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58-668: The Bulford Kiwi is a large depiction of a kiwi , carved in the chalk on Beacon Hill above the military town of Bulford on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire , England. It was created in 1919 by soldiers of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force who were awaiting repatriation following the end of the First World War. It is one of the few hill figures in Wiltshire to be neither a white horse nor

116-425: A pourquoi story explaining features of New Zealand birds. Owen portrays the kiwi as nobly sacrificing its wings and flight in order to protect the trees from depredation by ground-dwelling creatures, and thereby winning its unique renown. Owen's story is sometimes described as "A Maori Legend". It has been recorded as a children's story, published as a book, was made into an animated film in 1980, set to music for

174-419: A bird, and are the only birds with nostrils at the end of their long beaks. Kiwi eat small invertebrates, seeds, grubs, and many varieties of worms. They also may eat fruit, small crayfish, eels and amphibians. Because their nostrils are located at the end of their long beaks, kiwi can locate insects and worms underground using their keen sense of smell, without actually seeing or feeling them. This sense of smell

232-746: A drawing instructor in the Education Staff, from a sketch of a stuffed kiwi specimen in the British Museum . The site was surveyed and the design extended on to the site by Sergeant-Major V.T. Low, NZE of the Education Staff. In the years after the Kiwi's creation, the Kiwi Polish Company maintained the Kiwi through their offices in London, employing local villagers to do the work. Although it had "little if any advertising value [for

290-675: A joint 1080 poison operation undertaken by DOC and the Animal Health Board in Tongariro Forest in 2006, 32 kiwi chicks were radio-tagged. 57% of the radio-tagged chicks survived to adulthood. Efforts to protect kiwi have had some success, and in 2017 two species were downlisted from endangered to vulnerable by the IUCN. In 2018 the Department of Conservation released its current Kiwi Conservation Plan. In 2000,

348-633: A kiwi that had been caught in a possum trap. Extensive monitoring shows that kiwi are not at risk from the use of biodegradable 1080 poison. Introduced mammalian predators , namely stoats, dogs, ferrets, and cats, are the principal threats to kiwi. The biggest threat to kiwi chicks is stoats, while dogs are the biggest threat to adult kiwi. Stoats are responsible for approximately half of kiwi chick deaths in many areas through New Zealand. Young kiwi chicks are vulnerable to stoat predation until they reach about 1–1.2 kg (2.2–2.6 lb) in weight, at which time they can usually defend themselves. Cats also to

406-409: A lesser extent prey on kiwi chicks. These predators can cause large and abrupt declines in populations. In particular, dogs find the distinctive strong scent of kiwi irresistible and easy to track, such that they can catch and kill kiwi in seconds. Motor vehicle strike is a threat to all kiwi where roads cross through their habitat. Badly set possum traps often kill or maim kiwi. Habitat destruction

464-418: A lower-case k and, being a word of Māori origin, normally stays as kiwi when pluralised . The genus name Apteryx is derived from Ancient Greek 'without wing': a- ( ἀ- ), 'without' or 'not'; ptéryx ( πτέρυξ ), 'wing'. Although it was long presumed that the kiwi was closely related to the other New Zealand ratites, the moa , recent DNA studies have identified its closest relative as

522-409: A male and female kiwi tend to live their entire lives as a monogamous couple. During the mating season, June to March, the pair call to each other at night, and meet in the nesting burrow every three days. These relationships may last for up to 20 years. They are unusual among other birds in that, along with some raptors, they have a functioning pair of ovaries . (In most birds and in platypuses ,

580-550: A mile (800m) apart, continue in use; both are Grade II* listed buildings. The benefices were united in 1909, with the incumbent to live at St Peter's parsonage; today the parishes are part of the Upper Wylye Valley team ministry. The building is from the 13th century, with a tower and south porch added in the 15th. Restoration in 1863 was by T.H. Wyatt . The church contains a 9th-century Oolitic limestone cross shaft with fine carving, of which Pevsner writes "This

638-752: A military badge. Sling Camp (now gone), part of Bulford Camp , was established in June 1916 for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF). Soldiers of the NZEF underwent training here when arriving in England before being transferred to New Zealand units serving on the Western Front . The Kiwi was constructed on Beacon Hill overlooking the camp. After the war was over, the New Zealand soldiers were eager to return home, but no troop ships were available. In

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696-664: A population of A. rowi in New Zealand under no environmental stress had ocular lesions in one or both eyes. The same experiment examined three specific specimens that showed complete blindness and found them to be in good physical standing outside of ocular abnormalities. A 2018 study revealed that the kiwi's closest relatives, the extinct elephant birds , also shared this trait despite their great size. Unlike virtually every other palaeognath , which are generally small-brained by bird standards, kiwi have proportionally large encephalisation quotients . Hemisphere proportions are even similar to those of parrots and songbirds , though there

