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39-525: The first monastery of the order was founded in 1369 at the former royal castle of Vadstena. St. Bridget's granddaughter, Lady Ingegerd Knutsdotter , was Abbess of Vadstena from 1385 to 1403. Upon her death on 14 September 1412, direct descent from St. Bridget became extinct. This opened the medieval concept of "Bridget's spiritual children", members of the order founded by her, to be her true heirs. The order spread widely in Sweden and Norway , and played

78-662: A cape , or a full-length cloak. Gentlemen wear an ankle-length or full-length cloak. Formal cloaks often have expensive, colored linings and trimmings such as silk , satin , velvet and fur . The term was the title of a 1942 operatic comedy. According to the King James Version of the Bible, Matthew recorded Jesus of Nazareth saying in Matthew 5:40: "And if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloke also." The King James Version of

117-621: A cloak may be anything that disguises or conceals something. In many science fiction franchises, such as Star Trek , there are cloaking devices , which provide a way to avoid detection by making objects appear invisible. A real device, albeit of limited capability, was demonstrated in 2006. Because they keep a person hidden and conceal a weapon, the phrase cloak and dagger has come to refer to espionage and secretive crimes: it suggests murder from hidden sources. "Cloak and dagger" stories are thus mystery, detective, and crime stories of this. The vigilante duo of Marvel comics Cloak and Dagger

156-528: A coup and choose Christina Staffansdotter Stangenberg (d. 1438) as acting abbess while Ingegerd was investigated. Stangenberg and Martin, the leader of the monks, thereafter sent an appeal directly to the Pope and asked for an investigation of Ingegerds rule. Bishop Canute of Linköping tried to prevent the investigation by hiring men to attack and harass the Abbey's tenants and place people loyal to Ingegerd as vicars in

195-592: A fur-lined korzno  [ uk ] ( Old East Slavic : кързно ). Powerful noblemen and elite warriors of the Aztec Empire would wear a tilmàtli ; a Mesoamerican cloak/cape used as a symbol of their upper status. Cloth and clothing was of utmost importance for the Aztecs. The more elaborate and colorful tilmàtlis were strictly reserved for élite high priests, emperors ; and the Eagle warriors as well as

234-643: A newly built convent at the Maryvale Institute in Birmingham. The original Bridgettine Order was open to both men and women, and was dedicated to devotion to the Passion of Jesus Christ . It was a " double order " each monastery having attached to it a small community of monks to act as chaplains , but under the government of the abbess . St Bridget's Rule stipulated: the number of choir nuns shall not exceed sixty, with four lay sisters ;

273-653: A remarkable part in promoting culture and literature in Scandinavia ; to this is to be attributed the fact that the motherhouse at Vadstena , by Lake Vättern , was not suppressed till 1595 even though the Protestant Reformation had been widespread in Scandinavia. By 1515, with significant royal patronage, there were 27 houses, 13 of them in Scandinavia. Bridgettine houses soon spread into other lands, reaching an eventual total of 80. In England,

312-675: A special decree, permitting the fugitive sisters enter a monastery of Benedictine nuns. As a consequence, the abbot , was subsequently required to resign from office by the Holy See , a highly unusual event. Iver Heath, in Buckinghamshire, was the first foundation of the new branch of the Bridgettine Order in the UK and has been a house of prayer and provided hospitality since 1931. In 1999 Bridgettine sisters took up residence in

351-524: A traitor for his refusal to accept the Oath of Supremacy . He was canonized as a martyr by Pope Paul VI in 1970. Syon Abbey was among the few religious houses restored during Queen Mary I 's reign (1553–1558), when nearly twenty members of the old community were re-established there in 1557. Upon the accession of Queen Elizabeth I and the ensuing persecution of Catholics by the English Crown ,

390-416: A trap door concealed on the stage could seem sudden. When Lugosi reprised his role as Dracula for the 1931 Universal Studios motion picture version of the play, he retained the cloak as part of his outfit, which made such a strong impression that cloaks came to be equated with Count Dracula in nearly all non-historical media depictions of him. Fantasy cloaks are often magical . For example, they may grant

429-587: Is located in Amity, Oregon , at the Monastery of Our Lady of Consolation . Founded on 16 March 1976, by Brother Benedict Kirby, O.Ss.S., it is the only Brigittine monastery of men in the world and the first since the nineteenth century when they were dispersed, largely due to the European wars. The monks here do not ordinarily receive Holy Orders , following the original pattern of monasticism . The monastery has

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468-876: The Canonical Hours , called the Office of Our Lady . Most houses of the order support themselves by providing bed and breakfast hospitality to guests at standard industry rates. The original medieval branch today consists of four independent monasteries: Marina de Escobar founded a Spanish branch in the 1630s, consisting only of nuns, following a slightly modified version of the St Bridget's Rule. It currently consists of four independent monasteries in Spain , four in Mexico and one in Venezuela . The largest branch of

