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52-654: The Atlantic Fleet was a naval fleet of the Royal Navy . It existed for two periods; 1909 until 1914, and then 1919 until 1932. On 14 December 1904 the Channel Fleet was re-styled the 'Atlantic Fleet'. The Atlantic Fleet lasted until 1912 when rising tensions with Germany forced the Royal Navy to relook at fleet formations and the Atlantic Fleet became the 3rd Battle Squadron . The Atlantic Fleet

104-571: A "gateway" for the US Navy to "operate forward" in the Pacific Ocean . These are examples of navies that have been described by various defense experts or academics as being blue-water navies. Some have successfully used their blue-water capabilities to exercise control on the high seas and from there have projected power into other nations' littoral waters . However, there is no agreed upon definition among authorities as to what constitutes

156-424: A blue-water navy by British naval historian Professor Geoffrey Till. The Royal Navy is considered to be a blue-water navy by naval experts and academics. This position is likely to be further cemented with the introduction of two new Queen Elizabeth -class aircraft carriers , eighteen new frigates (8 Type 26 , 5 Type 31 , and 5 Type 32 ), and other warships currently being procured. A term used commonly in

208-583: A blue-water navy by various experts and academics. According to professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg, the French Navy is a rank two "limited global-reach power projection navy". The navy operates a single nuclear-powered aircraft carrier ( Charles de Gaulle ) which forms the centrepiece of the Navy's principal expeditionary task group (known as the Aeronaval Group). In addition to this,

260-709: A blue-water navy capable of operating in the high seas far from its home. As of June 2024 the Italian Navy has deployed a Carrier Strike Group, based on the Cavour (CVH 550) STOVL aircraft carrier (with F-35 B on board), for a five-months deployment to the Indo-Pacific region, reaching Singapore , Australia , Japan and the Philippines . Italian Navy will also participate to the Exercise RIMPAC ,

312-589: A blue-water navy. The People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) is subject to a variety of assessments regarding its capabilities. China's ambition towards blue-water capability received much attention, particularly from the United States Congress and Department of Defense , with both acknowledging that China's primary aim was to project power in the First and Second island chains . In a 2013 report to Congress, defense experts also asserted that over

364-731: A former chief of navy claimed that if Australia did not replace her last aircraft carrier, she "would no longer have a blue-water navy". In the end Australia did not buy a new carrier, but former Parliamentary defence advisor Gary Brown could still claim in 2004 that her navy remained "an effective blue-water force". The Soviet Navy towards the end of the Cold War is another example of a blue-water navy that had minimal carrier aviation, relying instead on submarines, missile-carrying surface ships, and long-range bombers based on land. A blue-water navy implies force protection from underwater warfare , surface warfare , and aerial warfare threats and

416-424: A green-water navy can often operate in blue water for short periods of time. A number of nations have extensive maritime assets but lack the capability to maintain the required sustainable logistic reach. Some of them join coalition task groups in blue-water deployments such as anti-piracy patrols off Somalia. According to a dictionary definition, blue-water capability refers to an oceangoing fleet able to operate on

468-598: A green-water navy for a navy competent to operate in regional sea and finally [a] blue-water navy described as a navy with capability to operate across the deep waters. " They go on to say that even with such a definition and understanding of naval hierarchy, it is still "ambiguous". For example, while France and the United States may be considered blue-water navies, he states that the "operational capability and geographic reach of both navies are definitely different." Another definition states that 'brown-water' refers to

520-542: A modern fleet of surface combatants and submarines. The Marina Militare routinely deploys to the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf as part of multinational anti-piracy missions such as Operation Ocean Shield and Operation Atalanta , and is capable of deploying a carrier battle group in support of NATO or EU operations such as during Operation Enduring Freedom (2001) and EU Navfor Med ( European migrant crisis ). In 2015 scholar Sarah Kirchberger mentioned Italy as

