4°52′54.7″N 114°58′06.9″E / 4.881861°N 114.968583°E / 4.881861; 114.968583
113-554: The Brunei Darussalam Maritime Museum ( Malay : Muzium Maritim Brunei Darussalam ) is a museum located at Kota Batu , Brunei . The museum is located within the historical area of Kota Batu. The building is a short walk to the Malay Technology Museum . The construction began in December 2006 and completed sometime in 2008. However, delays caused it to only be opened to the public after seven years. The museum
226-626: A binder to enable the glaze to increase the adherence to the body. Also, small percentages can be added to bodies with low green strength, such as bone china, to increase their strength prior to firing. H [ edit ] Hard-paste porcelain Porcelain which had been fired up to 1400°C in a reducing atmosphere. Also called reduction porcelain. Hollowware ( W ) Vessels of any shape, as opposed to flatware such as plates I [ edit ] Iron oxide A common oxide in glazes and some clays. The fired colour depends on
339-437: A body, and glaze, exhibits it required characteristics. Maturity The combined effects of firing time and firing temperature on ceramic wares in a kiln. Within limits, wares fired at low temperatures for extended periods may develop a degree of maturity similar to that achieved by applying higher firing temperatures for shorter periods. ( W ) Metal release The leaching of heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, from
452-612: A cargo of goods. Around 10,000 artefacts in great condition, including pottery, ceramics, glass, beads, iron, and other items, are thought to have been discovered strewn across an area of around 100 square meters, according to the study report on the relics discovered within the ship. 4,870 artefacts from Jiangxi province falling under the category of blue and white pottery, or blue and white ware, are among those that have been successfully gathered. Plates, dishes, jugs, glasses, coasters, bowls, pots, kettles, bottles, and pots are among them. In addition, 190 different kinds of white pottery from
565-430: A ceramic article, or the material or mixture from which it is made. Bone ash Calcined animal bone used in the production of bone china . Synthetic alternatives are available. ( W ) Bone china Vitreous, translucent pottery made from a body of the following approximate composition: 45-50% calcined bone, 20-25% kaolin & 25-30% china stone . ( W ) Bone-dry The final stage of greenware dried to
678-405: A clay body or glaze. Invariably expressed as percentages, and totalling 100%. Also called formulation. Roller-head machine ( W ) Used for the mass production of pottery: a heated, rotating tool that replaces jigger and jolley to shape wares. Raw A clay, body or article that has not been fired. Raw glazing The application of a glaze to unfired ware and then firing both in
791-555: A common deflocculant. Soft-paste porcelain Type of porcelain made with little kaolin or china clay , mostly in Europe 1720-1820. Also used for feldspathic porcelain fired in oxidising an atmosphere Sprigging Decoration technique whereby small moulded pieces of body are applied to an article before firing. Results in a relief decoration, such as is characteristic of Jasperware made by Wedgwood. Spraying Glazing pottery by
904-466: A comparatively low melting point, and used to promote fusion in a given mixture of raw materials. Examples used in ceramics bodies and glazes include feldspar and nepheline syenite. Frit A product made by quenching and breaking up a glass of a specific composition. Common uses include as components of a glaze or enamel, or for the body of fritware , when it usually mixed with larger quantities of quartz sand. ( W ) Fusion A process in which
1017-672: A descendant of the Proto-Austronesian language , began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan . The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Classical Malay, Late Modern Malay and Modern Malay. Old Malay is believed to be
1130-444: A fashion somewhat like kneading dough for bread. It ensures the even distribution of moisture in the body. L [ edit ] Lawn Another name for seive. Leather-hard The condition of a clay or clay body when it has been partially dried to the point where all shrinkage has stopped. ( W ) Loss of Ignition The percentage of mass lost when a material is heated under specified conditions: 1,000 °C
1243-457: A filler to attenuate drying shrinkage but it also modifies the fired thermal expansion. Traditionally used in the UK, but has largely been replaced by quartz. Flocculate The opposite of deflocculate. Calcium chloride is a common flocculant used for glazes. Fluidity The degree of flow of liquids, such as slips or glaze suspensions. The inverse of viscosity. Flux A material with
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#17327718485931356-462: A final product, with a matt surface resembling marble. Biscuit firing The first firing prior to glazing and subsequent additional firing. Bloating The permanent swelling of a ceramic article during firing caused by the evolution of gases. Blunging The energetic mixing of ceramic raw materials, especially clays, with water to produce slip or slurry. Undertaken in large tanks called blungers. Body The structural portion of
1469-526: A firm column. It consists of a barrel which tapers at one end to a die, through which the clay or body is forced by knives mounted on a shaft which rotates centrally to the barrel. A vacuum system may be installed to de-air the clay or clay body. ( W ) Pyrometer a temperature indicator linked to a kiln via a thermocoupler. Pyrometric cones ( W ) Q [ edit ] Quartz Quartz inversion R [ edit ] Recipe The list of raw materials used to formulate
1582-455: A flux, silica and colorant( W ) Glaze fit How well the respective thermal expansions of a ceramic body and fired glaze match. A good fit is critical to avoid some glaze defects. Glost firing A firing in a kiln to convert the unfired glaze surface to a glassy surface coating. Also called glaze firing. Greenware Unfired clay articles( W ) Grog See chamotte , above. ( W ) Gum arabic A natural gum used as
