert areas. The speed limit in Urban areas

3300-491: The Kitchener GO Line and Union Pearson Express rail corridors. It travels north alongside Black Creek , from which it takes its name; Keelesdale Park lies to the east. The road continues north–northwest, intersecting Eglinton Avenue West . Coronation Park and Trethewey Park occupy the eastern side of the road north of Eglinton, while the western side is occupied by commercial and industrial uses. Much of this land

3410-687: The Ontario Municipal Board for additional loans, which were provided in a two-to-one decision. Stop Spadina appealed, and construction was halted pending the outcome. In 1971 Premier John Robarts retired and handed the Premiership to William Davis , who agreed to hear an appeal of the Municipal Board's decision. On June 3, 1971, Davis rose in the Provincial Legislature and stated: If we are building

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3520-1077: The federal government . Notable examples of limited-access roads are the Federal Highway , Skudai Highway , Gelugor Highway , Kuantan Bypass and Kuching Bypass . Limited-access roads in Singapore are formally known as semi-expressways (in contrast to controlled-access highways which are known as expressways ). While still functioning as high-speed roads, semi-expressways may still have at-grade intersections with traffic lights , and speed limits are not uniform. Grade separation is, however, still typical at major junctions. Five roads have been designated as semi-expressways: Bukit Timah Road , Jurong Island Highway , Nicoll Highway , Outer Ring Road System and West Coast Highway . Motorways in South Korea (자동차 전용 도로, jadongcha jeonyong doro , literally 'motor vehicle-only road') include various grades of highways other than expressways . Contrary to

3630-457: The 1940s, and detailed planning for the new freeway began in 1967. Construction was expected to begin after completion of the Spadina Expressway. Early plans had the road travelling beside the CN route in the southern parts of the then Borough of Scarborough, but later plans were to have the highway continue as an eastern extension of the Gardiner Expressway along the shores of Lake Ontario running along

3740-517: The City of Toronto has carried out studies on what to do with the lands. Ideas include local streets, housing projects and public parkland. Bridges along the CN/GO corridor were generally built with room to place two-lanes of road on either side of the railway, these are empty today and allow for future rail upgrades. In the early 2000s, much of the land east of Manse Road in Scarborough was sold by

3850-647: The Crosstown would present a below-grade barrier on The Annex's northern border. The Crosstown would run beside Rosedale on its eastern end, displacing a forested ravine. A new resident to The Annex, Jane Jacobs , had been instrumental in blocking the Lower Manhattan Expressway in New York City before moving to Canada in 1969. According to Jacobs, it was the construction of expressways into major American cities that led to an exodus of

3960-400: The Crosstown, along with an extensive one-way street plan for downtown Toronto. Ford proposed this on the basis that it would be needed to absorb the traffic of the Spadina Expressway and eliminate the need for extensive road widening. He also suggested that the one-way system would preserve residential amenities and encourage development. Ford further stated that it would be folly to terminate

4070-519: The Don Valley Parkway/Gardiner Expressway interchange and would be depressed in a deep ditch. The number of homes to be demolished was reduced to 706. However, this did not pacify east Toronto residents who continued to fight the plan. The City shelved the expressway in 1974. Property along the road had been bought by Metro Toronto and some infrastructure (namely overpass to accommodate roadway with railway tracks in

4180-681: The East Metro Freeway namely from 14th Avenue to 16th Avenue, but this arterial road lies entirely within Markham now whereas Metro plans were to terminate in Stouffville. Markham continues to seek an arterial road connection south to Highway 401. Toronto has not corresponded by rerouting Morningside Road to meet the southern end of Ninth Line at Steeles Avenue. The current plan is to extend Morningside Avenue from McNicoll Avenue to end at Steeles Avenue just east of Tapscott Road using

4290-534: The East Metro Freeway. Choice two was selected. This choice didn't have the Scarborough Expressway. With the Scarborough gone, the East Metro route was less necessary. It also encountered serious opposition from Rouge River naturalist groups. The proposal was officially dropped from planning documents on June 1, 1994. Part of the route of Donald Cousens Parkway follows the proposed route of

4400-507: The Eglinton Crosstown LRT project west to the city limits bordering Mississauga. Although the expressway was never completed, the plans had on/off ramps for: The Scarborough Expressway (Gardiner Expressway Eastern Extension) was intended to connect the Gardiner Expressway to Highway 401 at the eastern boundary of Toronto, and one segment was built before public opposition stopped the project. Traffic entering Toronto from