572-577: A number of Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft. It was then decided to operate F-35B fighters on board the Izumo -class , a development of the Hyūga -class, and by July 2021 JS Izumo had completed modifications for this purpose, followed by an operational test using the U.S. Marine Corps F-35B in October. The Republic of Korea Navy also has ambitions to develop blue-water capabilities. In 2001,

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624-649: A number of standing commitments worldwide. The Indian Navy is unique among Asian navies due to its long experience in carrier power projection since 1961. This, according to Dr. George J. Gilboy and political scientist Eric Heginbotham, gives the Indian Navy the "leading power projection capability in the region". The Indian Navy is also the only Asian navy considered to be a rank three "multi-regional power projection navy" per Todd and Lindberg's classification system. In his discussion paper for Consultancy Africa Intelligence, Greg Ryan asserts that in recent years,

676-616: A number of ships which support Royal Navy operations globally by resupplying personnel, food, water, armament and fuel to their ships. The RFA also augment the Royal Navy's amphibious landing capabilities by operating the Bay class . The United Kingdom maintains five overseas naval facilities, including a naval support facility, named the British Defence Singapore Support Unit , in Sembawang , Singapore in

728-459: A saturation advantage over a deployed force through the use of land-based air or surface-to-surface missile assets, diesel-electric submarines , or asymmetric tactics with fast attack craft (FAC). An example of this vulnerability was the October 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden . The term 'blue-water navy' should not be confused with the capability of an individual ship. For example, vessels of

780-523: A severe decline due to lack of funding. By the late 1990s, there was little tangible evidence of Russian blue-water capability. It wasn't until 2007, under President Vladimir Putin , that "naval ambition broadened in scope and aimed at re-creating a large blue-water navy". Today, the Russian Navy is considered to be a rank 3 "multi-regional power projection navy" by Todd and Lindberg's classification system. The Russian Navy has also been described as

832-522: A sustainable logistic reach, allowing a persistent presence at long range. A hallmark of a true blue-water navy is the ability to conduct replenishment at sea (RAS), and the commissioning of underway replenishment ships is a strong sign of a navy's blue-water ambitions. While a blue-water navy can project sea control power into another nation's littoral waters, it remains susceptible to threats from less capable forces ( asymmetric warfare ). Maintenance and logistics at range have high costs, and there might be

884-429: Is a maritime geographical term in contrast with " brown-water navy " (littoral waters and near to shore) and " green-water navy " (near to shore and open oceans). The Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency of the United States has defined the blue-water navy as "a maritime force capable of sustained operation across the deep waters of open oceans. A blue-water navy allows a country to project power far from

936-662: Is experiencing a "shift in maritime priorities" with ambitions of developing a blue-water navy. While the navy maintains a mix of capabilities enabling it to operate in the wider South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian government wishes to be recognized as "the leading maritime power in the Southern Hemisphere" and is seeking to develop a modern naval shipbuilding industry. The Iranian Navy aims to develop blue-water capabilities: in July 2016, it announced plans to establish

988-551: The Battle of Lepanto in 1571, and a Franco-Spanish fleet faced the British Royal Navy at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. In modern times, NATO has formed standing combined fleets and operations from several national navies such as Operation Active Endeavour . Modern fleets combine surface warships , submarines , support ships, and ship-based aircraft to conduct naval operations at sea. Generally understood to be

1040-561: The Far East . The U.S. Naval War College identifies the Royal Navy's tasks as fighting wars, conducting distant expeditions, maintaining good order at sea and preventing and deterring conflict. As such, the Navy views the retention of its "world-class" high-end disciplines in anti-air and anti-submarine warfare as strategically important. The Royal Navy has shown many examples of its expeditionary capabilities since World War II , such as

1092-629: The Horn of Africa to the Strait of Malacca , and routinely conducts anti-piracy operations and partnership building with other navies in the region. It also conducts routine two to three month-long deployments in the South and East China seas as well as the western Mediterranean simultaneously. The navy has a listening post in Madagascar . India inducted its first aircraft carrier in 1961, and

