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41-628: The name in German evolved from the name in Latin, but its meaning is unknown. The Romans called the river variously Regana (feminine gender), Reganus (masculine), and Reganum (neuter). The source of its main headstream, the Großer Regen ('Great Regen'), is located in the Bohemian Forest on the southern slopes of Mt. Pancíř at 1,060 m (3,480 ft) above sea level, in

82-547: A border region, the Bohemian Forest has had a complicated history. In the 20th century it was part of the Iron Curtain , and large areas were stripped of human settlement. Even before that, settlement was sparse and for centuries forests dominated over human dwellings and pathways. These unique circumstances led to the preservation of unspoilt nature and forest ecosystems relatively unaffected by human activity. On

123-730: Is Großer Arber (1,456 m) on the Bavarian side; the highest peak on the Bohemian and Austrian side is the Plöckenstein (Plechý, 1,378 m). The most eastern peak is the Sternstein (1,125 m). The range is one of the oldest in Europe, and its mountains are eroded into round forms with few rocky parts. Typical for the Bohemian Forest are plateaux at about 1,000–1,200 m with relatively harsh climates and many peat bogs . The Bohemian Forest

164-434: Is 11 degrees. Of the approximately 1950 mm of annual precipitation, 40% falls as snow. The lowest recorded temperature of -26.4 °C was measured on January 12, 1987. The highest temperature of 30.3 °C was measured on July 27, 1983. The highest snow cover was measured on April 2, 1988, when it reached 372 cm. The weather station operated here since November 1982. In winter, the east wind together with ice snow forms

205-803: Is a low mountain range in Central Europe . Geographically, the mountains extend from Plzeň Region and the South Bohemian Region in the Czech Republic to Austria and Bavaria in Germany , and form the highest truncated uplands of the Bohemian Massif , up to 50 km wide. They create a natural border between the Czech Republic on one side and Austria and Germany on the other. For political reasons,

246-677: Is in Bodenmais  – both in the county of Regen. Its western slopes are in the municipality of Lohberg in the county of Cham. The Großer Arber has four tops: the main top with its 1913 summit cross , the Bodenmaiser Riegel with its characteristic, often photographed Richard Wagner Kopf , as well as the Kleiner and Großer Seeriegel. Also part of the mountain group is the Little Arber (1,384 m). The Großer Arber

287-405: Is not always successful in its task, and many believe the rapid growth of tourist accommodation and services is destroying the former calm of the Šumava region. Šumava National Park is also suffering from problems connected with bark beetles , and there is heated debate about how to deal with them. According to archaeological findings, the Bohemian Forest area was not significantly populated during

328-734: Is part of the natural regional major unit group of the Upper Palatine and Bavarian Forest (No. 40), in the major unit of the Rear Bavarian Forest (403), the sub-unit of the Arber- Kaitersberg Ridge (403.5) and the natural region of the Arber Massif (403.51). On the southeastern flank of the Großer Arber lies the lake of Großer Arbersee and, to the northwest and north-northeast of

369-515: Is still in operation albeit at reduced level - see below. A little to the northwest and a few metres below the summit of the Great Arber stands the little Arber chapel dedicated to Saint Bartholomew the Apostle . The first chapel there was built in 1806 by the glassworks owner, Baron von Hafenbrädl. Since then the building has been renovated four times; the present one was built in 2015. On

410-705: Is the dividing range between the watersheds of the Black Sea and the North Sea , where water collected by the Vltava , Otava and Úhlava rivers flows. These rivers all spring from the Bohemian Forest. Owing to heavy precipitation (mostly snow), the peat bogs and the Lipno Reservoir , the Šumava region is an important water reservoir for Central Europe . More important for their aesthetic value than for holding water are several lakes of glacial origin . As

451-890: Is the highest peak of the Bavarian / Bohemian Forest mountain range and in Lower Bavaria , with an elevation of 1,455.5 metres (4,775 ft). As a result, it is known in the Lower Bavarian county of Regen and the Upper Palatine county of Cham as the "King of the Bavarian Forest". Its summit region consists of paragneiss . In a 1279 document, the mountain bore the name Adwich ; Johannes Aventinus called it Hädweg in 1500; and, in 1540, Ätwa . Philipp Apian referred to it as Aetwha m. , i.e. Aetwha mons (mons, montis = Lat. mountain/hill); in 1720, it