4510-509: The Gardiner Expressway approached the downtown area, which resulted in the demolishing of long-established neighbourhoods. The planned expressways would require the same throughout the city and, with the exception of the northern ends of the roads, generally ran through well-settled areas. In particular, the Spadina Expressway ran through the Forest Hill , The Annex , Harbord Village , Kensington Market and Chinatown neighbourhoods, while

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4620-483: The Gardiner Expressway to Carlaw Avenue. In 2021 this offramp to Carlaw was removed to allow for realignment of the ramps between the Gardiner Expressway and the Don Valley Expressway. All that remains of the Scarborough Expressway are concrete pillars that once carried the elevated expressway to Leslie Street. Much of the land acquired for the expressway route across Scarborough remains vacant, however,

4730-654: The Gardiner, and one following the Canadian National Railway tracks south to Front Street and the Gardiner Expressway. The provincial government began construction of an extension of Highway   400 as far south as Jane Street in 1965, which was completed and opened on October   28, 1966, while the remainder of the plans were shelved following the cancellation of the Spadina Expressway in 1971. The provincial government still owned

4840-533: The Highway   400 extension would have followed Weston Road as well as the right-of-way of the Canadian Pacific Railway , then east along Dupont Street to connect with the Crosstown Expressway at present-day Christie Street . From there it would branch southward along Christie and Clinton Streets to the Gardiner Expressway. Alternate alignments included one following Parkside Drive south to

4950-414: The Highway 400 extension to the west, the Highway 400 extension down Christie and Grace Streets from Davenport, connecting to the Gardiner near Fort York just west of the downtown core, and the Gardiner and Don Valley Expressways. The outer ring is composed of Highway 401 along the north, Highway 427 on the west, the Gardiner on the south and the Scarborough to the east, connecting the Gardiner Expressway in

5060-708: The Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened in 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway (opened in 1936). In the United States , the national Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) uses "full control of access" only for freeways . Expressways are defined as having "partial control of access" (or semi-controlled access ). This means that major roads typically use interchanges and commercial development

5170-546: The M31 Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne, are almost all limited-access highways. In spite of this, 'freeway' terminology is used on signage for most regional limited access highways in the state of Victoria . The terms Motorway and Expressway in New Zealand both encompass multi-lane divided freeways as well as narrower 2 to 4-lane undivided expressways with varying degrees of grade separation ;

5280-636: The Ontario Minister of Municipal Affairs rejected and rewrote that section of the city's plan to conform with the Metro official plan. The City of Toronto remained consistently opposed to the Crosstown. While land was obtained, the expressway was not built, although a short connecting road built to connect the Don Valley Parkway to the Bayview Avenue Extension and Bloor Street would likely have been integrated into

5390-417: The Richview Expressway were sold off. There are several apartment buildings built on the old right-of-way. The wide right-of-way was revisited in the 2014 Toronto municipal election when John Tory's SmartTrack plan proposed heavy rail within the corridor and challenger Olivia Chow pointed out the existence of the buildings. Tory was elected, but the heavy rail proposal was dropped in 2016 in favour of extending

5500-493: The Richview Expressway. The Richview Expressway has also been known as the Hamilton Expressway since the original routing for Highway 403 (a highway route for Torontonians to travel to Hamilton ) was planned to terminate at the present site of the interchange between Highway 401 and Highway 427. If the original routing of Highway 403 had been carried out, then Metro's Richview Expressway would have been considered

5610-684: The Rosedale Ravine to connect with the main Don Valley roadway south of the Bloor Street Viaduct in the approximate location of today's Rosedale Valley Road and Bayview Avenue intersection. It was estimated to cost $ 15 million to construct, part of a $ 179 million plan of development. As part of the 1959 plan of Metropolitan Toronto, the Expressway would have connected the Highway 400 extension, along an east–west route in

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5720-613: The Scarborough Expressway plan alive, but by 1994 the focus on expressways was no longer a planning priority. By 1996, Metro began to plan for the demolition of the eastern end of the Gardiner Expressway, thus effectively ending the Scarborough Expressway/Scarborough Transportation Corridor. The intended connection to the Gardiner Expressway, between the Don River and Leslie Street, was demolished in 2001 leaving an offramp from