1695-420: A flux. Enamels are usually fired to temperatures in the range of about 700 to 800 °C. Eutectic An invariant point on an equilibrium diagram. A mixture of two substances which has the lowest melting point in the whole series of possible compositions. ( W ) Engobe A slip coating applied to a ceramic body for imparting colour, opacity or other characteristics. Sometimes distinguished from slip by
1808-609: A glaze recrystallise during the cooling stage of firing. Results in a fault unless the intention is the formation of a crystalline glaze. Dipping Glazing pottery by immersion in a glaze suspension. Dribbler A teapot from which tea does not pour well, rather it dribbles, due to inferior design. Dunt A crack caused by thermal shock, especially if ware cooled too rapidly after it has been fired. ( W ) E [ edit ] Earthenware Porous pottery fired at comparatively low temperatures. Compositions vary considerably, and include both prepared and 'as dug';
1921-572: A glaze. ( W ) V [ edit ] Viscometer An instrument used to measure the viscosity of a slip. Various designs exist. Vitreous For glaze: the presence of glass. For bodies: the absence of permeability to water. Vitreous China A vitreous ceramic used for sanitaryware, such as toilets. Often abbreviated to VC. Vitrification Process by which ceramic raw materials fuse to become non-permeable after firing. W [ edit ] Wad box A simple wall mounted piston extruder used to produce long coils from
2034-404: A glaze: this can present a hazard to health. Can be eliminated or reduced to a safe level by the use of suitable glaze formulations and processing. Testing is commonly undertaken by reputable manufacturers to ensure ware meets nationally and internationally specified limits. Modulus of Rupture The maximum transverse breaking stress, or bending load, applied under specified conditions, that
2147-527: A lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as Makassar Malay , which appears to be a mixed language . Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malayic homeland being in western Borneo . A form known as Proto-Malayic was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE, it has been argued to be the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayic languages . Its ancestor, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian ,
2260-405: A material such that certain temperature dependant changes occur, examples being oxididation, reduction, phase changes or the loss of chemically-bound water. Ceramic raw materials which are calcined include clay, bone and talc. Candling The lower temperature stage of some firing cycles used to complete the drying of the ware. Carbonizing The permanent staining of a ceramic material by
2373-463: A material will withstand before fracture. It is a common quality control test used for both ceramic raw materials and ceramic bodies. ( W ) Muffle kiln A kiln used for firing enamelled decoration, constructed so as to protect wares from direct flame and from smoke, soot, ash and other contaminants. Mullite An alumino-silicate mineral. Can be formed in clay bodies if fired to an appropriate schedule. In such bodies, including porcelain, it
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#17327718485932486-555: A mid vowel [e, o] . Orthographic note : both /e/ and /ə/ are written with ⟨e⟩ . Orthographic /e, o/ are relatively rare, so the letter ⟨e⟩ usually represents /ə/ . There are some homographs; for example, perang is used for both /pəraŋ/ "war" and /peraŋ ~ piraŋ/ "blond". (In Indonesia, "blond" may be written perang or pirang .) Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs. However, [ai] and [au] can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai ("tax") and pulau ("island"). Words with
2599-530: A mixture containing clay and other materials." -- "A class of ceramic artifacts in which clay is formed into containers by hand or in molds or with a potter's wheel, often decorated, and fired" -- "The term pottery includes many varieties of ware from the crudest vessels of prehistoric times to the most beautiful decorated porcelains, stoneware and earthenware; it also includes many articles such as large grain-jars used in ancient times for storing corn and other dry materials, wine-jars and modern sanitaryware and
2712-418: A mould. Kiln A furnace for the firing of ceramics. Kiln furniture Refractory ceramic articles used to support ware during firing. Kiln spurs Supports, often in the shape of a tripod, used to maintain the shape and separate ware during the firing process. Made of refractory ceramic material. Kneading Preparing clay for shaping which involves manipulating the clay by hand in
2825-456: A near or fully dry state and ready to be fired. In this state, the article is very fragile, non-plastic and porous. Brongniart's formula A mathematical formula developed by Alexandre Brongniart of Sèvres Porcelain which is used to determine the dry material content suspended in a clay or glaze slip. Bullers ring A type of pyrometric device. Is measured using a Bullers ring gauge. C [ edit ] Calcine To heat
2938-826: A number of factors, such as concentration and firing atmosphere. J [ edit ] Jigger A machine for the shaping of clay body into flatware by the differential rotation of a profile tool and mould. Also the process. ( W ) Jolley Similar to jigger except to shape hollowware . Also the process. ( W ) K [ edit ] Kaolin White or off-white firing kaolinitic clay, although rocks consisting of other kaolinite group minerals may also be called kaolin. Can be either of primary or secondary deposits. A key raw material for many pottery bodies. Also known as China clay.( W ) Kidney A kidney-shaped tool made of flexible steel for finishing thrown pots, or made of stiff rubber for pressing and smoothing clay in
3051-463: A once-firing. Reduction porcelain Another name for hard-paste porcelain. Reduction Firing in an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Refractory Materials that are resistant to high temperature. Rib tool A wide, flat handheld tool used to shape, smooth or scrape clay surfaces. Usually made of wood, rubber, plastic or metal. Can be either rigid or flexible, with straight, curved or
