Chorni Klobuky or Chornye Klobuki , meaning "black hats" (from Russian : Чёрные клобуки , romanized : Chërnyye klobuki and Ukrainian : Чорні клобуки , romanized : Chorni klobuky ), was a generic name for a group of semi-nomadic Turkic tribes of Berendei , Torki , Kovui of Chernihiv, Pechenegs , and others that at the end of 11th century settled on the southern frontier of Kiev and Pereyaslav principalities along the Ros River valley.
26-496: They are first mentioned in the Kievan Chronicle under the year 1146. In the 12th century, many of these tribes became sedentary and town-based (within modern Cherkasy and southern Kyiv oblasts). Their main city was Torchesk (next to the modern city of Kaharlyk ). They also were used by Rus' princes for the defense of their southern borders against Cumans and took part in the political life of Kievan Rus' . After
52-821: Is a chronicle of Kievan Rus' . It was written around 1200 in Vydubychi Monastery as a continuation of the Primary Chronicle . It is known from two manuscripts : a copy in the Hypatian Codex ( c. 1425), and a copy in the Khlebnikov Codex ( c. 1560s); in both codices, it is sandwiched between the Primary Chronicle and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle . It covers the period from 1118, where
78-566: Is the last information about Roman in the Kievan Chronicle, of which it is an integral part (or more specifically "abrupt-ending" - to which the chronicler perhaps planned to return or possibly even returned, but that fragment never reached us).' Suzdalian Chronicle The Suzdalian Chronicle ( Church Slavonic : Суздальскаѧ Лѣтопись , romanized: Suzdal'skaę Lětopys' ; Russian : Суздальская летопись , romanized : Suzdal'skaia letopis' ), also known as
104-474: Is the question of when and how each part of the chronicle appeared. There is a vast literature on this subject, different views are expressed, and discussions are ongoing'. Among the sources used by the anonymous chronicler of the Kievan Chronicle were: There is evidence that a redactor added material from the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle in the 13th century. Because its sources, save for
130-471: The Chronicle of Vladimir-Suzdal , Suzdal–Vladimirian Chronicle or Laurentian–Radziwiłł–Academic Chronicle ( LRAC ), is a Rus' chronicle . It is one of several continuations of the Primary Chronicle (PVL). In the strictest sense of the term, Suzdalian Chronicle only means the segment between 1177 and 1203, the preserved source texts of which are very similar in four surviving manuscripts:
156-523: The Hypatian Codex , but also some remarkable differences. Jaroslaw Pekenski (1988) made the following comparison (italics by Pelenski): Pelenski observed that the Kievan Chronicle framed Andrey's actions as improper and illegal, whereas the Suzdal'–Vladimirian Chronicle omitted any such references. This is in line with how the Kievan is generally ambivalent or openly critical of Andrey's reign, whilst
182-736: The Khlebnikov Codex , the text of the Kievan Chronicle ends in the year 6704 (1196). There is some disagreement amongst scholars whether the entry of the year 6709 (1201), which is not found in the Khlebnikov Codex or the Pogodin text, should be considered the final sentence of the Kievan Chronicle (Perfecky 1973, Heinrich 1977 ), or the first sentence of the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle (earlier scholars such as Bestuzev-Rjumin, A. Galakhov 1863, and A. Shakhmatov 1908 ). Perfecky stated: 'I believe that [the entry of 6709] and not Roman's quarrel with his father-in-law Prince Rjurik of Kiev under 1195–96 (Hruševs'kyj, Istorija , p. 2)
208-756: The Kievan Chronicle (as found in the Hypatian (Ipat.) and Khlebnikov (Khle.) manuscripts). Alan Timberlake (2000) commented: 'Nasonov 1959 documents that, in general, the Vladimir[-Suzdalian] tradition shares little with the Kievan tradition reflected in the Hypatian text after 1157. Nasonov also documents the fact that there is little shared language between the Vladimir tradition and
234-939: The Laurentian Codex , the Radziwiłł Chronicle , the Academic Chronicle , and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl-Suzdal (LPS). In its broadest sense, the Suzdalian Chronicle encompasses events from 1111 to 1305, as transmitted in the Laurentian Codex (the oldest surviving copy, dating from 1377, in columns 289–437). The chronicle is about the late period Kievan Rus' , and the Laurentian continuation up to 1305 also includes events of its subsequent Rus' principalities under
260-629: The Kievan Chronicle into the following chapters: The Kievan Chronicle is a direction continuation of the text of the Primary Chronicle . The original text of the Kievan Chronicle has been lost; the versions preserved in the Hypatian Codex and Khlebnikov Codex are not copied from each other, but share a common ancestor that has (so far) not been found. The Kievan Chronicle contains 72 announcements of princely deaths, 60 of which are about men who died as princes (84%), and 12 of them are about women who died as princesses (16%). Unlike
286-776: The Mongol invasion they were partially assimilated by neighboring people and partially deported by the Golden Horde rulers such as Uzbeg Khan (between 1340–1390) to the Central Asia . Their name means "Black Hats" or "Black Hoods", and in Turkic languages it is "Karakalpak"; presumably this refers to their national costume. It is unclear whether the Chornyi Klobuki are related to the Karakalpaks of today. In
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#1732800941707312-422: The Primary Chronicle ends, until about 1200, although scholars disagree where exactly the Kievan Chronicle ends and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle begins. When historian Leonid Makhnovets published a modern Ukrainian translation of the entire Hypatian Codex in 1989, he remarked: 'The history of the creation of this early-14th-century chronicle [compilation] is a very complex problem. Equally complex
338-542: The Primary Chronicle , in which the Lithuanians were portrayed as a people which had been subdued by Yaroslav the Wise , and paid tributed to Kievan Rus' until at least the early 12th century, the Kievan Chronicle narrates about a 1132 campaign in which a Rus' army burnt down Lithuanian settlements, only to be ambushed by Lithuanians on the way back and taking heavy losses. The Kievan Chronicle contains references to
