Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list ; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy. As a verb , blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list. A blacklist is synonymous with a list of banned persons or organizations, and is the opposite of a whitelist .
57-570: The English dramatist Philip Massinger used the phrase "black list" in his 1639 tragedy The Unnatural Combat . After the restoration of the English monarchy brought Charles II of England to the throne in 1660, a list of regicides named those to be punished for the execution of his father . The state papers of Charles II say "If any innocent soul be found in this black list, let him not be offended at me, but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote". In
114-698: A 1676 history of the events leading up to the Restoration, James Heath (a supporter of Charles II) alleged that Parliament had passed an Act requiring the sale of estates, "And into this black list the Earl of Derby was now put, and other unfortunate Royalists ". Edward Gibbon wrote in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776) of Andronicus that "His memory was stored with
171-460: A black list of the enemies and rivals, who had traduced his merit, opposed his greatness, or insulted his misfortunes". The first published reference to blacklisting of an employee dates from 1774. This became a significant employment issue in American mining towns and company towns , where blacklisting could mean a complete loss of livelihood for workers who went on strike. The 1901 Report of
228-754: A country in which they could be legally owned. Orders in Council were controversially used in 2004 to overturn a court ruling in the United Kingdom that held that the exile of the Chagossians from the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was unlawful. Initially, the High Court in 2006 held that these Orders in Council were unlawful: "The suggestion that a minister can, through the means of an order in council, exile
285-504: A degree in 1606. His father had died in 1603, and that may have left him without financial assistance. The lack of a degree and the want of patronage from Lord Pembroke may both be explained on the supposition that he had become Roman Catholic . On leaving the university he went to London to make his living as a dramatist, but his name cannot be definitely affixed to any play until fifteen years later, when The Virgin Martyr (registered with
342-423: A large share, is really a miracle play, dealing with the martyrdom of Dorothea in the time of Diocletian , and the supernatural element is freely used. Caution must be used in interpreting this play as an elucidation of Massinger's views; it is not entirely his work. In The Renegado , however, the action is dominated by the beneficent influence of a Jesuit priest, Francisco, and the doctrine of baptismal regeneration
399-615: A lost collaboration, with Fletcher and Field. The list given above represents a consensus of scholarship; individual critics have assigned various other plays, or portions of plays, to Massinger—like The Faithful Friends , or the first two acts of The Second Maiden's Tragedy (1611). Massinger's independent works were collected by Thomas Coxeter (4 vols., 1759, revised edition with introduction by Thomas Davies , 1779), by J. Monck Mason (4 vols., 1779), by William Gifford (4 vols., 1805, 1813), by Hartley Coleridge (1840), by Lt. Col. Cunningham (1867), and selections by Arthur Symons in
456-654: A predicament similar to that of the head of the house he revered, the Earl of Pembroke—who found that he could not support King Charles in the English Civil War , and became one of the few noblemen to back the Parliamentary side. Massinger did not live long enough to have to take a position in that conflict. It seems doubtful whether Massinger was ever a popular playwright, for the best qualities of his plays would appeal rather to politicians and moralists than to
513-400: A sacrament that would be surprising for a Catholic. As noted above, Massinger placed moral and religious concerns over political considerations, in ways that offended the interests of king and state in his generation. While not a "democrat" in any modern sense (no one in his society was), Massinger's political sympathies, insofar as we can determine them from his works, might have placed him in
570-535: A whole population from a British Overseas Territory and claim that he is doing so for the ' peace, order and good government ' of the territory is to us repugnant." The UK government's first appeal failed, with the Court of Appeal holding that the decision had been unlawfully taken by a government minister "acting without any constraint". However, the government successfully appealed to the House of Lords , which overturned
627-598: Is at fault if his picture comes near "a late and sad example." The obvious "late and sad example" of a wandering prince could be no other than Charles I 's brother-in-law, the Elector Palatine. An allusion to the same subject may be traced in The Maid of Honour . In another play by Massinger, not extant, Charles I is reported to have himself struck out a passage put into the mouth of Don Pedro, king of Spain, as "too insolent." The poet seems to have adhered closely to