3164-433: A pattern. When an aqueous glaze suspension is then applied to the whole article the waxed areas repel the glaze, whereas unwaxed areas are coated. The wax burns away during firing. Wedging A procedure for preparing clay or a clay body by hand: the lump of clay is repeatedly thrown down on a work bench; between each operation the lump is turned and sometimes cut through and rejoined in a different orientation. The object
3277-434: A phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik ("good") and laut ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs [ai] , [au] and [oi] as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/ , /aw/ and /oj/ respectively. There is a rule of vowel harmony : the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung ("nose")
3390-413: A potter might prepare, or order from a supplier, such an amount of earthenware body , stoneware body or porcelain body . Coiling A hand method of forming pottery by building up the walls with coils of rope-like rolls of clay. Cone See pyrometric cone Crackle glaze A glaze intentionally crazed (minute cracks) for decorative effect. Crawling A parting and contraction of
3503-408: A potter, one who creates pottery (archaic). ( W ) Crockery synonym of pottery. ( W ) Crystalline glaze Glazes characterised by crystalline clusters of various shapes and colours embedded in a more uniform and opaque glaze. Produced by the slow cooling of the glost fire. D [ edit ] Deairing The removal of entrapped air from a clay, clay body or slurry, often by
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3616-495: A profiled edge. S [ edit ] Saggar A refractory ceramic box used to protect wares from direct flame, fumes, fuel-ash or cinders during firing.( W ) Seconds A finished article that has a fault, but no so grave that it is discarded. May be sold below the price of unfaulted ware. The final 's' is present even if used in the singular. Short Low plasticity. Single-fired Same as once-fired Sintering Solidification during firing of
3729-572: A raw material for many types of clay body, and is the main clay for porcelain. China stone A pottery stone that was formerly mined in Cornwall in the UK. Traditionally was used at around 25% in bone china bodies. Also known as Cornish stone. Clay A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals. Often also used to refer to the clay body , which sometimes may only contain small amounts of clay minerals. ( W ) Clay body The material used to form an article of pottery. Thus
3842-431: A root word ( affixation ), formation of a compound word (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ( reduplication ). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes , suffixes and circumfixes . Malay does not make use of grammatical gender , and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for 'he' and 'she' which
3955-493: A shipwreck site about 32 nautical miles from the coast of Brunei in 1997. The collection consists of foreign ceramics dating back to the 15th and 16th centuries. This gallery is the de facto focal point, thus a permanent exhibition, of the museum. The second gallery is named 'Kota Batu as a Trading Centre'. This exhibition is the manifestation of the development of Kota Batu as an important centre of human activities in Brunei within
4068-417: A single mass of clay body. Water Absorption The mass of water absorbed by a porous ceramic material, under specified conditions, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the dry material. It is a common quality control test used for both fired raw materials and fired ceramic bodies. Often abbreviated to WABS. ( W ) Wax resist A decorating technique where liquid wax is applied to ware to create
4181-480: A slip. M [ edit ] Magnesia porcelain A type of porcelain, the raw materials of which contain a significant amount of talc, a magnesium silicate mineral. After firing it is characterised by low thermal expansion and high mechanical strength. Maiolica or majolica ( W ) Earthenware developed in Majorca, Spain and Italy which is tin-glazed and overpainted with oxides. Similar pottery
4294-414: A variety of shapes. Furthermore, ceramics from Vietnam were discovered in the wreckage, which dates back to the 15th and 16th centuries and includes white and blue-and-putch style pottery as well as stoneware bowls, urns, and flower vases. Glass bracelets, ash stones ( grindstones ) made of granite stones, and beads made of stone, glass, and tin are among the other objects that were successfully gathered. It
4407-402: Is dia or for 'his' and 'her' which is dia punya . There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'. On the other hand, there
4520-687: Is pluricentric and a macrolanguage , i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as the national language ( bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional ) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia (" Malaysian ") or also Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia (" Indonesian language ")
4633-522: Is a list of pottery and ceramic terms . Definitions in Wiktionary are noted as "(W)". A [ edit ] Absorbency The ability of a material to soak up water. Alumina A major component of the chemical composition of clays, clay bodies and most glazes. Ark Large tank for the storage of slip. To prevent sedimentation is gentle agitated by slowly rotating blades. Atmosphere The gaseous environment within
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4746-456: Is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods . Malay does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an agent and an object , these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive",
4859-421: Is a main feature. Includes slip-painting, slip-trailing, and many other techniques Slop Another name for slurry. Soaking A period during a firing cycle when a set temperature is maintained. The period of time at the maintained temperature is called the soak, hold or dwell. Soda ash Another name for sodium carbonate, a common deflocculant. Soda sil. Another name for sodium silicate,