754-431: A result of habitat intrusion by predators, including humans. In areas of New Zealand where introduced predators have been removed, such as sanctuaries, kiwi are often seen in daylight. They prefer subtropical and temperate podocarp and beech forests, but they are being forced to adapt to different habitat, such as sub-alpine scrub, tussock grassland, and the mountains. Kiwi have a highly developed sense of smell, unusual in

812-479: A united benefice in 1930. The parish also incorporates the tything of Ashton Gifford, a settlement that was cleared to make way for the principal house of Codford St Peter, Ashton Gifford House , in the early 19th century. The house was used by a private prep school , Greenways School , from 1940 until the school closed in 1969. The Codford area has had a long history with ANZAC soldiers: during World War I, large training and transfer camps were established for

870-617: A value of £16 10s (among three landlords), placing it among the larger settlements of the time. The Salisbury branch line of the Great Western Railway was opened through the Wylye valley in 1856. Codford station was on the road towards Boyton , south of Codford St Peter. The station closed to passengers in 1955 and to goods in 1963; the line is still in use but there are no local stations between Salisbury and Warminster . The ancient parishes of St Peter and St Mary became

928-399: Is another major threat to kiwi; restricted distribution and small size of some kiwi populations increases their vulnerability to inbreeding. Research has shown that the combined effect of predators and other mortality (accidents, etc.) results in less than 5% of kiwi chicks surviving to adulthood. The Māori traditionally believed that kiwi were under the protection of Tāne Mahuta , god of

986-412: Is due to a highly developed olfactory chamber and surrounding regions. It is a common belief that the kiwi relies solely on its sense of smell to catch prey but this has not been scientifically observed. Lab experiments have suggested that A. australis can rely on olfaction alone but is not consistent under natural conditions. Instead, the kiwi may rely on auditory and/or vibrotactile cues. Once bonded,

1044-758: Is instead thought to be an adaptation for precocity , enabling kiwi chicks to hatch mobile and with yolk to sustain them for two and half weeks. The large eggs would be safe in New Zealand's historical absence of egg-eating ground predators, while the mobile chicks would be able to evade chick-eating flying predators. Lice in the genus Apterygon and in the subgenus Rallicola ( Aptericola ) are exclusively ectoparasites of kiwi species. Nationwide studies show that only around 5–10% of kiwi chicks survive to adulthood without management. As of 2018 over 70% of kiwi populations are unmanaged. However, in areas under active pest management, survival rates for North Island brown kiwi can be far higher. For example, prior to

1102-405: Is long, pliable and sensitive to touch, and their eyes have a reduced pecten . Their feathers lack barbules and aftershafts , and they have large vibrissae around the gape . They have 13 flight feathers , no tail and a small pygostyle . Their gizzard is weak and their caecum is long and narrow. The eye of the kiwi is the smallest relative to body mass in all avian species, resulting in

1160-427: Is no evidence of similarly complex behaviour. Before the arrival of humans in the 13th century or earlier, New Zealand's only endemic mammals were three species of bat , and the ecological niches that in other parts of the world were filled by creatures as diverse as horses, wolves and mice were taken up by birds (and, to a lesser extent, reptiles, insects and gastropods). The kiwi's mostly nocturnal habits may be

1218-401: Is of course what matters at Codford". The font is 12th century. The building originates in the late 12th/13th century, with a tower from the late 14th/15th; the chancel was rebuilt in the 17th century. In 1843-4 it was considered necessary to rebuild the church, apart from the tower and part of the chancel, on the same foundations; the south porch was moved and a south aisle added. The interior

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1276-1185: Is the only surviving example which does not depict a badge. Roughly 20 miles from the Bulford Kiwi are the Fovant Badges , a group of eight military badges cut mostly by camps in World War I. There used to be more badges on the hill, and there are two more recently restored nearby at Sutton Mandeville ; an outline of Australia is nearby in Compton Chamberlayne . Another nearby military badge is Lamb Down Military Badge near Codford St. Mary . Kiwi (bird) Apteryx haastii Great spotted kiwi Apteryx owenii Little spotted kiwi Apteryx rowi Okarito brown kiwi Apteryx australis Southern brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli North Island brown kiwi Stictapteryx Iredale & Mathews, 1926 Kiwi Verheyen, 1960 Pseudapteryx Lydekker 1891 Kiwi ( / ˈ k iː w iː / KEE -wee ) are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand of

1334-510: The A36 road between Salisbury and Warminster. The A36 previously ran along the whole length of the High Street, but a bypass which was built in the 1990s removed the through traffic. The Chitterne Brook flows north–south through the parish, then turns southeast to flow through Codford St Mary before joining the Wylye. A possible neolithic hillfort or enclosure, Codford Circle , stands at