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#1732780336631684-516: Is enforced. In The Maid of Honour a complicated situation is solved by the decision of the heroine, Camiola, to take the veil. For this she is held up "to all posterity a fair example for noble maids to imitate." Conversely, characters in Massinger's plays sometimes masquerade as Catholic clergy ( The Bashful Lover ) and even hear believers' confessions ( The Emperor of the East )—a violation of
741-565: Is merely another form of statutory instrument (in the UK, regulated by the Statutory Instruments Act 1946 ), albeit subject to more formalities than a simple statutory instrument. Like all statutory instruments, they may simply be required to be laid before both Houses of Parliament, or they may be annulled in pursuance of a resolution of either the lower house ( House of Commons in the UK and Canada or House of Representatives in
798-450: Is not necessary to suppose that Massinger, Fletcher, Ford, and Rowley-or-Webster sat down in a room together to write a play.) More than a dozen of Massinger's plays are said to be lost, though the titles of some of these may be duplicates of those of existing plays. Eleven of these lost plays were manuscripts used by John Warburton's cook for lighting fires and making pies. The tragedy The Jeweller of Amsterdam (c. 1616–19) may be
855-551: Is now well documented that Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King seriously considered acting to protect the Soviet-Canadian military alliance against Nazi Germany by silencing Kirkconnell with an Order-in-Council. An Order in Council made by the Brian Mulroney government on 21 November 1988 created Amex Bank of Canada, a Canadian banking subsidiary of American Express , although federal banking policy at
912-633: Is pleased, by and with the advice of His Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby ordered, as follows:" Section 20(1) of the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 allows the King in Council to exercise a measure of legislative power in the event of an emergency. Other matters dealt with by statutory Orders in Council include the closure of burial grounds under the Burial Act 1853 , approval of statutes made by Oxford or Cambridge colleges under
969-454: The 2020 Nova Scotia attacks . The order immediately nullified the existing registrations of ownership for all the weapons it affected, making it illegal for owners to possess, use, transport, or sell them except in a few limited circumstances. A second Order in Council was simultaneously passed declaring an amnesty period until April 30, 2022, in which time owners of newly-prohibited firearms could have them deactivated, destroyed, or exported to
1026-600: The Caribbean Territories (Abolition of Death Penalty for Murder) Order 1991 . Within the United Kingdom itself, court decisions can be formally overruled only by an act of Parliament or by the decision of a higher court on appeal. In the rest of the Commonwealth they are used to carry out any decisions made by the cabinet and the executive that would not need to be approved by Parliament . It
1083-606: The Cockpit Theatre , three pieces, The Parliament of Love , The Bondman and The Renegado . With the exception of these plays and The Great Duke of Florence , produced in 1627 by Queen Henrietta's Men , Massinger continued to write regularly for the King's Men until his death. The tone of the dedications of his later plays affords evidence of his continued poverty. In the preface to The Maid of Honour (1632) he wrote, addressing Sir Francis Foljambe and Sir Thomas Bland: "I had not to this time subsisted, but that I
1140-464: The Globe Theatre , and was buried in the churchyard of St. Saviour's, Southwark , on 18 March 1640. In the entry in the parish register he is described as a "stranger", which, however, implies nothing more than that he belonged to another parish. He is buried in the same tomb as Fletcher. That grave can be seen to this day in the chancel of what is now Southwark Cathedral near London Bridge on
1197-838: The Hollywood blacklist . Since then, lawsuits for unfair dismissal have led to blacklisting being covert or informal, but it remains common. In 1981 following the PATCO workers' refusal to return to work, the Reagan administration fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order, and banned them from federal service for life. The Hollywood blacklist was an entertainment industry blacklist instituted in 1947 to block screenwriters and other Hollywood professionals who were purported to have Communist sympathies from obtaining employment. It started by listing 151 entertainment industry professionals and lasted until 1960 when it
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#17327803366311254-538: The Industrial Commission stated "There was no doubt in the minds of workingmen of the existence of the blacklisting system, though it was practically impossible to obtain evidence of it." It cited a news report that in 1895 a former conductor on the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad committed suicide, having been out of work ever since a strike: "Wherever he went, the blacklist was ahead of him". Though
1311-1008: The Mermaid Series (1887–1889). Subsequent work on Massinger includes Philip Edwards and Colin Gibson, eds., The Plays and Poems of Philip Massinger (5 vols., Oxford, 1976), Martin Garrett, ed., Massinger: the Critical Heritage (London, 1991), chapters in Annabel Patterson, Censorship and Interpretation: the Conditions of Writing and Reading in Early Modern England (Madison, 1984) and Martin Butler, Theatre and Crisis 1632–1642 (Cambridge, 1984), and Martin Garrett, "Philip Massinger" in