5830-410: The Scarborough Expressway were built, in the east as a large interchange that quickly turns into a much smaller exchange with Kingston Road , and in the downtown core as a several-kilometre extension of the Gardiner past the Don Valley Parkway to Leslie Street . Lands acquired for the proposed Scarborough and Richview Expressways remained in municipal government ownership for another twenty years after

5940-631: The Spadina Expressway. In 1964, it was estimated to cost $ 80 million to build. The Crosstown was first proposed in the 1940s, and became part of the City of Toronto Official Plan in 1949. The 1949 plan included the Crosstown as the 'north-west arm' of the Don Valley Roadway "system". The highway would have connected to the Ontario Highway 400 at Old Weston Road and St. Clair Avenue. From there it would have proceeded south-easterly between Davenport Road and Dupont Street, before entering

6050-510: The Spadina at other than a controlled-access expressway. Metro Planning Commissioner Murray Jones estimated that 40,000 vehicles would move daily between the Highway 400 extension and the Don Valley Parkway. Metro Traffic Director Samuel Cass suggested that the Crosstown plan would make it unnecessary for heavy traffic to use residential streets in the Rosedale and Moore Park neighbourhoods. In 1964, Metro Planning Commissioner Eli Comay proposed

6160-479: The Spadina north to Vaughan, and extending the Bloor-Danforth line east into Scarborough. It also included express bus routes along the expressways and commuter rail. The inner ring of highways was not included. Sources: The balanced plan, expected to be implemented by 1980, was estimated to cost $ 1 billion to construct. The expressway component (Crosstown, Spadina and Gardiner and Don Valley extensions)

6270-598: The base of the Scarborough Bluffs, connecting with Highway 401 by incorporating the existing Ontario Highway 2A , a short stub freeway segment that was part of the original 401 alignment. The original 1967 proposal would have seen 1,200 homes demolished for the expressway. After fierce opposition to this plan, the City of Toronto redesigned the route in 1973. It was moved entirely to within the Lakeshore East CN/GO railway corridor, commencing from

6380-567: The centre) was built. However, Metro faced opposition from the residents of the City of Toronto, which caused the road to be severed from the Gardiner Expressway. The fiercest opposition came from eastern Toronto, so this section was deleted. Only a route within Scarborough remained proposed. However, it would have come to an abrupt end at Victoria Park Avenue at the Toronto/Scarborough boundary, potentially flooding east end neighbourhoods with traffic. Local residents continued to fight

6490-610: The city core in 1962, and further to the Don River by 1964. During construction the Lakeshore was renamed the Gardiner Expressway , after the first chair of Metropolitan Toronto and major supporter of the expressway plans, Fred Gardiner . A second expressway, the Don Valley Parkway , opened between Bloor Street and Eglinton Avenue in 1961, and continued to develop north and south until it connected to Highway 401 in

6600-595: The city core. To connect these highways, which ended at the city limits for the most part, with the downtown core, Metro would be responsible for continuing construction into the city. Construction of the network started with what was then known as the Lakeshore Expressway, which would connect the QEW from its terminus at the Humber River with the downtown core. The initial western section opened in 1958, continuing eastward as an elevated highway to York Street in

6710-535: The city has not built any new expressways since the cancellation of the Spadina. As an alternative to road construction, the city and province have made efforts to expand TTC services and the GO Transit commuter train service. Although TTC ridership declined in the 1980s and 1990s, it has recently begun to reverse the trend. In 2008, a new record for ridership was set, indicating a growing demand for alternatives to private vehicles for personal transportation. Since

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6820-434: The construction of one new expressway to the northwest of Toronto, most likely an expansion of Black Creek Drive, and one expressway to the east through Scarborough, along a hydro corridor or an expansion of Kingston Road. The group also supports filling in the 'missing links' of the arterial road grid. Based upon the group's proposal, a prominent association of automobile owners, the Canadian Automobile Association , published

6930-409: The conversion to tolls. However, Toll highways have been seen as political poison , and no politician has made them a part of any election campaign. The Crosstown Expressway was a planned east–west expressway through central Toronto. Although it was consistently opposed by the City of Toronto Council, it remained in the Metro Toronto plan until it was cancelled in the aftermath of the cancellation of

7040-441: The country's motorways and are usually upgraded versions of the national highways. The total length of Pakistan's expressways is 260-kilometre (160 mi) as of November, 2016. Around 770-kilometre (480 mi) of expressways are currently under construction in different parts of country. Most of these expressways will be complete between 2017 and 2020. Expressways in India make up more than 5,579  km (3,467  mi ) of