507-551: The Jaguar knights . In full evening dress in the Western countries, ladies and gentlemen frequently use the cloak as a fashion statement , or to protect the fine fabrics of evening wear from the elements, especially where a coat would crush or hide the garment. Opera cloaks are made of quality materials such as wool or cashmere, velvet and satin. Ladies may wear a long (over the shoulders or to ankles) cloak usually called

546-606: The Marvel comic book stories and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , the sorcerer Doctor Strange is associated with a magical Cloak of Levitation , which not only enables its wearer to levitate , but has other mystical abilities as well. Doctor Strange also uses it as a weapon. Alternatively, cloaks in fantasy may nullify magical projectiles , as the "cloak of magic resistance" in NetHack . Figuratively,

585-616: The canonical status of a priory sui juris (one which is autonomous) and is supported mainly through sales of their chocolate fudges and truffles. The Most Holy Saviour Fraternity was founded in Mexico on 14 September 2012, and was confirmed by the bishop of the Anglican Diocese of the West, Mexico on 26 August 2013, in the city of San Luis Potosí. Ingegerd Knutsdotter Ingegerd Knutsdotter (1356 – September 14, 1412)

624-579: The himation . Romans of the Republic would wear the toga as a formal display of their citizenship. It was denied to foreigners and was worn by magistrates on all occasions as a badge of office. The toga allegedly originated with Numa Pompilius ( r.  715–672 BC), the second semi-legendary king of Rome. Eminent personages in Kievan Rus' adopted the Byzantine chlamys in the form of

663-510: The Bible has the words recorded a little differently in Luke 6:29: "...and him that taketh away thy cloke, forbid not to take thy coat also." Cloaks are a staple garment in the fantasy genre due to the popularity of medieval settings. They are also usually associated with witches , wizards , and vampires ; the best-known stage version of Dracula , which first made actor Bela Lugosi prominent, featured him wearing it so that his exit through

702-545: The Bridgettine monastery of Syon Abbey at Isleworth , Middlesex , was founded and royally endowed by King Henry V in 1415, and became one of the most fervent, most influential and materially best endowed religious communities in the country until its Dissolution under King Henry VIII . One of the monks of the community, Richard Reynolds , O.Ss.S., was among the first members of the English clergy to be executed as

741-783: The Bridgettine monastic community left England, first for the Low Countries , then, after many vicissitudes, to Rouen in France, and finally, in 1594, to Lisbon . One of the exiled community's recruits during Elizabeth's reign was Elizabeth Sander , known as a writer. She returned to England in 1578 only to be imprisoned and then escaped in 1580. She was to escape from imprisonment in Winchester Castle before she surrendered. She eventually returned to her community in Lisbon, where she died. The community remained in Lisbon (where

780-594: The Bridgettines today is the one founded by Saint Elizabeth Hesselblad , a nurse, on 8 September 1911, and consisting of religious sisters dedicated to providing hospitality for those in need of rest. It was fully approved by the Holy See on 7 July 1940, and currently consists of convents in Europe , Asia and North America . The motherhouse of the order is located on the Piazza Farnese , Rome , Italy ,

819-649: The Reformation a printshop was set up to print Swedish-language Catholic works. Controversy arose in 2002 over the treatment of the Indian sisters who form a large percentage of the order. This became public in 2002 when six Indian sisters from different houses of the order in Italy fled and approached the Benedictine Abbot of Subiaco . At the abbot's request, Bishop Silvio Cesare Bonicelli of Parma issued

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858-538: The age of eighteen, the same year as the body of Bridget was returned to Sweden. In 1385, she succeeded Margareta Bosdotter (Oxenstierna) as abbess, although the abbey was still not officially recognized. On 18 May 1388, after the Vadstena Abbey was officially recognized by the pope , she was ordained as its first official abbess. During her tenure, she received the Union Queen Margaret when

897-410: The congregations placed under the abbey. In November 1402, the Pope ordered Bishop Peter of Strängnäs to undertake an investigation against the accusations of forgery, embezzlement and for breaking the vow of chastity. After the investigation proved that the accusations was truthful, Ingegerd was declared guilty and deposed from her position as abbess the 5 February 1403. In the following election, she

936-485: The eight servitors, the number of persons will be the same as the thirteen Apostles and the seventy two-disciples. The nuns were strictly enclosed, emphasizing scholarship and study, but the monks were also preachers and itinerant missionaries. The individual monasteries were each subject to the local bishop , and, in honor of the Virgin Mary , they were ruled by an abbess. An innovative community of Brigittine monks

975-514: The female section of the abbey, where he destroyed the Letter of Privilege of the Vadstena Abbey by the Pope, and prevented six monks from being ordained to priesthood because they had refused to break their vows. The abbey complained to Queen Margaret, but without result, as Ingegerd enjoyed great status as the granddaughter of Saint Bridget. In 1400, Ingegerd deposed the procurator of the monks, Sten Stensson, and replaced him with Lucas Jacobi, who

1014-454: The front, in which case they have holes or slits for the hands to pass through. However, cloaks are almost always sleeveless. Christian clerics may wear a cappa or a cope – forms of cloak – as liturgical vestments or as part of a religious habit . The word cloak comes from Old North French cloque ( Old French cloche , cloke ) meaning "bell", from Medieval Latin clocca "travelers' cape ," literally "a bell," so called from