4972-430: Is allowed but * hedung is not. Pronunciation Pronunciation Pronunciation Study by Uri Tadmor which was published in 2003 shows that mutation of ⟨a⟩ in final open syllable is an areal feature. Specifically, it is an areal feature of Western Austronesia. Uri Tadmor classify those types into four groups as below. Malay is an agglutinative language , and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto
5085-492: Is assumed that all of the confiscated goods originate from China and Vietnam. The finding of historical artefacts from this shipwreck undoubtedly supports the claims made by several Chinese and Western sources on Brunei's position as the principal commerce hub in northwest Borneo, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries. This demonstrates that China halted in Vietnam and Thailand before the traders arrived in Brunei. After
5198-506: Is common for ceramic raw materials Lustre A type of decoration originally developed in Persia which leaves a thin layer of metal on the decorated portions of pottery. Has an iridescent appearance. Similar to using gold leaf, it comes as a liquid and is a third firing completed after glaze. Common varieties are Pearl, Copper, Gold, Silver, and Platinum. Luting A method of joining together two pieces of dry or leather-hard clay with
5311-406: Is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("unifying language" or lingua franca ) whereas the term "Malay" ( bahasa Melayu ) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern Sumatra and West Kalimantan . Classical Malay , also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial Malacca and Johor Sultanates and so
5424-557: Is dewatered via semi-permeable cloths whilst under fluid pressure. In pottery these are used to produce plastic clay body from a slip. Invariably the output from a press, called filter cakes, are then fed into pugs for de-airing and extrusion. Fine Fireclay A semi-vitreous ceramic used for very large pieces of sanitaryware. Despite the name most formulations do not use fireclay, but all use some chamotte. Sometimes abbreviated to FFC. Fire clay A highly heat resistant form of clay which can be combined with other clays to increase
5537-482: Is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay; some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are Riau Malay , Langkat , Palembang Malay and Jambi Malay . Minangkabau , Kerinci and Bengkulu are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the Jakarta dialect (known as Betawi ) also belongs to the western Malay group. The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or creoles , are spoken in
5650-479: Is known in France as Faience and in UK and Netherlands as Deftware. Majolica ( W ) or maiolica Earthenware developed in France and England, which is made by applying temperature compatible coloured lead glazes simultaneously to the biscuit body, then firing. Matte glaze A dull-surfaced glaze with no gloss. Can also be achieved by sand blasting. Maturing temperature The temperature at which
5763-418: Is normally applied to red or buff earthenware . Tin-glaze is plain lead glaze with a small amount of tin oxide added. Often brightly decorated.( W ) Tow Coarse fibre used to fettle unfired ware. Traditionally natural materials, such as flax or hemp. Thermal shock High stress in an article due to the sudden creation of a large thermal gradient. If the stress is sufficiently high it can result in
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#17327718485935876-623: Is not a tonal language . The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic, Dutch and English, are shown in brackets. Orthographic note : The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: Loans from Arabic : Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six, with /i/ split into /i, e/ and /u/ split into /u, o/ . Many words are commonly pronounced variably, with either [i, u] or [e, o] , and relatively few words require
5989-516: Is not readily intelligible with the standard language , and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as Kedah Malay . However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close. Malay is now written using the Latin script , known as Rumi in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or Latin in Indonesia, although an Arabic script called Arab Melayu or Jawi also exists. Latin script
6102-595: Is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses Hindu-Arabic numerals . Rumi (Latin) and Jawi are co-official in Brunei only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the religious school, sekolah agama , which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have
6215-401: Is present as interlocking needlelike crystals, and these make important contributions to the mechanical properties. O [ edit ] Once-fired, green-fired ( W ) Glazed pottery that was not given separate biscuit and glost firings. Opacifier A group of raw materials used in glazes which, after firing, reduce the transmission of light; to make opaque. Useful to mask
6328-521: Is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition. Owing to earlier contact with the Philippines , Malay words—such as dalam hati (sympathy), luwalhati (glory), tengah hari (midday), sedap (delicious)—have evolved and been integrated into Tagalog and other Philippine languages . By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the lingua franca for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because
6441-773: Is the action of marking a band. Batt Less commonly also known as a "batterboard", thin slab of wood, plaster or plastic used to support ware during shaping. Also, a flat piece of kiln furniture on which ware is placed in a kiln. Batt wash A thin refractory coating, often calcined alumina, applied in slurry form to batts. Used to reduce the adherence of ware during firing. Also called kiln wash. Bentonite An extremely plastic clay rich in montmorillonite which can be added in small quantities to clays or clay bodies to increase plasticity. Biscuit Pottery that has been fired but not yet glazed. Occasionally also bisque.( W ) Bisque porcelain Unglazed porcelain as