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1144-624: The Korean War , the 1982 Falklands War , the 1990–91 Gulf War , Sierra Leone , the War in Afghanistan , the 2003 invasion of Iraq , and during the 2011 military intervention in Libya . The United States Navy is considered a blue-water navy by experts and academics. It is distinguished from other power projection navies in that it is considered a global blue-water navy, able to operate in

1196-499: The Persian Gulf . The military importance and value of overseas basing is primarily dependent on geographical location. A base located at choke points in narrow or enclosed seas can be of high value, especially if positioned near, or within striking distance of an enemy's sea lines of communications . However advanced operating bases ( or forward operating bases) can be equally as valuable. Naval Station Pearl Harbor acts as

1248-828: The United Kingdom is that the Royal Navy maintains a maritime expeditionary capability. According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the Royal Navy is a rank two "limited global-reach power projection navy". The Royal Navy supports a number of standing commitments worldwide on a continuous basis and maintains an expeditionary task force known as the Joint Expeditionary Force (Maritime) (JEF (M)). The Royal Navy Submarine Service operates four Vanguard -class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and seven nuclear-powered Astute and Trafalgar class fleet submarines which operate globally. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA) maintains

1300-704: The United States Navy created a new term, green-water navy , to replace the term 'brown-water navy' in US Navy parlance. Today, a brown-water navy has come to be known as a predominantly riverine and littoral force. Despite the above, however, there is no agreed definition of the term. There have been many attempts by naval scholars and other authorities to classify world navies, including; Michael Morris, British naval historians Eric Grove and Professor Geoffrey Till, French strategist Hervé Coutau-Bégarie and professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg. All identify basic common criteria for gauging

1352-465: The blue water , or oceanic, green water or littoral versus the brown water or coastal/riverine forces. The fleets of larger navies are usually divided into smaller numbered or named fleets based on geographic operating areas or administrative groupings of the same type of ships. Modern fleets are usually administrative units. Individual task forces are formed to conduct specific operations. In fictional literary works and/or media, most notably in

1404-471: The high seas far from its nation's home ports. Some operate throughout the world. In their 2012 publication, " Sea Power and the Asia-Pacific ", professors Geoffrey Till and Patrick C. Bratton outlined what they termed as "concise criteria" with regard to the definitions of brown-, green- and blue-water navies. Quote; " ...a brown-water navy standing for a navy capable of defending its coastal zones,

1456-466: The line of battle . In more modern times, the squadrons are typically composed of homogeneous groups of the same class of warship , such as battleships or cruisers . Since many smaller navies contain a single fleet, the term the fleet is often synonymous with the navy . Multinational fleets are not uncommon in naval history. For example, several nations made up the Holy League fleet at

1508-552: The Fleet Response Plan (FRP). The USN also maintains a continuous deployment of nine expeditionary strike groups that embark a Marine Expeditionary Unit with an Aviation Combat Element on amphibious warfare ships . The US Military Sealift Command is the largest of its kind in the world and is responsible for delivering military transport and ship replenishment around the globe. The US Navy has shown countless examples of its blue-water combat capabilities and has

1560-532: The Indian Navy has emerged as a "global power in the blue water sense". India initially outlined its intentions of developing blue-water capabilities under the 2007 Maritime Capabilities Perspective Plan , with the navy's priority being the projection of "power in India's area of strategic interest", the Indian Ocean Region. Since 2007 the navy has increased its presence in the Persian Gulf and

1612-715: The South Korean President, Kim Dae-jung , announced plans to build a "Strategic Mobile Fleet". The plan includes the construction of up to three Dokdo -class amphibious assault ships , with a ski-jump for the operation of V/STOL jet fighters being considered for the second vessel currently under construction. On 3 December 2021 the National Assembly passed the budget to fund a fixed-wing aircraft carrier tentatively named CVX-class aircraft carrier capable of operating F35B, expected to enter operations possibly as early as 2033. The Brazilian Navy

