65-579: Brimsdown is a neighbourhood of eastern Enfield in the London Borough of Enfield , north London , on the west side of the mid-to-lower Lea Valley . The east of Brimsdown, that is, east of the eastern Lea Valley line is one of the borough's main commercial centres. It divides into the Brimsdown Industrial Estate comprising Watermill, Sovereign, Leeside Business Centres, Riverwalk Business Park and storage. Its far north
130-525: A parlour . Some had two, four, or even five bedrooms, as well as generously sized back gardens intended for vegetable growing. At most, they were built at 3,000/km . They were generally built to the recommendations of the Tudor Walters Report . Examples are found in Downham , Watling Estate , and Becontree . The Addison Act 1919, and the severe housing shortage in the early 1920s created
195-615: A budget of £150m. Of 1.2 million new houses built from 1945 to 1951 when the programme officially ended, 156,623 prefab houses were constructed. Mainly during the immediate post-war years, and well into the 1950s, council house provision was shaped by the New Towns Act 1946 ( 9 & 10 Geo. 6 . c. 68) and the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 of the 1945–51 Labour government. At the same time this government introduced housing legislation that removed explicit references to housing for
260-461: A charter to Humphrey de Bohun and his wife to hold a weekly market in Enfield each Monday, and James I granted another in 1617, to a charitable trust, for a Saturday market. The market was still prosperous in the early eighteenth century, but fell into decline soon afterwards. There were sporadic attempts to revive it: an unsuccessful one of 1778 is recorded, and in 1826 a stone Gothic market cross
325-545: A coal-fire, with a back boiler to create both central heating and a constant supply of hot water. Thus it had a bathroom included a flushing toilet and man-sized bath with hot running water. In the kitchen were a built-in oven, refrigerator and baxi water heater. All prefabs under the housing act came pre-decorated in magnolia , with gloss-green on all additional wood, including the door trimmings and skirting boards. The Parker Morris Committee drew up an influential 1961 report on housing space standards in public housing in
390-426: A doctors' surgery – was the home of Joseph Whitaker , publisher and founder of Whitaker's Almanack ; he lived there from 1820 until his death in 1895. (Inscription on Blue Plaque on The White House, Silver Street, Enfield.) Enfield Town had the world's first cash machine or automatic teller machine , invented by John Shepherd-Barron . It was installed at the local branch of Barclays Bank on 27 June 1967 and
455-512: A growing nuisance to the inhabitants". The New River , built to supply water to London from Hertfordshire , runs immediately behind the town centre through the Town Park , which is the last remaining public open-space of Enfield Old Park . The Enfield Loop of the New River also passes through the playing fields of Enfield Grammar School, and this is the only stretch of the loop without
520-507: A horticulturist Uvedale earned a reputation for his skill in cultivating exotics, being one of the earliest possessors of hothouses in England. In an Account of several Gardens near London written by J. Gibson in 1691 ( Archæologia , 1794, xii. 188), the writer says: 'Dr. Uvedale of Enfield is a great lover of plants, and, having an extraordinary art in managing them, is become master of the greatest and choicest collection of exotic greens that
585-495: A large park, which is shared between both areas. The area east of the Lea Valley Lines railway is almost exclusively industrial use, whereas west is a residential area primarily built up from the 1930s which blends into Enfield Highway to the west, Ponders End to the south and to the north Enfield Wash and Enfield Lock . This residential area around Brimsdown Avenue, Brimsdown railway station and Brimsdown School
650-551: A living room. The standards are based on the Tudor Walters Report of 1919 , and the Design Manual written according to the 1913 building standards. In 1923 the Chamberlain Act withdrew subsidies for council houses except for private builders and houses for sale. Councils could undertake to build houses and offer these for sale but also to sell off some of their existing properties. This was essentially reversed by
715-603: A man called Ēana". At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, the manor of Enfield, spelt 'Enfelde', was the property of Geoffrey de Mandeville , a powerful Norman granted large estates by William the Conqueror . A priest is recorded in the Domesday Book as holding about 30 acres of land in Enfield, leading some to believe that a priest may have ministered there at St Andrew's Church in this period, although