6554-682: Is the basic and most common word order. The Malay language has many words borrowed from Arabic (in particular religious terms), Sanskrit , Tamil , certain Sinitic languages , Persian (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub), and more recently, Portuguese , Dutch and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). There is a group of closely related languages spoken by Malays and related peoples across Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Southern Thailand , Kampung Alor in East Timor , and
6667-525: Is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb pe and Ambon pu (from Malay punya 'to have') to mark possession. So 'my name' and 'our house" are translated in western Malay as namaku and rumah kita but kita pe nama and torang pe rumah in Manado and beta pu nama , katong pu rumah in Ambon dialect. The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially
6780-1569: Is to disperse the water more uniformly, to remove lamination and to remove air. ( W ) Whiteware A term for ceramic bodies that are white in colour, whether because they fire to white, or have a white ceramic glaze . Notes [ edit ] ^ 'Industrial Ceramics. Singer F. & Singer S.S. Chapman & Hall. 1971 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ 'Industrial Ceramics. Singer F. & Singer S.S. Chapman & Hall. 1971 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery. Rado P. Pergamon Press. 1969 ^ American ASTM Standard C 242-01 Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products . ^ COSHH in
6893-624: The Cham alphabet are used by the Chams of Vietnam and Cambodia . Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under Dutch and British influence, Jawi
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#17327718485937006-545: The 12th century, have been acquired by this effort. Malay language Malay ( / m ə ˈ l eɪ / mə- LAY ; Malay: Bahasa Melayu , Jawi : بهاس ملايو ) is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore . It is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand . Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people (around 260 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named " Indonesian ") across Maritime Southeast Asia . The language
7119-420: The 14th and 17th centuries. The exhibits include models of foreign ships that came to Brunei for trade during that time as well as selected local cultural items. This is also a permanent exhibition. The third gallery houses temporary exhibitions. At the time of the museum's launch, it displayed Quanzhou Maritime Museum 's Maritime Silk Road exhibition and focused on trade relations between Brunei and China during
7232-610: The Chinese province of Fujian were discovered. These pottery pieces included plates, bowls, and cups. The next kind of pottery is celadon , which is indigenous to China's Guangdong province . Furthermore, 14th-century Thai ceramic pottery, or stoneware, was also gathered. This porcelain comes from the Si Satchanalai area in central Thailand, giving it the name Si Satchamlai pottery or Sawankhalok pottery. These artefacts include clay bowls, jars, plates (dishes), and bottles in
7345-2766: The Islamic World: The Tradition of 1000 Years in Maiolica, Faience and Delftware , London, Faber and Faber, 1973 ISBN 0-571-09349-3 ^ Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan w. & Radford C. Pergamon Press. 1987 ^ Savage and Newman, 314 References [ edit ] Savage, George, and Newman, Harold, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ceramics , 1985, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0500273804 ASTM Standard C242-00. Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products. Dictionary of Ceramics 3rd edition. Dodd A., Murfin D., The Institute of Materials. 1994. Whitewares: Production, Testing And Quality Control. Ryan W. & Radford C., Pergamon Press. 1987 An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery. Rado P., Pergamon Press. 1969 Pottery Science: Materials, Process And Products. Dinsdale A., Ellis Horwood. 1986 v t e Pottery and claywork Glossary of pottery terms Base minerals, and glazes Bone ash China stone Clay Feldspar Frit Kaolinite Petuntse Slip Ash glaze Lead-glazed Lustreware Salt glazed Tin-glazed Main types, by body Asbestos-ceramic Earthenware Egyptian faience Fritware Ironstone Jasperware Porcelain hard-paste soft-paste Stoneware Terracotta Forming techniques Coiling Moulding Pinching RAM pressing Slip casting Wheel throwing Processes and decoration Biscuit firing biscuit porcelain Burnishing Firing Glazing Kiln Painting Pit fired Saggar Slipware Black-figure Black and red ware Blue and white Celadon Jorwe Kakiemon Malwa Northern Black Polished Ware Painted Grey Ware Rang Mahal Red-figure Sea pottery Conservation Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery History of pottery Ancient Greece Ancient Rome China Pre-conquest Americas Japan Korea Maya Islamic Persia Delftware Faience Studio pottery list of potters Tilework Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_pottery_terms&oldid=1259116551#G " Categories : Pottery Glossaries of
7458-404: The Malay world of Southeast Asia, and was one of the oldest testimonies to the advent of Islam as a state religion in the region. It contains the proclamation issued by a ruler of Terengganu known as Seri Paduka Tuan, urging his subjects to extend and uphold Islam and providing 10 basic Sharia laws for their guidance. The classical Malay language came into widespread use as the lingua franca of
7571-1057: The Malayic languages spoken by the Orang Asli ( Proto-Malay ) in Malaya . They are Jakun , Orang Kanaq , Orang Seletar , and Temuan . The other Malayic languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include Riau-Johor Malay ( Malaysian and Indonesian ), Kedah Malay , Kedayan/Brunei Malay , Berau Malay , Bangka Malay , Jambi Malay , Kutai Malay , Natuna Malay, Riau Malay , Loncong , Pattani Malay , and Banjarese . Menterap may belong here. There are also several Malay-based creole languages , such as Betawi , Cocos Malay , Makassar Malay , Ambonese Malay , Dili Malay , Kupang Malay , Manado Malay , Papuan Malay , Pattani Malay , Satun Malay , Songkhla Malay , Bangkok Malay , and Sabah Malay , which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay. Due to