1053-579: The garment's bell-like shape. Thus the word is related to the word clock . Ancient Greeks and Romans were known to wear cloaks. Greek men and women wore the himation , from the Archaic through the Hellenistic periods ( c. 750–30 BC). Romans would later wear the Greek-styled cloak, the pallium . The pallium was quadrangular, shaped like a square, and sat on the shoulders, not unlike

1092-471: The house where Birgitta had once lived (see Santa Brigida in Rome). On 28 October 2016, Fabia Kattakayam was selected as the order's new Abbess General. She is the first person of Indian descent to serve in this position. As in all the houses of the order, this convent offers accommodation. Protestant services also are held in the crypt, as the sisters have ecumenical outreach as part of their charism . After

1131-516: The last monk of the community died), recruiting new members from England, until 1861, when they returned to England. Syon Abbey in Devon continued as the only English religious community that had existed without interruption since pre-Reformation times. In 2004 the surviving medieval books of the monastic library were entrusted for safekeeping to the University of Exeter . Among the texts preserved

1170-416: The monarch claimed to have had a vision , kissed the hands of all the members of the convent and was ordained as a lay sister. In 1400 the city of Vadstena was granted city rights by Queen Margaret on Ingegerd's request. Ingegerd was accused of forgery of the convent's documents, for embezzlement of the convent's property, and for having brought the abbey to disrepute by breaking the vow of chastity . It

1209-706: The order) were destroyed during the Reformation . As of 2013 there were 800 members. The distinctive part of the Bridgettine veil for the professed sisters is the crown, called the "Crown of the Five Holy Wounds". It has five red marks, one at each joint, to recall the Five Wounds of Christ on the Cross. The monks wear a red cross with the image of a Eucharistic host at the center on the right breast of their cloak . The order has its own proper Rite for

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1248-763: The person wearing it invisibility as in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling . A similar sort of garment is worn by the members of the Fellowship of the Ring in The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien , although instead of granting complete invisibility, the Elf-made cloaks simply appear to shift between any natural color (e.g. green, gray, brown) to help the wearer to blend in with his or her surroundings. In

1287-479: The priests shall be thirteen, according to the number of the thirteen apostles, of whom Paul the thirteenth was not the least in toil; then there must be four deacons, who also may be priests if they will, and they are the figure of the four principal Doctors, Ambrose , Augustine , Gregory and Jerome , then eight lay brothers , who with their labors shall minister necessaries to the clerics, therefore counting three-score sisters, thirteen priests, four deacons, and

1326-465: The same purpose as an overcoat , protecting the wearer from the weather. It may form part of a uniform . People in many different societies may wear cloaks. Over time cloak designs have changed to match fashion and available textiles . Cloaks generally fasten at the neck or over the shoulder, and vary in length from the hip all the way down to the ankle – mid-calf being the normal length. They may have an attached hood and may cover and fasten down

1365-487: Was a Swedish nun and noble , the first official abbess of the Bridgettine Abbey of Vadstena in 1385/88–1403. Ingegerd Knutsdotter was the daughter of Märtha (Margareta) Ulfsdotter and Knut Algotsson, and the maternal grandchild of Saint Bridget of Sweden . She was raised with the future Union Queen Margaret , as her mother served as royal governess. She was inducted into the Vadstena Abbey in 1374 at

1404-449: Was a great scandal , as she was related to Saint Bridget. Ingegerd was accused of having "consorted too intimately" with both worldly men as well as men of the church. She embezzled from the taxes to the pope and gave it to her relative, Bishop Canute of Linköping, who cooperated with her in draining the abbey's assets by accepting her forged seals as genuine. She was to have persuaded the monk Lucas Jacobi to break his vows and let him enter

1443-480: Was replaced by Gerdeka Hartlevsdotter in the office. After her deposition, Ingegerd lived as a regular member of the abbey. At the time of her death, the convent was assured that her sins were forgiven, as she had died with the words: "O! dulcissima Maria, Mater Dei, adjuva nunc", after having received the sacrament. She died in 1412. Cloak A cloak is a type of loose garment worn over clothing, mostly but not always as outerwear for outdoor wear, serving

1482-766: Was the Showing of Love by Julian of Norwich and The Orcherd of Syon , which translated Catherine of Siena 's Dialogue . Syon Abbey's Tudor gatepost in marble, on which parts of St Richard Reynolds' body were placed, was brought by the nuns into their exile, and then returned with them to England. This was later given to the Church of the Blessed Sacrament in Exeter. Virtually all the Northern European Bridgettine monasteries (the bulk of

1521-482: Was thereafter sent as her envoy to the Pope in Rome. In 1401, the monks opposed her by choosing Petrus Johannis as their general confessor, after which Johannis deposed Jacobi and reinstated Stensson. The abbey was then visited by Bishop Canute of Linköping, who ordered them to obey Ingegerd's authority. Hereafter, the nuns asked Ingegerd to leave her post. When she refused, the nuns and monks joined forces and deposed her in

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