1368-493: The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported trade unions or criticised their employers, the practice continued in common use. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 made amendments which sustained blacklisting by affirming the right of employers to be anti-union , and by requiring trade union leaders to make loyalty oaths which had the same effect as
1425-624: The Scottish Parliament in certain circumstances in the same way as they would have been laid before the Westminster Parliament. From 2007, legislation put before the Welsh Assembly is enacted through Orders in Council after following the affirmative resolution procedure. An Order in Council of this type usually has the following form: "His Majesty, in pursuance of [relevant section of primary legislation],
1482-581: The Senedd (Welsh Parliament; Welsh : Senedd Cymru ) in 2020, at the same time gaining the competence to pass Acts of Senedd Cymru , assent to which is given by letters patent without requiring the involvement of the Privy Council. For most of the period from 1972 to 2007, much Northern Ireland legislation was made by order in Council as part of direct rule . This was done under the various Northern Ireland Acts 1974 to 2000, and not by virtue of
1539-476: The Stationers Company , 7 December 1621) appeared as the work of Massinger and Thomas Dekker . During these years he worked in collaboration with other dramatists. A joint letter, from Nathan Field , Robert Daborne and Philip Massinger, to Philip Henslowe , begs for an immediate loan of five pounds to release them from their "unfortunate extremity", the money to be taken from the balance due for
1596-690: The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act 1923 , and the appointment of HM Inspectors of Education, Children's Services and Skills under the Education and Inspections Act 2006 . Under the Government of Wales Act 2006 , royal assent to Measures of the National Assembly for Wales was given by Order in Council, but this is not done by statutory instrument but in a form similar to that of a prerogative order. The National Assembly became
1653-400: The "play of Mr. Fletcher's and ours." A second document shows that Massinger and Daborne owed Henslowe £3 on 4 July 1615. The earlier note probably dates from 1613, and from this time Massinger apparently worked regularly with John Fletcher . Sir Aston Cockayne , Massinger's constant friend and patron, refers in explicit terms to this collaboration in a sonnet addressed to Humphrey Moseley on
1710-531: The High Court and Court of Appeal decisions ( R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex parte Bancoult (No 2) ). The Law Lords decided that the validity of an order in council made under the prerogative legislating for a colony was amenable to judicial review. Also, it was not for the courts to substitute their judgement for that of the Secretary of State as to what was conducive to
1767-411: The deposing of Sebastian, King of Portugal", calculated presumably to endanger good relations between England and Spain. There is little doubt that this was the same piece as Believe as You List , in which time and place are changed, Antiochus being substituted for Sebastian, and Rome for Spain. In the prologue, Massinger ironically apologises for his ignorance of history, and professes that his accuracy
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1824-966: The famous line, "Immature poets imitate; mature poets steal...." In 2021, Making Massinger , a play by Simon Butteriss, was recorded and streamed by Wiltshire Creative, who commissioned it. The play is in verse and described as a revenge tragicomedy. The cast includes Samuel Barnett, Edward Bennett, Hubert Burton, Julia Hills, Jane How and Nina Wadia. The following scheme is based on the work of Cyrus Hoy , Ian Fletcher, and Terence P. Logan. (See References.) With John Fletcher : With John Fletcher and Francis Beaumont : With John Fletcher and Nathan Field : With Nathan Field: With John Fletcher, John Ford , and William Rowley (?), or John Webster (?): With John Fletcher, Ben Jonson , and George Chapman (?): With Thomas Dekker : With Thomas Middleton and William Rowley : Some of these "collaborations" are in fact more complex: revisions by Massinger of older plays by Fletcher and others, etc. (It
1881-435: The government's decisions. Apart from acts of Parliament, orders in council are the main method by which the government implements decisions that need legal force. An order in council made under the royal prerogative does not depend on any statute for its authority, although an act of Parliament may change this. This type has become less common with the passage of time, as statutes encroach on areas that used to form part of
1938-578: The internment of aliens of "enemy nationality". Between 1914 and 1920, 8,579 "enemy aliens" were detained in internment camps. During the Second World War , the Soviet newspaper Trud accused poet and university professor Watson Kirkconnell , who was known to be both a Ukrainophile and a publicist of human rights abuses under Stalinism , of being "the Führer of Canadian Fascism ". It