7684-574: The Production of Pottery, Approved Code of Practice. HM Stationery Office 1990. ^ Ashmore and Sharer 2000:252. ^ The Chemistry and Physics of Clays . 3rd edition. A.Searle & R.W.Grimshaw. Ernest Benn. 1959. ^ An Introduction To The Technology Of Pottery. Rado P. Pergamon Press. 1969 ^ 'Industrial Ceramics. Singer F. & Singer S.S. Chapman & Hall. 1971 ^ Savage and Newman, 288 ^ Caiger-Smith, Alan, Tin-Glaze Pottery in Europe and
7797-681: The actual ancestor of Classical Malay. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit, the classical language of India . Sanskrit loan words can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra , Indonesia, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet and is dated 1 May 683. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription , it
7910-441: The addition of non-clay materials, and sometimes not. It may subsequently be covered with a glaze. ( W ) F [ edit ] Faience A type of tin-glazed earthenware ( W ) Fat clay Clay exhibiting high plasticity. Feldspar A group of alumino-silicate minerals. After crushing and grinding to give very fine particles are commonly used as fluxes in bodies and glazes. Fettling The removal, in
8023-426: The application of a glaze suspension via a compressed air gun, similar to that for applying paint to cars. Also called aerographing. Stilt small supports used to prevent glazes from fusing the pot to the kiln during firing. Stoneware A vitreous or semivitreous whiteware. Traditionally made primarily from nonrefractory fire clays. Compositions vary considerably, and include both prepared and 'as dug';
8136-519: The application of a vacuum. ( W ) Deflocculate To separate agglomerates in a slurry by the addition of small amounts of particular chemicals, and so decrease viscosity. Examples include sodium carbonate and sodium silicate.( W ) Delftware A light-coloured pottery body covered with a tin glaze with overglaze decorations in cobalt on the unfired glaze. Developed in Holland to imitate Chinese blue and white porcelain. Devitrify When
8249-555: The colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In East Timor , which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its Constitution as a 'working language'.) Besides Indonesian , which developed from the Riau Malay dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia; they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in Sumatra and Borneo , which itself
8362-542: The colour of the underlying body. Orton cones A brand of pyrometric cone . Overfired When an article has been subject to excessive firing, either time or temperature, such that the physical properties have been adversely affected. Overglaze ( W ) See Enamel , above. Oxidation ( W ) Oxidising firing A firing in a kiln with an oxygen containing atmosphere. P [ edit ] Paper Clay Adding reconstituted paper pulp to ordinary plastic clay in proportions up to 50% of
8475-747: The constitution as one of two working languages (the other being English ), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese . The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in
8588-516: The court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are
8701-486: The early settlement of a Cape Malay community in Cape Town , who are now known as Coloureds , numerous Classical Malay words were brought into Afrikaans . The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia , and became
8814-474: The eastern part of the Malay or Nusantara archipelago and include Makassar Malay , Manado Malay , Ambonese Malay , North Moluccan Malay , Kupang Malay , Dili Malay , and Papuan Malay . The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word kita means 'we, us' in western, but means 'I, me' in Manado, whereas 'we, us" in Manado is torang and Ambon katong (originally abbreviated from Malay kita orang 'we people'). Another difference
8927-590: The far southern parts of the Philippines . They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayic languages are mutually intelligible to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases. Para-Malay includes the Malayic languages of Sumatra . They are: Minangkabau , Central Malay (Bengkulu), Pekal , Talang Mamak , Musi (Palembang), Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia), and Duano’ . Aboriginal Malay are
9040-509: The feed materials is achieved by a combination of impact and attrition resulting from the tumbling of hard media, such as pebbles, inside the mill during the rotation of the mill. Ceramic raw materials which are commonly milled include quartz, feldspar and calcined alumina. Ball mills can also be used to mix ceramic bodies. Band Lines marked around circular ceramic utensils (such as plates, jars or lids) using any method of decoration which can be applied at all stages of manufacture. Banding
9153-491: The firing temperature. Firing The process of heating pottery in a kiln to bring the glaze or clay body to maturity. Flambé A deep red glaze with characteristic flame-like steaks of other colours. Produced by reduction firing of copper-rich glazes. Flatware ( W ) Plates and dishes, as opposed to holloware vessels such as cups and jugs Flint Calcined flint , crushed then ground to fine particle size. A raw material in various ceramic bodies, used as
9266-418: The formation of a crack, such as a dunt. Throwing Shaping an article from a clay body on a potter's wheel. ( W ) Tile crank U [ edit ] Underfired When an article has been subject to insufficient firing, either time or temperature, such that the physical properties have been adversely affected. Underglaze Decoration applied to unglazed pottery and covered with
9379-554: The former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. Always oxidation fired. Fired colours range from white to red, depending on the raw materials. ( W ) Electrical porcelain A type of porcelain which is used for electrical insulators. Is characterised by high plasticity and green strength when unfired, and high mechanical strength and high dielectric strength when fired. Enamel ( W ) Coloured, glass-like decoration applied to ceramic wares. Also called on-glaze decoration. Often made by mixing metal oxides with