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#1732781128296780-531: A marketplace, making the town of Enfield (also known today as Enfield Town), at the core of the parish, a market town . The parish was the largest in Middlesex (if one excludes from the parish of Harrow on the Hill its Pinner north-west corner, which broke away in 1766); Enfield measured 12,460 acres in 1831, i.e. 19.5 square miles (51 km ). Proximity to the megalopolis of London saw Enfield "engulfed" by
845-527: A public footpath on at least one side of it. Enfield was the location of some of the earliest successful hothouses , developed by Dr Robert Uvedale (1642–1722), headmaster both of Enfield Grammar School and of the Palace School. He was a Cambridge scholar and renowned horticulturalist; George Simonds Boulger writes of Uvedale in the Dictionary of National Biography , 1885–1900, Volume 58: As
910-512: A row of rat infested cottages. Woolwich Borough Council was responsible for the Well Hall Estate designed for workers at the munition factories at Woolwich Arsenal . The estate and the house were built to the garden suburb philosophy: houses were all different. The estate received the royal seal of approval when, on Friday 24 March 1916, Queen Mary made an unannounced visit. A programme of council house building started after
975-575: A translation of the Aeneid . The school's building later became Enfield Town railway station , but was demolished in 1872. The current building was erected in the 1960s. In 1840 the first section of the Northern and Eastern Railway had been opened from Stratford to Broxbourne . The branch line from Water Lane to Enfield Town station was opened in 1849. The White House in Silver Street – now
1040-898: Is Enfield Town railway station , one of three northern termini of the Lea Valley lines to Liverpool Street in the City of London , with services operated by London Overground . On the Enfield Town branch line between Enfield Town and Edmonton Green is Bush Hill Park . The Southbury Loop separates from the Enfield Town branch line between Bush Hill Park and Edmonton Green stations, towards Cheshunt . The loop runs through Southbury and Turkey Street stations in Enfield, at which London Overground services between Liverpool Street and Cheshunt call. The West Anglia Main Line , also one of
1105-573: Is 156,858 as of 2018, counted from 10 electoral wards that make up Enfield. In the 2011 census, the Town ward (covering areas north from the Southbury Road) was 82% white (68% British, 10% Other, 3% Irish). The largest non-white group, Black African, claimed 3%. The District is also covered by the Chase, Highlands, Grange, Southbury, Lock, Highway, Turkey Street and Bush Hill Park wards. Of these,
1170-453: Is at the heart of a Brimsdown neighbourhood, within Enfield, identity. Brimsdown was recorded as Grymesdoun in 1420, Grymesdoune 1441, Grymes downe, Brymesdowne 1610, Grymsdown, Brimsdown 1686. The first element may be a surname Gryme . The second is the early and Middle English doun or down though unusually low for a down here referring to slightly raised ground in an area no more than 19 metres above sea level and 5 metres above
1235-423: Is halfway to the other Lea Valley line for this station-centric neighbourhood, where used as a term. This area was the easternmost part of the old parish of Enfield which ecclesiastically is today divided into six, the present relevant parish being Enfield Highway a secular division of Enfield which competes with the west of the area for its identity, particularly around the irregular polygon of Durants Park ,
1300-479: Is perhaps anywhere in this land. His greens take up six or seven houses or roomsteads. His orange-trees and largest myrtles fill up his biggest house, and … those more nice and curious plants that need closer keeping are in warmer rooms, and some of them stoved when he thinks fit. His flowers are choice, his stock numerous, and his culture of them very methodical and curious.' The poet John Keats (1795-1821) attended progressive Clarke's School in Enfield, where he began
1365-616: Is the Enfield Power Station built on part of the former Brimsdown Power Station and an electricity sub-station. Residential Brimsdown is south of Turkey Brook , extending as far south as Jeffreys Road by the two blocks of the Trafalgar and Centenary Trading Estate units. It is home to the Brimsdown Industrial Estate and also includes a residential area just west of the Lea Valley railway line. The western boundary
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#17327811282961430-653: The Hertfordshire border and M25 motorway , it borders Waltham Cross to the north, Winchmore Hill and Edmonton to the south, Chingford and Waltham Abbey , across the River Lea , to the east and north-east, with Cockfosters , Monken Hadley and Oakwood to the west. Historically an ancient parish in the Edmonton Hundred of Middlesex , it was granted urban district status in 1894 and municipal borough status in 1955. In 1965, it merged with