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492-415: Is treeless and covered by subalpine calcareous grasses , rocky meadows ( Felsfluren ) and mountain pine bushes, which occur nowhere else in the Bavarian Forest. The characteristic bird species of this region include the meadow pipit , alpine accentor , water pipit , ring ouzel and wheatear . To the north in the direction of Lam there is farmer-managed, selection cutting forest ( Plenterwald ), in

533-484: The Arber Bergbahn . The mountain has been turned into a winter sports area with several ski pistes . On 17 September 1949, the first chairlift was opened on the mountain. The systematic renewal of the lifts in recent years, the construction of a 6-seater gondola lift and the construction of two, six-seater chair lifts have made the mountain's ski area the most modern in the Bavarian Forest. In summer operation,

574-571: The Eastern Bloc . The facility entered service in 1983, originally with two radar antennas. In 1996, it was converted and equipped with a large-capacity RRP 117 radar. Since then, the second tower has contained the transmitting and receiving antennas for radio communications. The Great Arber Air Defence Base is operated as part of the Integrated NATO Air Defence System. A footpath runs from Bodenmais to

615-532: The Special Area of Conservation of the Great and Little Arber and Arber lakes ( Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Arberseen , FFH no. 6844-373; 22.952 km ) and the bird reserve of the Great and Little Arber and Schwarzeck ( Großer und Kleiner Arber mit Schwarzeck , VSG no. 6844-471; 35.4624 km ). The summit region of the Großer Arber does not rise above the natural tree line . Nevertheless, it

656-642: The Bohemian and German sides have different names in their languages: in Czech , the Bohemian side is called Šumava and the Bavarian side Zadní Bavorský les 'Rear Bavarian Forest', while in German , the Bohemian side is called Böhmerwald 'Bohemian Forest', and the Bavarian side Bayerischer Wald 'Bavarian Forest'. In Czech, Šumava is also used as a name for the entire region in Bohemia and Germany. The designation Šumava has been attested in

697-454: The Bohemian borderland began. In the area, 136 villages with German names relating to forest clearing ( Rodungsnamen ) existed. In addition, groups of German village names appear, one such group between Sonnberg (first mentioned in 1279) and Deutsch Reichenau (1261), another group around Zettwing (1356). South of Ottau , German villages form a line along the road from Linz through Hohenfurth to Krummau . Another old settlement area

738-635: The Celtic agricultural settlements desolated. With the departure of the Marcomanni, the forests were left to evolve with almost no human influence. The Bohemian Forest forests began to change character only with the arrival of the Slavs in the 6th century, who found a refuge in the middle of the impenetrable forests. The cultural landscape began to penetrate the wooded surroundings. The gradual but disorganized and fairly subtle form of colonisation continued until

779-672: The Kleiner Arber is the Kleiner Arbersee , which both lie within a nature reserve . Among the rivers and streams rising on the mountain are: two Arberbachs (one to the east and one to the south), the Geigenbach, Hirschaubach, Schwellbach, Seebach, Steinbach, Teufelsbach, and Weidenbach. The Großer Regen flows past the mountain to the northeast, being fed near the mountain by the Arberseeback and Teufelsbach, and on

820-706: The Paleolithic era – the Stone Age (dates back to 9000 BC). The initial settlements of a more permanent character appeared in the southwest of Bohemia during the Bronze Age (3,000 to 1,000 years BC). In the 1st century AD, the forest was inhabited by Gallo-Romans as well as by Germanic tribes in its northern part. The Celts were however gradually forced out by the Germanic tribe (the Marcomanni ), who left

861-608: The estates in Bayerisch Eisenstein . In 1884, a wooden mountain hut was built by the Bavarian Forest Club . In 1903, the first hut was built on the summit. The current shingle-covered one was built in 1936 and extended in 1985. As early as 1939, large parts of the area were put under protection, in order to save its uniqueness. During the Cold War , a military radar station was built at the top which