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1664-622: The ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world, engage in forward areas during peacetime, and rapidly respond to regional crises. Some examples of such are World War II , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , the Persian Gulf War , the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War . The United States Coast Guard , while not technically a navy, is also a blue-water naval force capable of deploying to waters throughout

1716-544: The capability of navies, such as; total displacement and number of ships; modernity and power of weapons and systems; logistical and geographic reach with capacity for sustained operations; and the professional qualifications/disposition of sailors. The table below shows the world naval hierarchy according to the classification system by professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg. Their system originates from 1996 and outlines ten ranks, distinguished by capability. Since then it has been used by various other experts to illustrate

1768-504: The coming decades, China would gain the capability to project power across the globe – similar to Britain's 1982 Falklands War . According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the PLAN was a rank four "regional power projection navy". Since 2008, the PLAN has conducted anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden on a continuous basis . The French Navy is recognised as being

1820-547: The convention in the United States Navy is to use numbers. A fleet is typically commanded by an admiral , who is often also a commander in chief . Still, many fleets have been or are commanded by vice admirals or rear admirals . Most fleets are divided into several squadrons , each under a subordinate admiral. Those squadrons, in turn, are often divided into divisions. In the Age of Sail , fleets were divided into van, center, and rear squadrons, named after each squadron's place in

1872-617: The deep waters of every ocean simultaneously. According to Todd and Lindberg's classification system, the United States Navy is a rank one "global-reach power projection navy", and the only navy to occupy this rank. The USN maintains eleven carrier strike groups (centered on the Nimitz -class aircraft carrier and Gerald R. Ford -class aircraft carriers ), of which six are deployed or ready for deployment within 30 days, and two ready for deployment within 90 days under

1924-409: The first formation of the Atlantic Fleet from June 1904 to August 1912. There were no admirals appointed as seconds-in-command in the fleet's second iteration. Post holders included: Naval fleet In the modern sense, fleets are usually, but not necessarily, permanent formations and are generally assigned to a particular ocean or sea . Most fleets are named after that ocean or sea, but

1976-673: The fleet openly refused to obey orders because of a dispute over pay with the government. The fleet's short history ended in 1932, when the Admiralty having been shaken by the events of the Invergordon Mutiny, renamed the fleet, as the Home Fleet . The Commander-in-Chief's title was "Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet" between 1904–1910, and "Vice-Admiral Commanding, Atlantic Fleet" from 1910 to 1912. The post of Rear-Admiral Second-in-Command, Atlantic existed during

2028-455: The home country and usually includes one or more aircraft carriers. Smaller blue-water navies are able to dispatch fewer vessels abroad for shorter periods of time." In public discourse, blue-water capability is identified with the operation of capital ships such as battleships , battlecruisers , aircraft carriers , and nuclear submarines . For instance, during the debate in the 1970s whether Australia should replace HMAS  Melbourne ,

2080-456: The littoral areas within 100 nautical miles of the coastline. 'Green-water' begins from 100 nautical miles out to the next major land formation, while 'blue-water' is the ability to project force out to at least 1,500 nautical miles beyond the coast. Traditionally a distinction used to be made between a coastal brown-water navy operating in the littoral zone to 200 nautical miles (or 370 kilometres ) and an oceangoing blue-water navy. However,

2132-562: The nation's sea lines of communication . To respond to the growing blue-water requirements, the JMSDF has been developing impressive capabilities, most notably the creation of destroyer flotillas centered on large helicopter destroyers (such as the Hyūga -class helicopter carrier ) and large Aegis -equipped destroyers. The first Japanese post-WWII overseas naval air facility was established next to Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport ; it supports

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2184-834: The navy has ever since operated two independent carrier task forces. After INS  Viraat and INS  Vikrant were decommissioned, the country's strike force currently centers on the two carrier battle groups: INS  Vikramaditya , and a new indigenous aircraft carrier, INS  Vikrant commissioned in September 2022, restoring India's two-carrier capability. The Indian Navy also possesses an amphibious transport dock , INS  Jalashwa , and currently operates 2 Arihant -class indigenously developed nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine with two more under construction, along with leasing one Akula -class nuclear-powered attack submarine and has many more ships of different types planned or under construction. The Italian Navy