1495-803: The Parker Morris standards were the requirements saying that: Particularly in larger cities, councils built high-rise blocks from the 1960s to the 1980s to accommodate a high density of dwellings at relatively low cost. Notable schemes include Park Hill in Sheffield, Hulme Crescents in Manchester, Cottingley in Leeds, Churchill Gardens in London, and many examples in Glasgow . The Radburn housing layout that aimed to separate cars from housing
1560-617: The working class and introduced the concept of "general needs" construction (i.e., that council housing should aim to fill the needs for a wide range of society). In particular, Aneurin Bevan , the Minister for Health and Housing , promoted a vision of new estates where "the working man, the doctor and the clergyman will live in close proximity to each other". From the late 1970s, the wider takeover of free market economics propagated by Margaret Thatcher's conservative government sought to reduce
1625-521: The 2016 young adult novel Timekeeper by Tara Sim. The Enfield poltergeist (a claim of alleged poltergeist activity in Brimsdown , Enfield between 1977 and 1979), was dramatized in the 2016 horror film The Conjuring 2 . The story also attracted press coverage in British newspapers, and has been mentioned in books, and television and radio documentaries. The Barclays Bank in the main town
1690-603: The Addison Act, a house would be 1,000 square feet (93 m ) but after 1924 it would be 620 square feet (58 m ). This was a major period of council house construction. With the Housing Act of 1930 , otherwise known as the Greenwood Act, the government signalled a change of priority, slum clearance. Pre-regulation terraced housing was to be cleared and the residents rehoused in new council houses. There
1755-533: The Connop estate in the eastern part of the parish. After inclosure the farms near the Lea continued to be split between arable and pasture, although fields formed out of the former common were very large in comparison with those farther west; one of Trinity College 's farms at Brimsdown had fields of 44 a. and 60 acres (0.24 km) in 1855. Market gardens encroached increasingly on the farm-land between Hertford Road and
1820-537: The First World War following on from the David Lloyd George 's government's Housing Act of 1919 . The 'Addison Act' brought in subsidies for council house building and aimed to provide 500,000 "homes fit for heroes" within a three-year period although less than half of this target was met. The housing built comprised three-bedroom dwellings with parlour and scullery: larger properties also include
1885-468: The Landlord and Tenant Act 1985, which applies to tenancies entered into after 1961. In summary, section 11 provides that a landlord shall: If a landlord refuses to repair a rented property, the tenant can take action to require them to carry out necessary works and claim compensation. The Addison Act 1919 houses were usually three-bedroom houses with a living room and scullery , sometimes also with
1950-844: The Lea Valley lines, runs through Ponders End , Brimsdown and Enfield Lock stations. Services are operated by Greater Anglia to Liverpool Street, Stratford , Hertford East and Bishop's Stortford . Enfield Chase railway station on Windmill Hill, west of the town centre, is on the Hertford Loop line , with services to Moorgate , Hertford North , Watton-at-Stone and Stevenage operated by Thameslink . Also on this line are Crews Hill , Gordon Hill and Grange Park . London Buses routes 121 , 191 , 192 , 217 , 231 , 279 , 299 , 307 , 313 , 317 , 329 , 349 , 377 , 456 , 629 , W8 , W9 , W10 , night routes N29 and N279 , and non-London routes 610, 611 and 629 serve Enfield. Enfield and its clock tower are important locations in
2015-496: The Lea during the later 19th century, until by 1900 Enfield was said to be the main parish for market gardening in northern Middlesex and the second in the whole county. Tomatoes and cucumbers were the main crops, although flowers were also grown, and glass-houses covered several hundred acres. By 1920, with the expansion of industry and suburban housing, some of the market gardens around Ponders End and Enfield Highway had disappeared Mossops Creek Bridge (completed 2006) forms part of
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2080-505: The Lea, more than most of Edmonton to the south. Grīm as with Grim's Dyke to the west being linked to Woden . In the 19th century the parish of Enfield had the second largest area north of the Thames in the two closest home counties for smallholdings run by families growing salads for the London market, with to a lesser degree fruit: In 1867 there were several orchards at Enfield Highway and in 1869 market gardens accounted for much of
2145-594: The Lock ward had the highest minority proportion, 45.1% of its population. Highlands ward had the highest male and female life expectancies from 2009 to 2013, 82.5 and 87.2 years respectively. The lowest was 76.7 years in Enfield Lock, and 81.4 years in Chase, respectively. Enfield Lock is the only ward where most houses were rented, 50.1%. At the opposite end, in Bush Hill Park 78.5% of houses were owned by