7150-457: The development to proceed. Metro Council instructed planners to cease working on the Crosstown proposal twice. Metro Chairman William Allen quipped: "The only way to get the Crosstown out of my mind is to leave the country." The Crosstown reappeared in the 1965 transportation plan developed by Metro's Planning and Transportation Departments and was then approved by Metro Council. The City of Toronto's official plan had no Crosstown Expressway, and

7260-414: The difference being that in New Zealand a Motorway has certain additional legal traffic restrictions. The Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China is the longest highway system in the world. The network is also known as National Trunk Highway System (NTHS). By the end of 2016, the total length of China's expressway network reached 131,000 kilometers (82,000 mi). Expressways in China are

7370-423: The downtown core and connecting the downtown core to the growing suburbs. The plan was centred on a number of major routes, notably the "Toronto-Barrie Highway" ( Highway 400 ) on the north-west of Toronto, and the Queen Elizabeth Way on the southwest side. The province was already deep in the planning process for what would become Highway 400 along the northern reaches of the city, in what was then farmland far from

7480-402: The downtown core with Highway 401 in the far eastern reaches of the city. Other links included the Richview, a shorter at-grade expressway connecting the western end of the Crosstown at the Highway 400 extension with Highway 27 further west, and eventually connecting to the proposed Ontario Highway 403 and the Spadina Expressway which ran north–south and connected the middle of Highway 401 with

7590-436: The downtown core, ending on Spadina Avenue near the University of Toronto . By 1962, the Spadina Expressway project was approved and construction proceeded in 1963 from Wilson Avenue south to Lawrence Avenue. At first, Metro approved only the construction from Lawrence to Wilson. However, the province would not give funds for its construction unless Metro approved the whole route, which was done. During construction, priority

7700-407: The downtown core. Those advocates also believe in the necessity of new expressways to reduce the traffic congestion of the existing expressways. Opposing groups, including residents of the core, are opposed to expansion because of the air pollution, noise and health effects associated with expressways. These impact the standard of living in urban areas and hinder urban growth. Transit advocates point to

7810-421: The east would have travelled directly downtown, as well as serving the south-east area of Toronto. Instead, that traffic is combined with traffic entering from the north along the Don Valley Parkway, where traffic volume significantly exceeds capacity on a daily basis. This has spurred various road advocates to propose new routes to keep the idea alive. The highway was first conceived as part of planning studies in

7920-500: The expressway in South Korea, the status of motorway is a measure of traffic control rather than a class of road. For example, Jayu-ro is a segment of national route 77 as well as a motorway. As of June 2011, 1,610 km of highways in total were designated as motorways. (1,052 km national highways, 351 km metropolitan highways, 185 km regional highways and 20 km municipal highways) Like on expressways, motorcycles are not permitted. Sri Lanka has ensured to classify

8030-427: The expressways in reference to the connotation of E grades. As of 2014 , three expressways namely the  E01   Southern Expressway ,  E02   Outer Circular Expressway and the  E03   Colombo – Katunayake Expressway have been created. A tax levying structure is proposed for travelling via the expressways. Speed limits in the range of 80–100 km/h is attested for travelling through

8140-410: The expressways reached capacity in the 1970s, commuting has been handled by increased transit, to the point that only 10% of commuters use the Gardiner Expressway to get downtown, according to 2006 figures. Highway advocates, notably frequent political candidate Abel Van Wyk , believe in the necessity of the expressways to meet high demand from suburban growth and automobile traffic between suburbs and

8250-708: The expressways. Up to now two expressways namely the Northern Expressway and the Ruwanpura Expressway are in process to satisfy the needs of public transport. [REDACTED] Expressways in Taiwan may be controlled-access highways similar to National Freeways or limited-access roads. Most have Provincial (as opposed to National) Highway status, although some are built and maintained by cities. All provincial expressways run east–west except for Provincial Highway No. 61 , which runs north–south along

8360-553: The extension and soon, Parkdale residents joined in the debate, fearing an extension would pass directly through their neighbourhood. Additionally, the City of Toronto objected to the construction of the road south to St. Clair Avenue. A compromise was reached at Weston Road ; the 400 Extension would end there, but Weston Road would be widened to support the flow of traffic from Black Creek Drive. Construction began in late 1977. Black Creek Drive opened in 1982 from Jane Street south to Weston Road. On March 1, 1983, Metro Council performed