1995-692: The name of the Governor General by the King's Privy Council for Canada ; provincial orders-in-council are of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council by the provincial Executive Council . In other places in name of the governor by the executive council ( Governor-in-Council , Governor-General-in-Council , etc.). In New Zealand, the orders in council, undertaken by the Executive Council , are required to give effect to
2052-579: The name of the Council without sovereign approval. There are two principal types of order in council: orders in council whereby the King-in-Council exercises the royal prerogative , and orders in council made in accordance with an act of Parliament . In the United Kingdom, orders are formally made by the monarch with the advice of the Privy Council ( King-in-Council or Queen-in-Council ). In Canada, federal orders in council are made in
2109-531: The office of examiner in the Court of the Marches . William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke , who would come to oversee the London Stage and the royal company as King James's Lord Chamberlain, succeeded to the title in 1601. It has been suggested that he supported Massinger at Oxford, but the omission of any reference to him in any of Massinger's prefaces points to the contrary. Massinger left Oxford without
2166-496: The ordinary playgoer. He contributed, however, at least one great and popular character to the English stage. Sir Giles Overreach, in A New Way to Pay Old Debts , is a sort of commercial Richard III , a compound of the lion and the fox, and the part provides many opportunities for a great actor. He made another considerable contribution to the comedy of manners in The City Madam . In Massinger's own judgment The Roman Actor
2223-464: The other realms) or the upper house ( House of Lords in the UK or Senate in other realms) ('negative resolution procedure'), or require to be approved by a resolution of either or, exceptionally, both houses ('affirmative resolution procedure'). That said, the use of Orders in Council has been extended more recently, as the Scotland Act 1998 provides that draft Orders in Council may be laid before
2280-594: The petition to recall President Hugo Chávez , together with their national identity card numbers ( cédula ). The list "made sectarianism official", and Venezuelans who signed against Chávez were denied jobs, benefits, and documents, and often subjected to harassment. Once the list was posted, Chávez, on a Venezolana de Televisión broadcast, encouraged use of the website to "verify illicit use of national identity cards". Roger Capella, Minister of Health declared that "those who signed against President Chávez would be fired because they are committing an act of terrorism". There
2337-692: The politics of his patron, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke , who had leanings to democracy and was a personal enemy of the Duke of Buckingham. The servility towards the Crown displayed in Beaumont and Fletcher 's plays reflected the temper of the court of James I . The attitude of Massinger's heroes and heroines towards kings is very different. Camiola's remarks on the limitations of the royal prerogative ( Maid of Honour , Act V, Scene v) could hardly be acceptable at court. Massinger died suddenly at his house near
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2394-505: The publication of his folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher ( Small Poems of Divers Sorts , 1658), and in an epitaph on the two poets he says: "Plays they did write together, were great friends, And now one grave includes them in their ends." After Philip Henslowe's death in 1616 Massinger and Fletcher began to write for the King's Men . Between 1623 and 1626 Massinger produced unaided for the Lady Elizabeth's Men , then playing at
2451-616: The revised Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2005). Order in Council An Order in Council is a type of legislation in many countries, especially the Commonwealth realms . In the United Kingdom , this legislation is formally made in the name of the monarch by and with the advice and consent of the Privy Council ( King-in-Council ), but in other countries the terminology may vary. Orders-in-Council are distinct from Orders of Council , which are made in
2508-445: The royal prerogative. Matters which still fall within the royal prerogative and hence are regulated by (prerogative) orders in council include the prorogation of Parliament, royal charters, and the governance of British Overseas Territories . British Orders in Council may occasionally be used to effectively reverse court decisions or enforce British law applicable to British Overseas Territories without involving Parliament such as
2565-665: The royal prerogative. The use of orders in Council during direct rule is classified as "primary legislation" and not "subordinate legislation" according to section 21 of the Human Rights Act 1998 – subordinate legislation continued to be fulfilled by statutory rules . After the British Empire entered World War I on the Allied side, an Order in Council was made in Canada for the registration and in certain cases for
2622-610: The south bank of the Thames. There the names of Fletcher and Massinger appear on adjacent plaques laid in the floor between the choir stalls. Next to these is a plaque commemorating Edmund Shakespeare (William's younger brother) who is buried in the cathedral, although the exact location of his grave is unknown. The supposition that Massinger was a Roman Catholic rests upon three of his plays, The Virgin Martyr (licensed 1620), The Renegado (licensed 1624) and The Maid of Honour (c. 1621). The Virgin Martyr , in which Dekker probably had