364-502: The Primary Chronicle , the Kievan Chronicle and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle , even though many of the events described therein were situated in the entire 12th and 13th century (long after Nestor's death c. 1114). From the 1830s to around 1900, there was fierce academic debate about Nestor's authorship, but the question remained unresolved, and belief in Nestorian authorship had persisted. Lisa Lynn Heinrich (1977) divided
390-542: The Primary Chronicle . The text of the Kievan Chronicle shows strong similarities with that of the Suzdal'–Vladimirian Chronicle found in the Laurentian Codex and elsewhere, but also some remarkable differences. Based on the 1661 Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery, 17th-century writers started to assert that Nestor wrote many of the surviving chronicles of Kievan Rus', including
416-651: The fall of Jerusalem in 1187 and the death of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa on the Third Crusade in 1190, considering the former—and the failure of the crusade—divine punishment for sin and the latter a martyrdom. The (pen)ultimate entry of the Kievan Chronicle is the year 1200 (erroneously named "1199" in the text), which contains a long panegyric praising Rurik Rostislavich (intermittently Grand Prince of Kiev between 1173 and 1210, died 2015), ending with " Amen ". However, in
442-470: The Hypatian text in these entries; he attributes these entries to а source in Perejaslavl'-Russkij .' 'After 1157, there are virtually no correspondences between the Laurentian [ Suzdalian ] and Hypatian [ Kievan ] texts, suggesting (although Nasonov stops short of saying this explicitly) that a new, autonomous tradition was initiated in the northeast.' Soviet historian Yakov Lur'e (1985) theorised about
468-650: The Moscow Chronicle collection of the 15th century under the year 1152 it explains that all Chorni Klobuky were called Circassians as they arrived from the North Caucasus . Klym Polishchuk 's short story "God of Chorni Klobuky" is based on a Ukrainian legend . The story comprises Treasure of the Ages: Ukrainian Legends [Skarby vikiv: Ukrainski Lehendy]. Kievan Chronicle The Kievan Chronicle or Kyivan Chronicle
494-613: The common source of the Kievan and Suzdalian chronicles for the years 1118–1157: 'Probably, it was not a single document, but a whole group of interconnected southern Rus' svods (Kiev, Pereyaslavl'-Southern ) in the 12th–13th centuries.' The Laurentian Codex compiled several codices of the Vladimir chronicles. The Laurentian Codex was not just copied by the Nizhegorod monk Laurentius (commissioned in 1377, either by metropolitan Dionysius of Suzdal , or by prince Dmitry Konstantinovich of Novgorod-Suzdal ). Some scholars think that
520-474: The early dominion of the Golden Horde . It has a pro- Yurievichi dynastic Tendenz , and a focus on the northeastern principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal , where it was compiled. A 1959 study by Soviet historian A.N. Nasonov documented how, until the year 1157, the contents of the Suzdalian Chronicle (as found in the Lav., Rad., Aka., and LPS manuscripts) are derivative of
546-591: The entire first section of the Chronicle of Vladimir-Suzdal until the year 1193 was written during the years 1177–1193. Because the Laurentian homily of 1193 is missing from Radziwiłł and LPS, which do have an "Amen" in 1185 where Laurentian doesn't, early scholars such as Shakhmatov (1902, 1938), Priselkov (1940) and Prokhorov (1989) to conjecture that the "Vladimir" chronicle was compiled in several stages, with two or three possible redactions taking place in
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#1732800941707572-469: The founder of Nizhny Novgorod , from positive into a negative, partly rehabilitating the role of Tatars. Vasily Komarovich (1976) studied traces of changes within the manuscript and established a hypothesis about differences between Laurentius' version and the lost one of the Tver chronicle. The text of the Suzdal'–Vladimirian Chronicle shows strong similarities with that of the Kievan Chronicle found in
598-431: The martyrdom of the prince Igor Olgovich in 1147. Jaroslaw Pelenski (1987) pointed out that the Kievan Chronicle has a length of 431 columns , describing a period of about 80 years; a much higher information density than the Primary Chronicle , which describes as many as 258 years in only 283 (actually 286) columns. Nevertheless, at the time, the Kievan Chronicle had received far less attention from scholars than
624-585: The mid-1170s, in 1185, and/or in 1193. Alan Timberlake (2000) tested these hypotheses linguistically, and found evidence of four distinct segments: 1177–1185a, 1185b–1188, 1189–1190, and 1192–1203. Although he was able to confirm redactional activity in 1185, he found other linguistic divisions that no previous scholar had proposed, and concluded there was no boundary in 1193, but instead a continuous narrative from 1192 to 1203. Laurentian , Radziwiłł and LPS 'are quite similar through 1203, at which point they diverge.' The 1193–1212 part, which glorified Vsevolod,
650-407: The monastic chronicle, are secular and were probably not written by monks, the Kievan Chronicle is a politico-military narrative of the disintegration of Kievan Rus', in which princes are the main players. It contains a historiographical account of the events celebrated in the epic Tale of Igor's Campaign , in which the basic sequence of events is the same. It also contains a passion narrative of
676-559: Was composed in 1212 by his son Yuri II Vsevolodovich of Vladimir . The Vladimir chronicles borrowed from sources of the Southern Rus', especially from Pereiaslav , since Vladimir princes regarded the city as part of their patrimony. The original text on events from 1284 to 1305 was a lost codex compiled for the Grand Prince Mikhail of Tver in 1305, but Laurentius re-edited the presentation of Yuri Vsevolodovich ,
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