8470-462: The extension of Bay Street north of Davenport, to connect with a future Crosstown. Comay publicly criticized the City of Toronto for allowing an apartment development at Davenport and Hillsboro Avenue, in the path of his proposed Bay Street extension. Toronto Controller and future Toronto mayor William Dennison accused Comay of setting Metro policy by himself, as the Crosstown had been rejected. Toronto Board of Control voted to reject Comay and allowed

8580-519: The higher capacity of a transit line compared to an expressway as better use of government resources. Cycling advocates promote cycling routes as an alternative for commuting and recreation. Special interest groups have formed to advocate for expressway construction in Toronto. A Scarborough -based citizen group called the Citizens' Transportation Alliance of Greater Toronto advocates for a restart of expressway construction in Toronto. The group proposes

8690-421: The individual governments. Based on the 1940s plans, Metro planned to build an extensive network of highways that crisscrossed the city. While Metro would pay 100% of the cost of most infrastructure, Ontario paid 50% of the cost of road projects. While the provincial government would plan and build highways crossing Metro and highways to connect to municipalities outside of Metro, Metro would focus on roads serving

8800-443: The lack of one or more required features. In absence of specific regulation signs, a type-C road is accessible by all vehicles and pedestrians, even if it has separate carriageways and no cross-traffic. Richview Expressway The cancelled expressways in Toronto were a planned series of expressways in Toronto , Ontario , Canada that were only partially built or cancelled due to public opposition. The system of expressways

8910-469: The latter two are marked with green signage, while valtatie signage is blue. While most of the network is all-access road, 779 km (484 mi) of it is motorway, and 124 km (77 mi) is limited-access road. The access is limited to motor vehicles faster than 50 km/h, thus excluding pedestrian, bicycle, moped or tractor traffic; furthermore, towing is not allowed. Limited-access roads are generally similar to motorways, but do not fulfill all

9020-589: The middle class, and the death of once-vibrant downtown cores. With David and Nadine Nowlan, they formed the "Stop Spadina And Save Our City" group, which grew to become a major rallying point for anti-expressway feeling in the city. By the late 1960s, the Spadina Expressway had become a "hot" topic politically. To add to the problems, by 1969 construction of the Spadina Expressway had just reached Eglinton Avenue (although paved only to Lawrence Avenue ), less than half its planned route, but had already spent almost all of its $ 79 million budget. Metro Toronto had to return to

9130-458: The motorway built. After the missing lanes are built, they will become standard motorways. A High-quality dual carriageway (HQDC) in Ireland is normally completed to a motorway standard, including no right-turns, but with no motorway restrictions. These are common on the final stretches of motorways nearing a major city, generally in order to enable use of bus stops and city bus services on

9240-401: The name highway ( Malay : lebuhraya – this is also the name for expressways ). Highways normally have a lower speed limit than expressways (but still higher than the rest of the local road network), and permit at-grade intersections and junctions to residential roads and shopfronts, although grade separation is still typical. Highways are normally toll-free and are owned and operated by

9350-551: The need for highways through improvements and additions to the current transit network, as described in the Transit City plan. In April 2009, the province announced that several initiatives of the Transit City plan, including an east–west Eglinton Light Rail line connecting to the airport, would proceed on accelerated construction schedules. The Line 1 subway was extended north to Vaughan and the Eglinton Crosstown LRT line

9460-468: The neighbourhood of Rosedale to connect with the Don Valley Parkway. This section would have been built through ravine parklands. The Crosstown expressway was rejected by Metro Council in December 1961. Almost immediately afterwards, transportation officials lobbied Toronto and Metro Toronto to resurrect the project. In May 1962, Toronto Public Works Commissioner Douglas Ford proposed the construction of

9570-407: The north and the Gardiner Expressway in the south. These plans were only the beginning of an even larger network that was first proposed in 1959 and fully developed by 1966 when it became the official plan. In 1959, Metro developed the concept of 'rings' of expressways around the central core. The inner ring included the Crosstown east-west along Davenport connecting to the Don Valley in the east and

9680-431: The particular stretch of road. Speed limits are normally 100 km/h compared to 120 km/h on motorways In Italy there are: Type B highway (or strada extraurbana principale ), commonly but unofficially known as superstrada , is a divided highway with at least two lanes for each direction, paved shoulder on the right, no cross-traffic and no at-grade intersections. Access restrictions on such highways are exactly