2210-460: The Ministry of Works had to have a minimum floor space size of 635 square feet (59.0 m ), and the sections should be less than 7' 6" (2.3 m) wide. These "service units" had to include a combined back-to-back prefabricated kitchen that backed onto a prebuilt bathroom, so water pipes, waste pipes and electrical distribution were all in the same place, and hence easy to install. The house retained
2275-688: The Mossops Creek permissive path which links the Lee Navigation to the Brimsdown Industrial Estate and Brimsdown railway station. Primary schools College Football Angling Between 1977 and 1980 a council house in the Green Street area of Brimsdown was the scene of alleged poltergeist activity. The incidents were the subject of a Sky Living television series The Enfield Haunting which
2340-495: The Queen Elizabeth II Stadium. North Enfield Cricket Club was formed in 1886, and has been based at Clay Hill since 1945. Enfield Town is 10.1 miles (16.3 km) north of Charing Cross - the centre point of London - and is about 4 miles (6.4 km) south-west of Cheshunt , 5 miles (8.0 km) south-east of Potters Bar , and 5 miles (8.0 km) east of Barnet . At the centre of Enfield Town
2405-532: The River Lea and Lee Navigation , is renowned for its industrial heritage. The Royal Small Arms Factory , at Enfield Lock, produced the famous Enfield rifles . The Brimsdown Industrial Estate is home to heavy industry , warehousing and retail, and Wright's Flour Mill , at Ponders End, is Enfield's oldest running industrial building. Forty Hall , on the site of the Tudor Elsyng Palace , is in
2470-649: The United Kingdom titled Homes for Today and Tomorrow . The report concluded that the quality of social housing needed to be improved to match the rise in living standards. Out of the report came the Parker Morris Standards . In 1963 these were set out in the Ministry of Housing's "Design Bulletin 6 – Space in the Home". They became mandatory for all council houses from 1967 until 1980. Among
2535-673: The United Kingdom is defined by a series of Housing Acts, and public housing house design is defined by government-directed guidelines and central governments' relationship with local authorities. From the first interventions in the Public Health Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) to the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1900 , council houses could be general housing for the working class , general housing, part of slum clearance programmes or just homes provided for
2600-412: The capital in the inter-war period of the 20th century. The parish church, located on the north side of the marketplace, is dedicated to St Andrew . While some masonry from the thirteenth century remains, the nave, north aisle, choir, and tower constructed of random rubble and flint, date from the late fourteenth century. The clerestory was added in the early sixteenth century , and the south aisle
2665-416: The destruction of inadequate houses in the inner cities that had been built before the 1875 Act. This released land for housing and the need for smaller two bedroomed houses to replace the two-up two-down houses that had been demolished. Smaller three bedroom properties were also built. The Housing Act 1935 led to a continuation of this policy, but the war stopped all construction, and enemy action reduced
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2730-560: The earliest written evidence of the parish church in Enfield dates from when the parish of Enfield (dedicated to St Andrew ) and St Andrew's Church were endowed to the monastery of Walden Abbey in Essex in 1136. In 1303, by charter of King Edward I , nobleman Humphrey de Bohun and his heirs were granted a licence to hold a weekly market and two annual fairs, one on St Andrew's Day and another in September. The village green became
2795-517: The first generation of houses to feature electricity, running water, bathrooms, indoor toilets and front/rear gardens. However, until well into the 1930s, some were built with outdoor toilets. Some did not feature an actual bathroom; the bath could often be found in the kitchen with a design which allowed it to double as a work surface. The Chamberlain Act 1923 reduced the expected standards. The Wheatley Act 1924 attempted to restore some of them. Under
2860-399: The household. The town is home to two association football teams: Enfield Football Club , formed in 1893, reformed in 2007, and currently based at Bishop's Stortford ; and Enfield Town Football Club , a breakaway club of Enfield F.C. formed in 2001 and currently based at Enfield's Queen Elizabeth II Stadium . Enfield Town L.F.C. is Enfield Town's women's football club, also based at