9492-523: The former being by far the dominant type for studio and industry. Invariably darker coloured than porcelain and fired at higher temperatures than earthenware. ( W ) Seger cone A type of pyrometric device. Pyrometric cone Slumping The unwanted deformation of an article occurring at high temperature in a kiln. Also known as pyroplastic deformation. Slurry An aqueous suspension of clay and water. Generally lower solids content than slip. Spangling Fault similar to pinholes, although
9605-461: The glaze on the surface of ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in unglazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze. May be caused by uneven glazing, excessive glaze thickness or a greasy substrate. ( W ) Crazing A glaze fault characterised by the cracking of fired glazes and due to high tensile stresses. Can also be caused by the moisture expansion of porous bodies. ( W ) Crock synonym of pot. ( W ) Crocker synonym of
9718-530: The high days of the Maritime Silk Road . In 1997, a 500-year-old shipwreck was inadvertently found in the country's sea waters by the corporation Elf Petroleum Asia B V. The wreckage is situated on the seafloor of Brunei's Champion oil field at a depth of 62 meters. During the Ming dynasty , the Chinese government had a ship that traveled to Southeast Asia in the late 15th and early 16th centuries with
9831-484: The high temperature firing of a refractory clay, after which it is crushed (and sometimes then milled) before being graded to size. Used as the a non-plastic component of some clay bodies. Grog is a similar material. ( W ) Chemical porcelain A type of porcelain characterised by low thermal expansion, high mechanical strength and high chemical resistance. Used for laboratory ware, such as evaporating dishes and reaction vessels. China clay Synonym for kaolin:
9944-521: The highlands of Sumatra , Indonesia . Terengganu Inscription Stone (Malay: Batu Bersurat Terengganu ; Jawi: باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو) is a granite stele carrying inscription in Jawi script that was found in Terengganu, Malaysia is the earliest evidence of classical Malay inscription. The inscription, dated possibly to 702 AH (corresponds to 1303 CE), constituted the earliest evidence of Jawi writing in
10057-437: The individual materials in a body without the formation of any glass. This occurs in bodies with a low flux content or at low temperatures, such as in earthenware. Slip A suspension of clay, clay body or glaze in water.( W ) Slip casting A technique for shaping an article by pouring a deflocculated, high-solids content slip into a porous, often plaster, mould Slipware pottery where decoration in slip
10170-449: The introduction of carbon particles during firing. Casting slip casting Celadon A glaze originating from China containing iron which produce green, grey and grey-blue colours in reduction firing. Ceramic An inorganic, crystalline non-metallic solid formulated from metal or non-metal compounds whose irreversible formation occurred during heating to high temperatures. Chamotte A ceramic material formed by
10283-420: The joining surfaces of clay and glaze interact during firing ending in a thin combined layer of the two. ( W ) G [ edit ] Potter's gauge A measuring tool used to ensure that thrown pots are of uniform size or shape. Glaze A coating that has been matured to the glassy state on a formed ceramic article, or the material or mixture from which the coating is made. Often consists of
10396-700: The kiln during the firing process. Can be oxidising (an excess of oxygen) or reducing (a deficiency of oxygen). Influences the fired colour of bodies and glazes. B [ edit ] Backstamp A small mark applied to the underside, the back, of articles to give information such as the identity of maker. Various techniques to apply the stamp exist. Ball clay A secondary clay. Ball clays invariably also contain various non-clay minerals, and sometimes organic matter. They commonly exhibit high plasticity and high dry strength.( W ) Ball mill A cylindrical grinder used to grind, or mill, raw materials for use in ceramic bodies or glazes. Size reduction of
10509-560: The language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other Malayic languages . According to Ethnologue 16, several of the Malayic varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the Orang Asli varieties of Peninsular Malay , are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages (e.g. Ambonese Malay ) based on
10622-763: The languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the Malayic languages , which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The vernacular of Brunei— Brunei Malay —for example,
10735-516: The large tanks for containing corrosive acids. Many kinds of earthenware, stoneware and porcelains are used for scientific and experimental purposes as well as electrical apparatus, insulators, switch-bases, sparking plugs and bases or frames for electrical heating appliances." Production pottery sometimes known as standardware , refers to systematic, large-scale production of identical wheel thrown pottery vessels. Pug Also pug mill. A machine for consolidating plastic clay or body into
10848-460: The letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate , Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia , dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of Portugal , following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão . The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated Ternate language , a West Papuan language , as their first language . Malay
10961-431: The option of answering questions using Jawi. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the Pallava , Kawi and Rencong scripts; these scripts are no longer frequently used, but similar scripts such as