9790-525: The plan and appeared before the Ontario Municipal Board to oppose Metro every time it tried to purchase more land for the route. Metro Toronto and Scarborough continued to push for the expressway, renamed as the "Scarborough Transportation Corridor". Along with this corridor, parts of Eglinton Avenue East were considered as a potential arterial highway to relieve Highway 401. Until the early 1990s, Metro and Scarborough both continued to keep

9900-411: The post amalgamation City of Toronto for other purposes. The parcel between Kingston Road and Lawrence Avenue was developed into homes, as was a portion of the land south of the railway and east of Poplar Road. A police station, Toronto Police 43 Division, was constructed on a parcel on the south side of Lawrence Avenue. The Spadina Expressway was a proposed freeway to run from north of Highway 401 into

10010-459: The project. When the first section of the Don Valley was opened from Bloor Street to Eglinton Avenue, the roadway was the southern terminus, and is still used as an on/off ramp for the Parkway. Sections of the Parkway south of the road, and north of Eglinton Avenue were opened later. The unnamed roadway is a four-lane arterial road with interchanges at either end. The interchange with the Don Valley

10120-476: The right-of-way along the Black Creek Valley and agreed to construct it as a four-lane expressway with at-grade intersections (labelled as an arterial road for political convenience), instead of six-lane freeway with grade-separations. The Metro Toronto government agreed to extend it farther south to St. Clair Avenue . Fresh from battling the Spadina Expressway, anti-Spadina groups started battling

10230-636: The route becomes the provincial Highway   400 and thereafter falls under the control of the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario , including the interchange with Jane Street. South of Highway   401, all on-ramps to the southbound lanes of Highway   400 are signed as Black Creek Drive (without reference to Highway   400) even though Highway   400 continues until Maple Leaf Drive. The road has signalized intersections at Photography Drive, Eglinton Avenue West, Todd Bayliss Boulevard, Trethewey Drive and Lawrence Avenue West. From Trethewey north,

10340-581: The same of Italian motorways ( autostrade ), as well as signage at the beginning and the end of the highway (with the only difference being the background color, blue instead of green). Speed limit on type-B road is 110 km/h (68 mph). Type C highway (or strada extraurbana secondaria ), a single carriageway with at least one lane for each direction and shoulders. It may have at-grade, at-level crossings with railways , roundabouts and traffic lights . This category contains also dual carriageways that can not be classified as type-B highways because of

10450-508: The section north of Eglinton Avenue fits the definition of a limited controlled-access expressway since bicycles and pedestrians are banned from using the roadway or paved shoulders. Black Creek Drive forms the southerly extension to Highway   400, and was originally intended as part of a proposed expressway that would have connected Highway   401 with the Gardiner Expressway, via the Crosstown Expressway . A piece of

10560-793: The shelving of the proposals. Much of the land remains in public ownership today, though future uses have not yet been determined. In 2001, the Gardiner extension was demolished between the Don Valley Parkway and Leslie Street, and there were plans to remove the connection to the Don Valley Parkway entirely. In the subsequent decades, the Peel Region and York Region suburbs of Toronto have expanded greatly in population and industrial development. The availability of land for development and pro-development municipal governments has led to extensive residential and industrial development. An extensive highway network has been developed of Highways 403, 407 , 410 , 427 and 404 within those suburbs. In comparison,

10670-491: The smaller metropolitan areas mostly rely on limited-access highways for high-speed local traffic. In South Australia the terms "expressway" and "freeway" can be synonymous. The Southern and Northern Expressways are both controlled-access highways. However, perhaps confusingly, the Port River Expressway is a limited-access highway. Dual carriageways that connect capital cities and regional centres, such as

10780-470: The system was simply abandoned. The Highway 400 extension stopped at Eglinton, where the province left it, although it was later extended with the at-grade Black Creek Drive to Weston Road . The western terminus of the Richview forms the oversized interchange between Highways 401 and 427 and Eglinton Avenue near Pearson Airport . Highway 403 was built but connects to Highway 401, farther west. Both ends of

10890-430: The technical requirements, such as several lanes in one direction or separation of opposite directions. Limited-access roads are usually built because the local population density is too low to justify a motorway. Often space has been left during construction for an eventual upgrade to a motorway. Limited-access roads also function as feeder routes for motorways. The general speed limit on main roads and limited-access roads