2236-525: The navy maintains a secondary Amphibious Group (known as Le Groupe Amphibie) based around the Mistral -class amphibious assault ships . Both these formations are part of the Force d'action navale (or Naval Action Force). The ' Forces sous-marines ' operates four nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines and six nuclear-powered fleet submarines . France retains a network of overseas naval facilities around

2288-501: The reach of supply lines, provide repair facilities and enhance the "effective striking power" of a fleet beyond the capabilities provided by the nation's homeports . Generally, these overseas bases are located within areas where potential conflicts or threats to the nation's interests may arise. For example, since World War II the Royal Navy and later the United States Navy have continued to base forces in Bahrain for operations in

2340-462: The realm of science fiction , the term 'fleet' has also been used for a group of space-faring vessels used for interstellar travel. Blue-water navy A blue-water navy is a maritime force capable of operating globally, essentially across the deep waters of open oceans . While definitions of what actually constitutes such a force vary, there is a requirement for the ability to exercise sea control at long range. The term "blue-water navy"

2392-658: The subject. According to Todd and Lindberg, a "blue-water navy" is one that can project any sort of power beyond its own territorial waters. However they used the principle of loss of strength gradient and other criteria to distinguish navies by capability under the four "blue-water" ranks. The six ranks of "Non blue-water navies" can be further broken down into "green-water" and "brown-water navies", and according to Todd and Lindberg, these are navies only capable of operating as coastal defence forces, coast guards or riverine forces. Historically, and to present day, blue-water navies have tended to establish overseas bases to extend

2444-537: The world's largest international maritime warfare exercise. This is an indisputable evidence of the top level capabilities reached by the Italian Navy, which place the same at the level of the Royal Navy. The Soviet Navy maintained naval forces able to rival those of the United States; however, following the end of the Cold War and dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian Navy experienced

2496-498: The world. Some green-water navies have ambitions towards the development of blue-water capabilities. While considered to be a green-water navy, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is undergoing transition to develop blue-water capabilities. It began in 1981 when Prime Minister Zenkō Suzuki put forward a new doctrine requiring the JMSDF to expand its operations by 1,000 miles for defense of

2548-701: The world; from Fort de France in the Caribbean, to Le Port, Réunion in the Indian Ocean, Papeete in the Pacific and in several other parts of the world too, including the Gulf, South Atlantic and the Western Pacific. The navy's operational duties include the protection of French interests abroad and the security of the nation's many overseas departments and territories , as such the Navy undertakes

2600-773: Was based at Gibraltar to reinforce either the Channel Fleet or the Mediterranean Fleet, from January 1905 to February 1907. It remained at Gibraltar until April 1912. The Atlantic Fleet was again formed after the end of World War I , when British naval forces were reorganised to reflect the changed economic and political situation in Europe. The fleet was created upon the disbandment of the Grand Fleet in April 1919, absorbing many, but not all of its elements. It

2652-708: Was categorised as a "regional blue-water navy" in Liu Huaqing 's Memoirs (1994), and as a rank three "multi regional power projection navy" by Professors Daniel Todd and Michael Lindberg in 1996. In the former 1989 publication " The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East ", Joseph I. Coffey asserted that Italy's blue-water capabilities didn't extend beyond the Mediterranean sea. Today the navy possesses two aircraft carriers ( Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi ), another one to be commissioned in 2024, as well as

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2704-607: Was placed under a Commander-in-Chief, who for part of that year held the title of Commander-in-Chief Atlantic and Home Fleets, before the Home Fleet became the Reserve Fleet and a totally separate command. HMS  Queen Elizabeth became the Fleet's flagship and served in that capacity until 1924. The fleet never fought in a naval battle in its short history. In 1931, during the Invergordon Mutiny , sailors of

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