2925-403: The incoming Labour government of 1924. The Wheatley Act (1924) passed by the new Labour Government introduced higher subsidies for council housing and also allowed for a contribution to be made from the rates. The housing revenue account was always separated from the general account. This was a major period of council house construction. The Housing Act 1930 stimulated slum clearance, i.e.,
2990-470: The most needy. They could be funded directly by local councils, through central government incentive or by revenue obtained when other houses were sold. Increasingly, they have been transferred through the instrument of housing associations into the private sector. An early use of the new powers was in Bath , where 36 new houses named Lampard's Buildings were built in 1900 on the compulsory purchased site of
3055-618: The municipal boroughs of Southgate and Edmonton to create the London Borough of Enfield , a local government district of Greater London , of which Enfield is the administrative centre . Enfield Town, a market town chartered by Edward I in 1303, is the commercial centre of Enfield and the location of St Andrew's Enfield , the original parish church . The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. The east of Enfield, adjacent to
3120-662: The north, with Enfield Chase , the former royal hunting ground, and Chase Farm Hospital , in the west. The New River runs through Enfield from north to south, with the bypassed New River Loop encircling the town centre, through Enfield Town Park . In Anglo-Saxon times, the manor of Enfield was held by Ansgar the Staller ( c. 1025-1085), a nobleman and staller to King Edward the Confessor ( r. 1042–1066 ). The name 'Enfield' most likely came from Old English Ēanafeld or similar, meaning "open land belonging to
3185-404: The role of the state and the housing sector was further opened for private investors and actors. Deregulation of the mortgage finance sector in the 1980s was particularly significant, with the 1988 Housing Act introducing private competition into the sector. The Housing Act 1988 marked the onset of various policies resulting in the residualisation of the public housing. Residualisation refers to
3250-526: The shrinking of the social housing stock, consisting mostly of deteriorated quality dwellings, and the growing concentration of disadvantaged minorities in such housing. As the residual housing sector is mostly concentrated in lower-income neighbourhoods, a ' neighbourhood effect ' manifests, reinforcing the idea of poverty as a problem of the place which has allowed market ideologies to advocate against decommodified housing provision. A landlord's obligations are set out in several pieces of legislation, including
3315-429: The state in the sector existed as providers of public housing aimed at a broad range of households. This changed starting from the 1970s, with social housing entering the mainstream. Social housing emphasizes the 'safety net' characteristic in that it is only for those whose needs are not met in the market. The transformation of the sector from a public housing as serving a wide range of households with different incomes to
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#17327811282963380-522: The stone cross, by now decayed. The market is still in existence, administered by the Old Enfield Charitable trust. The charter of 1303 also gave the right to hold two annual fairs, one on St Andrew's Day and the other in September. The latter was suppressed in 1869 at the request of local tradesmen, clergy and other prominent citizens, having become, according to the local historian Pete Eyre, "a source of immorality and disorder, and
3445-450: The transfer of council housing to not-for-profit housing associations with access to private finance, and these new housing associations became the providers of most new public-sector housing. The characterisation of council houses as 'problem places' was key for leading this movement of transferring public housing stock to the private arena. By 2003, 36.5% of the social rented housing stock was held by housing associations. House design in
3510-450: The usable housing stock. The Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944 led to the building of prefab bungalows with a design life of ten years. Innovative steel-framed properties were also tried in an attempt to speed up construction. A number survive well into the 21st century, a testament to the durability of a series of housing designs and construction methods only envisaged to last 10 years. The Burt Committee , formed in 1942 by
3575-491: The wartime government of Winston Churchill, proposed to address the need for an anticipated 200,000 shortfall in post-war housing stock, by building 500,000 prefabricated houses , with a planned life of up to 10 years within five years of the end of the Second World War . The eventual bill, under the post-war Labour government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee , agreed to deliver 300,000 units within 10 years, within