11074-631: The potter ( W ) (Potter's) Wheel Pottery All fired ceramic wares or materials which, when shaped, contain a significant amount of clay. Exceptions are those used for technical, structural or refractory applications. Pottery is also: (1) the art and wares made by potters; (2) a ceramic material (3) a place where pottery wares are made; and (4) the business of the potter. ( W ) Published definitions of Pottery include: -- "All fired ceramic wares that contain clay when formed, except technical, structural, and refractory products." -- "China, earthenware and any article made from clay or from
11187-666: The pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, in some parts of Malaysia and in Singapore, kita (inclusive 'we, us, our') is pronounced as /kitə/ , in Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/ , in Riau as /kita/ , in Palembang as /kito/ , in Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/ and in Kedah and Perlis as /kitɑ/. Greenware (pottery) (Redirected from Greenware (pottery) ) This
11300-541: The region during the Malacca Sultanate era (1402–1511). It was the period the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic , Sanskrit , and Tamil vocabularies, called Classical Malay . Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When
11413-459: The shaping force has been removed. Porcelain A vitreous ceramic material. Generally considered to be white and if, of thin section, translucent. Compositions vary, but all are prepared by mixing selected raw materials; often kaolin can constitute around 50% of the recipe, with quartz and feldspar commonly also used.( W ) Potsherd ( W ) Potter A person who makes ceramic articles. ( W ) Potter's clay The clay used by
11526-590: The sole official language in West Malaysia in 1968, and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In Singapore, Malay was historically the lingua franca among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains
11639-435: The status of national language and the national anthem , Majulah Singapura , is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay. Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of Thailand —a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called Pattani —speak a dialect of Malay called Yawi (not to be confused with Jawi), which
11752-608: The superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that in Malaysia. In the Philippines , Indonesian is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community concentrated in Davao City . Functional phrases are taught to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines as well as local students. Malay, like most Austronesian languages,
11865-433: The term is generally only used with vitreous china sanitaryware. T [ edit ] Terracotta Earthenware, usually reddish in colour and often unglazed. Some disciplines define it by the type of object made rather than the material. Used for sculptures and in archaeology for fired clay objects that are not pottery vessels. ( W ) Tin-glazed A ceramic glaze that is white, glossy and opaque, which
11978-499: The total mass. This increases the unfired strength, giving an advantage to hand builders and sculptors. Careful firing is needed to avoid damage by the combustion of the paper. Penetrometer An instrument used to measure the hardness of a clay body. Various designs exist. Pinholes Faults in the surface of a ceramic body or glaze which resemble pin pricks. ( W ) Plasticity The property of clay that allows it to be manipulated and retain its shape without cracking after
12091-402: The unfired state of excess body left in the shaping of pottery-ware at such places as seams and edges. ( W ) Filler A non-plastic material used in clay bodies to attenuate drying shrinkage. Finely milled quartz is a common filler. Filter press A piece of equipment used to separate liquid and solid from an aqueous suspension: a slurry, or slip, is pumped into the filter press and
12204-691: The wreckage was found in 2013, the Department of Brunei Museums and the Maritime Museum has carried out research on the possible occurrence of shipwrecks at Tanjong Batu. After Bob Hewitt found the first pottery fragments in the region in 1974, the museum began a mission in 1975 to gather fragments at Tanjong Batu Beach. Up to 193 pieces of Tongan greenware pottery from the Song dynasty, which has been popular in Southeast Asia markets since
12317-635: Was discovered by the Dutchman M. Batenburg on 29 November 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra , on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the Musi River . It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in). For centuries, Srivijaya , through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago . It
12430-456: Was gradually replaced by the Rumi script. Malay is spoken in Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , East Timor , Singapore and southern Thailand . Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use a common standard. Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay . In East Timor , Indonesian is recognised by
12543-470: Was officially launched by Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah on 23 March 2015. The construction cost around five million Brunei dollars . The museum comprises three galleries. Two of the galleries are for permanent exhibition where as the third gallery is for temporary exhibition. The first gallery is called 'the Brunei Shipwreck' and displays a selection from the 13,500 artefacts recovered from
12656-621: Was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region. Other evidence is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters. This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text was produced in the Adityawarman era (1345–1377) of Dharmasraya , a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra . The laws were for the Minangkabau people , who today still live in
12769-928: Was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean , with a smaller number in continental Asia . Malagasy , a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean , is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language . There are many cognates found in
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