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902-553: The film will be broadcast at the beginning of each year on Bavarian television in the programme Zwischen Spessart und Karwendel . Since the 19th century, the Großer Arber and the extended woodlands down to Bayerisch Eisenstein with several former forest glassworks were owned by the princely House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen . They procured the estate of the master glassworker, Hafenbrädl, in Böhmisch Eisenstein, later Markt Eisenstein, today Železná Ruda , and, in 1872,

943-644: The gondolas transport hikers and tourists to the summit. Slalom and giant slalom competitions have been held on the mountain for the Alpine Ski European Cup since 1973 and, for the Alpine Ski World Cup , since 1976. The races were sponsored by the German Ski Association and alternated between Ofterschwang , Zwiesel and Berchtesgaden . Since 2011, no more ski world cups have taken place there, and according to

984-625: The late 11th century. Slavic settlement gradually shifted south, without however reaching the upper Vltava valley. Slavic-founded settlements carried the names of Christian Saints, which indicates that the founding was after the Christianization of Bohemia . Some toponyms indicate that the new Slavic settlers came in contact with remaining Germanic people. Under the rule of King Ottokar I , organized colonization of Bohemian Forest by German settlers began. Bavarian settlers after various wars with Serbs (modern Serbs/Sorbs) for domination over

1025-735: The late 15th century in Antonio Bonfini 's work Rerum unganicarum decades . Folk etymology connects the name's origin with the Czech words šum , šumění (literally 'hum, humming') denoting the noise of trees in the wind. The most accepted opinion among linguists derives Šumava from a theorized Proto-Slavic word * šuma 'dense forest', cf. Serbian šuma as it adjoins regions populated by Sorbs of Lusatia and surrounds (North Eastern Bavaria and Saxony). There are corresponding toponyms in modern-day Serbia i.e. Šumadija 'land of dense forests'. Modern Serbian maintains

1066-525: The monitoring of protected area regulations. Since 1999, another area support service for the Großer Arber has been provided by the neighbouring Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park (focus: summit plateau and Kleiner Arbersee Nature Reserve). From the summit region of the Großer Arber, the nature reserve of the Great Arbersee and Arberseewand ( Großer Arbersee und Arberseewand , CDDA no. 163348; designated in 1939; 1.4857  km ) runs away to

1107-693: The mountain along the E6 European long distance path as part of a walk that take in eight or twelve 1,000-metre-high mountains respectively. On 10 June 2017 the Arberland Mountain Run took place, which also included the 2017 German Mountain Running Championships. 346 runners reached the finish line of the 13.8-kilometre course with a difference in altitude of 887 metres. The lifts on the Grosser Arber are called

1148-771: The northwestern flank the White Regen drains the Kleiner Arbersee, which is fed by the Weidenbach. Since summer 1995, a full-time nature conservation presence has been active in the Bavarian Forest Nature Park in the area of the Großer Arber. Their management of the area is primarily focused on the summit region, but also on the protected areas on the mountain as a contact partner for conservation questions and for guided tours. Among their tasks are visitor information, public relations and

1189-411: The occasion of the centenary of the chapel's construction, Abbot Willibald Adam of Metten Abbey celebrated a mountain mass for the first time in the presence of 2,000 people on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1906. On 29 August 1965, the priest of Arber, Josef Kufner, celebrated another mass here, thus founding the first actual Arber parish fair ( Arberkirchweih ). Since then it has been celebrated every year on

1230-743: The other hand, many habitats dependent on farming activity are slowly turning into forest. In the Czech Republic , the most valuable area is protected in the Šumava National Park and Protected Landscape and the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . Part of the German section is protected as the Bavarian Forest National Park . The Bohemian Forest is a popular holiday destination because it is excellent hiking country. Most interesting natural and cultural sights are connected with more than 500 km of summer marked trails and many bike trails. However, park administration

1271-655: The penultimate Sunday in August. After mass, people meet for lunch in the Arber Hut; afterwards, folk singers and musicians give performances. Two buildings owned by the German Air Force together with their radomes are situated on the summit. The site was built during the Cold War, in the face of vehement protests by conservationists, close to the border with Czechoslovakia in order to monitor air traffic in