11000-407: The towing of fairground vehicles, as well as four-wheelers (without passenger compartment), are allowed to drive on an autoweg . An autoweg can consist of two or more lanes. The driving directions can be separated by a roadmarking, or by a central reservation. If a public road ( autosnelweg , autoweg , weg ) consists of two or more lanes that are clearly separated from each other by a roadside or

11110-536: The two directions are separated by a 81 cm (32 inches) tall Jersey barrier , and north of Lawrence, the directions are separated by a set of steel guard rails. South of Trethewey, the two directions are separated by a grass median. The speed limit is 70 km/h (43 mph) for the route's entire length. Although the city classifies it as an arterial road (Google Maps also colour-codes it as an arterial unlike other expressways with at-grade crossings like Highway 7 (York Regional Road 7) between Vaughan and Richmond Hill ),

11220-420: The vicinity of Christie Street and Dupont Street, east to the Don Valley Parkway. Highway 400 would have continued south to the Gardiner Expressway. North of Spadina Road, the Spadina Expressway would have connected via an interchange. The expressway would continue east along a CN / CP railway corridor north of Dupont Street to Mount Pleasant Road. East of Mount Pleasant Road, the expressway would have cut through

11330-421: The west coast. Some provincial expressway routes are still under construction. In Austria the speed limit on a Schnellstraße is 100–130 km/h (62–81 mph). Schnellstraßen are very similar to Austrian Autobahnen (freeways/motorways); the chief difference is that they are more cheaply built with smaller curve radius, often undivided and have fewer bridges and tunnels. In Belgium an autoweg

11440-417: Was a former Kodak plant, marked today only by the existence of Photography Drive. Between Trethewey Drive and Lawrence Avenue West , the road passes between residential subdivisions within the Black Creek ravine. North of Lawrence, the road diverges from the Black Creek ravine. The road is separated at-grade from Queens Drive and Maple Leaf Drive, both of whom cross overhead. After Maple Leaf Drive overpass,

11550-522: Was a last priority for the province and construction was not planned to have begun until the Scarborough Expressway was completed . It was not an extension of the Scarborough Expressway as the Scarborough's western terminus would have been 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) west of East Metro's southern terminus. After the cancellation of the Spadina Expressway, the Scarborough Expressway was put on hold and went into review. Toronto, Metro Toronto, and Ontario had four choices left. Choices two, three, and four included

11660-462: Was estimated to cost $ 210 million. The mixed system, although it was the most expensive, was approved by Metro Council in December 1966. The official plan now included the Crosstown again, although it was not approved for construction. Toronto still rejected the Crosstown, and the Ontario government rewrote the Toronto city official plan to accept that it might be built. Construction of the Crosstown

11770-464: Was given to access to the new Yorkdale Shopping Centre, which opened in 1964. Drivers could drive from Lawrence Avenue north along a paved section of the expressway north to Yorkdale. The interchange to Highway 401 would be completed later. In 1961, one link in the inner ring, the Crosstown, was cancelled by Metro Council, although carried forward by Metro planning officials. Toronto and Metro proposed alternate routes for Highway 400, with Toronto favouring

11880-421: Was intended to spur or handle growth in the suburbs of Toronto, but were opposed by citizens within the city of Toronto proper, citing the demolition of homes and park lands, air pollution, noise and the high cost of construction. The Spadina Expressway , planned since the 1940s, was cancelled in 1971 after being only partially constructed. After the Spadina cancellation, other expressway plans, intended to create

11990-576: Was not expected until the 1970s. After completion of the Spadina south to Lawrence, approval was then given to proceed south to Eglinton, and start the process of expropriating homes and park lands for its construction, although without an interchange for the Crosstown. The construction plans became a point of growing protests in the late 1960s. The route of the Gardiner Expressway and the Don Valley Parkway had run mostly through industrial areas, parkland, or generally unused areas and had not generated much public concern during early construction. This changed as

12100-400: Was part of the original project plans, and later, in 1972, agreed to complete the unfinished portion of the Expressway between Eglinton and Lawrence. The debate on whether or not to continue the Expressway further south from Eglinton continued throughout the 1970s. The cancellation of the Spadina Expressway heralded the end of expressway construction in Toronto. Work on the other expressways in

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