3640-406: Was a cut in funding and the housing density on the peripheral estates was increased leading to a poorer build quality. The former tenants of the inner city properties were displaced far from their workplaces unable to afford the higher rents (though reduced from the 1919 levels) or the cost of transport. Stable communities were broken up, and with it support networks. All prefab units approved by
3705-703: Was a revival in council housebuilding in the 2010s, with a focus on energy efficiency. Schemes such as Accordia in Cambridge and Goldsmith Street in Norwich have won awards. In London, space standards have been reintroduced via the London Plan , and councils including Southwark and Hounslow are building thousands of new council houses. Beginning in the 1970s with Thatcherism , the housing sector witnessed public expenditure cutbacks, along with cutbacks in other public sectors like health and education, yet more extreme than those. This retrenchment from public housing
3770-413: Was erected to replace the octagonal wooden market house, demolished sixteen years earlier. In 1858 J. Tuff wrote of the market: "several attempts have been made to revive it, the last of which, about twenty years ago, also proved a failure, It has again fallen into desuetude and will probably never be revived". However, the trading resumed in the 1870s. In 1904 a new wooden structure was built to replace
3835-402: Was justified by a preference for a private housing market, or for commodification over public goods, and by the popularity of the critical description of council houses as a 'sink estate'. "Sink estates" were criticized as "cut off from society's mainstream" with "self-inflicted poverty stemming from...the dead weight of low expectations." In the immediate years of the post-war era, the role of
3900-652: Was opened by actor and Enfield resident Reg Varney . Enfield Town houses the Civic Centre , the headquarters of the Borough administration, where Council and committee meetings are also held. Neighbourhoods and villages of Enfield include: Botany Bay , Brimsdown , Bulls Cross , Bullsmoor , Bush Hill Park , Clay Hill , Crews Hill , Enfield Highway , Enfield Lock , Enfield Wash , Forty Hill , Freezywater , Gordon Hill , Grange Park , Ponders End , and World's End . The official estimate of Enfield's population
3965-577: Was rebuilt in brick in 1824. Adjacent to the church is the old school building of the Tudor period, Enfield Grammar School , which expanded over the years and became a large comprehensive school in the late 1960s. A sixteenth century manor house, known since the eighteenth century as Enfield Palace, is remembered in the name of the Palace Gardens Shopping Centre (and the hothouses on the site were once truly notable; see below). It
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#17327811282964030-705: Was screened in May, 2015. Released in June 2016 The Conjuring 2 an American film also investigates the incidents. Enfield, London Enfield is a large town in north London , England , 10.1 miles (16.3 km) north of Charing Cross . It had a population of 333,587 in 2021. It includes the areas of Botany Bay , Brimsdown , Bulls Cross , Bullsmoor , Bush Hill Park , Clay Hill , Crews Hill , Enfield Highway , Enfield Lock , Enfield Town, Enfield Wash , Forty Hill , Freezywater , Gordon Hill , Grange Park , Hadley Wood , Ponders End , and World's End . South of
4095-645: Was the site of the first cash machine in the world Council house A council house , corporation house or council flat is a form of British public housing built by local authorities . A council estate is a building complex containing a number of council houses and other amenities like schools and shops. Construction took place mainly from 1919 to 1980s, as a result of the Housing Act 1919 . Though more council houses have been built since then, fewer have been built in recent years. Local design variations exist, however all followed local authority building standards. The Housing Acts of 1985 and 1988 facilitated
4160-482: Was used as a private school from around 1670 until the late nineteenth century. The last remains of it were demolished in 1928 to make way for an extension to Pearson's department store, though a panelled room with an elaborate plaster ceiling and a stone fireplace survive, relocated to a house in Gentleman's Row, a street of sixteenth- to eighteenth-century houses near the town centre. In 1303, King Edward I granted
4225-478: Was used extensively in new towns. As a result, the houses are accessible to the front only by footpaths. This has created areas with poor surveillance, particularly over car parking at the rear, which have become the focus of crime. In Skelmersdale, tenants are calling for their Radburn style housing to be remodelled so that defensible space is created with parking close to their homes and a reduction in general use areas which give rise to anti-social behaviour. There
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