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1312-417: The region, cleared the forest and founded settlements in the to date largely uninhabited mountainous region, which thereby became culturally close to Bavaria . Since then the nature in Bohemian Forest, including the forested landscape developed under the strong influence of human activity. The borderline virgin forests receded, making way for fields and pastures, and thus in the 13th century, the colonisation of

1353-809: The river is called Regen. The river's total length, including its headstreams, the Great Regen and Black Regen, is 191 kilometres (119 mi). The Kleiner Regen crosses the Frauenau Reservoir . The Regen Valley forms the main valley crossing the Bavarian Forest ; many settlements within the mountains are located along the river. Cities along the Regen river include Cham and Regensburg . Bohemian Forest The Bohemian Forest , known in Czech as Šumava ( pronounced [ˈʃumava] ) and in German as Böhmerwald ,

1394-528: The so-called Arbermandl . The mountain pines and mountain spruces of the Great Arber freeze into bizarre and often comical-looking shapes. Cameraman Martin Lippl made a film about it in 1985. The recordings were made somewhat accidentally during a short break of sunshine during a blizzard . Elfie Pertramer later underscored these recordings with a mystical poem. Under the title Voices from the Magic Forest

1435-404: The south towards Bodenmais is state forest. Großer Arber has a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) bordering on humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The summit region of the Great Arber has an average of 160 days of frost and 150 days of snow cover per year. Because of late and early frosts, the vegetation period lasts little more than 100 days. The July temperature in the highest areas

1476-744: The southeast. Extending from the summit region to the northwest is the Little Arbersee Nature Reserve ( Kleiner Arbersee , CDDA no. 164117; 1998; 4.1059 km ). Near the mountain at the Riesloch Falls is the Riesloch nature reserve (CDDA no. 318989; 1939; 33.4  ha ). On the mountain itself are parts of the protected landscapes of the Bavarian Forest ( Bayerischer Wald , CDDA no. 396098; 1983; 2310.1276 km ) and Upper Bavarian Forest ( Oberer Bayerischer Wald , CDDA no. 396128 1308.5616 km ),

1517-740: The territory of Železná Ruda in the Czech Republic. The river crosses the Czech-German border after a few kilometres, at Bayerisch Eisenstein . At Zwiesel , the Great Regen is joined by the Kleiner Regen ('Little Regen') to form the Schwarzer Regen ('Black Regen'). The Schwarzer Regen flows through Regen and Viechtach , and is joined by the Weißer Regen ('White Regen') in Bad Kötzting . Beyond this confluence,

1558-674: The top of the mountain. It begins at the walkers' car park of Rissloch and climbs up past the Riesloch Falls . The descent may be made past the Little Arber, past the waterfalls and ending back at the start. In addition, there are two tours - the Eight Thousanders Tour ( "8-1000er Tour" ) and the Twelve Thousanders Tour ( "12-1000er Tour" ) - which are hiking trails that include an ascent of

1599-466: The use of the word šuma 'forest' and the toponym Šumava equates to 'forested lands'. In the ancient maps of astronomer and geographer Ptolemy , the mountain chain is called Gabreta . In the maps of Greek geographer Strabo the mountain chain is called Sudeta . Both names given to the mountain chain are of Celtic etymology. The Bohemian Forest comprises heavily forested mountains with average heights of 800–1,400 metres. The highest peak

1640-454: Was between Untermoldau (1376, today: Dolní Vltavice) and Obermoldau (1359). In 1945–1946, the region's Bohemian Germans were expelled . The originally Sorbian population moved to adjoining places which to this day testify to their origins in places throughout North Bohemia i.e Srbská Kamenice. Gro%C3%9Fer Arber The Großer Arber ( German pronunciation ); Czech : Velký Javor , "Great Maple") or Great Arber ,

1681-468: Was recorded on a map as Aidweich . According to more recent research, the name is of Celtic origin. In 1740, it is recorded for the first time as Arber . The Großer Arber rises in the Rear Bavarian Forest on the boundary of the Upper Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the north and the Bavarian Forest Nature Park to the south. The boundary runs close to the summit, which itself is in the municipality of Bayerisch Eisenstein , while its southwestern flank

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