2679-587: The strict requisite that they had not signed the petition for the referendum. In computing, a blacklist is an access control system that denies entry to a specific list (or a defined range) of users, programs, or network addresses. Philip Massinger Philip Massinger (1583 – 17 March 1640) was an English dramatist . His finely plotted plays, including A New Way to Pay Old Debts , The City Madam , and The Roman Actor , are noted for their satire and realism , and their political and social themes. The son of Arthur Massinger or Messanger, he
2736-517: The time of his application, national security was not included as a ground for refusal in the Canadian Passport Order , which was since amended to include the ground. In July 2017, the government of Canada used an Order in Council to strip ex-Nazi interpreter Helmut Oberlander of his Canadian citizenship. On May 1, 2020, an Order in Council was used to declare over 1,500 models of firearm to be prohibited weapons, in response to
2793-593: The time would not ordinarily have permitted such an establishment by a foreign company. In July 2004 and August 2006, Orders in Council were used to deny a passport to Abdurahman Khadr , a member of the Khadr family who had previously been held in detention by the United States at Guantanamo Bay , on the grounds of national security. The first was overturned on judicial review by the Federal Court as, at
2850-411: Was "the most perfect birth of his Minerva." It is a study of the tyrant Domitian , and of the results of despotic rule on the despot himself and his court. Other favourable examples of his grave and restrained art are The Duke of Milan , The Bondman and The Great Duke of Florence . For an examination of William Shakespeare's influence on Massinger, see T. S. Eliot 's essay on Massinger. It includes
2907-494: Was a public outcry, in particular by the organization Súmate , and because of reports that people who worked for the government were fired, denied work, or denied issuance of official documents because of their appearance on the list. In July 2004, access to the database under management of Comando Maisanta was granted to members of the "Batallones Bolivarianos de Internet (BBI)" (Internet Bolivarian Battalions), which previously had to register on Tascón's website to gain access under
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#17327803366312964-479: Was baptised at St. Thomas's Salisbury on 24 November 1583. He apparently belonged to an old Salisbury family, for the name occurs in the city records as early as 1415. He is described in his matriculation entry at St. Alban Hall , Oxford (1602), as the son of a gentleman. His father, who had also been educated at St. Alban Hall, was a member of parliament, and was attached to the household of Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke . Herbert recommended Arthur in 1587 for
3021-733: Was due to his volunteering in this cause and his beliefs. During World War I , the British government adopted a "blacklist" based on an Order in Council of 23 December 1915, prohibiting British subjects from trade with specified firms and individuals in neutral countries; the lists were published in the London Gazette . In the summer of 1940, the SS printed a secret list called Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. ("Special Search List Great Britain ") as part of Nazi Germany 's preparations for invasion code-named Operation Sea Lion – when this booklet
3078-580: Was effectively broken by the acknowledgement that blacklisted professionals had been working under assumed names for many years. At least one Scottish volunteer ( George Drever ) in the International Brigades who went to Spain to fight Franco 's fascists and who was also well known in the British Communist Party in the 1930s was informed by the police Special Branch that his failure to progress in military or career
3135-638: Was found after the war, it was commonly called the Black Book and described as a blacklist. In 1907, the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance. There was a physical list kept by the community of physicians . After the 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum , ruling party deputy Luis Tascón published on his website a database of more than 2,400,000 Venezuelans who had signed
3192-497: Was long thought that prerogative orders, being primary legislation, were not subject to judicial review . This was reversed in the 1985 case Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service , which, however, allowed for some exceptions, such as national security. A given prerogative order therefore may or may not be subject to judicial review, depending on its nature. In this second case, an order in council
3249-566: Was supported by your frequent courtesies and favours." The prologue to The Guardian (licensed 1633) refers to two unsuccessful plays and two years of silence, when the author feared he had lost the popular favour. It is probable that this break in his production was owing to his free handling of political matters. In 1631, Sir Henry Herbert , the Master of the Revels , refused to license an unnamed play by Massinger because of "dangerous matter as
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