1392-741: The Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra by Thomas Goss as "Tāne and the Kiwi" in 2002 (recorded for RNZ by Orchestra Wellington in 2008 ), and performed as a ballet by the Royal New Zealand Ballet in 2022. Codford St. Mary Codford is a civil parish south of Salisbury Plain in the Wylye Valley in Wiltshire, England. Its settlements are the adjacent villages of Codford St Peter and Codford St Mary , which lie some 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Warminster . The two villages are on

1450-1036: The Berlin Zoo has seven, Walsrode Bird Park has one, the Avifauna Bird Park in the Netherlands has three, the San Diego Zoo has five, the San Diego Zoo Safari Park has one, the National Zoo in Washington, DC has eleven, the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute has one, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium has three. In 2023, Zoo Miami apologized for mistreating a kiwi, after footage of visitors patting

1508-656: The Department of Conservation set up five kiwi sanctuaries focused on developing methods to protect kiwi and to increase their numbers. A number of other mainland conservation islands and fenced sanctuaries have significant populations of kiwi, including: North Island brown kiwi were introduced to the Cape Sanctuary in Hawke's Bay between 2008 and 2011, which in turn provided captive-raised chicks that were released back into Maungataniwha Native Forest. Sanctuaries for kiwi are also referred to as 'kōhanga sites' from

1566-426: The order Apterygiformes . The five extant species fall into the family Apterygidae ( / ˌ æ p t ə ˈ r ɪ dʒ ə d iː / ) and genus Apteryx ( / ˈ æ p t ər ɪ k s / ). Approximately the size of a domestic chicken , kiwi are the smallest ratites (which also include ostriches , emus , rheas , cassowaries and the extinct elephant birds and moa ). DNA sequence comparisons have yielded

1624-446: The 19th century, then dissolved and replaced by Codford parish in 1934. The Woolstore Theatre houses an amateur theatre company. The High Street building, part of a 19th-century wool store, was converted into a theatre in 1928. Wylye Valley Church of England VA Primary School serves Codford and nearby parishes. The school opened on a new site in 1971, replacing two 19th-century schools. Codford St Mary school opened in 1876 and

1682-470: The Kiwi is maintained by the Ministry of Defence . In 2017 the chalk figure was designated as a scheduled monument . On 30 June 2018 the Kiwi was resurfaced. 100 tons of chalk were ferried by Chinook helicopter to the site, where under the guidance of Richard Osgood, a Defence Infrastructure Organisation archaeologist, it was spread over the figure to restore it for the first time in 30 years. Resurfacing

1740-564: The Kiwis. A kiwi has featured on the reverse side of three New Zealand coins: the one florin (two-shilling) coin from 1933 to 1966, the twenty-cent coin from 1967 to 1990, and the one-dollar coin since 1991. In currency trading the New Zealand dollar is often referred to as "the kiwi". A song, "Sticky Beak the Kiwi", with words by Bob Edwards and music by Neil Roberts, was recorded in 1961, sung by Julie Nelson (aged 14) and accompanied by

1798-791: The Māori word for 'nest' or 'nursery'. Operation Nest Egg is a programme run by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Trust—a partnership between the Bank of New Zealand , the Department of Conservation and the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society . Kiwi eggs and chicks are removed from the wild and hatched and/or raised in captivity until big enough to fend for themselves—usually when they weigh around 1200 grams (42 ounces). They are then returned to

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1856-578: The Satins and the Don Bell Orchestra of Whangārei . A Christmas song, it portrays Sticky Beak as insisting on pulling Santa Claus's sleigh when distributing presents south of the equator. "How the Kiwi Lost its Wings" is a fable written by broadcaster Alwyn Owen in 1963. It uses elements of Māori mythology, such as Tāne Mahuta , and the World War I symbol of cowardice, white feathers , in

1914-560: The UK and the US, the symbol became more widely known. During the First World War, the name "Kiwis" for New Zealand soldiers came into general use, and a giant kiwi (now known as the Bulford kiwi ) was carved on the chalk hill above Sling Camp in England. Usage has become so widespread that all New Zealanders overseas and at home are now commonly referred to as " Kiwis ". The kiwi has since become

1972-578: The best-known national symbol for New Zealand, and the bird is prominent in the coat of arms, crests and badges of many New Zealand cities, clubs and organisations. At the national level, the red silhouette of a kiwi is in the centre of the roundel of the Royal New Zealand Air Force . The kiwi is featured in the logo of the New Zealand Rugby League , and the New Zealand national rugby league team are nicknamed

2030-450: The bristly, hair-like, two-branched feathers. While most adult birds have bones with hollow insides to minimise weight and make flight practicable, kiwi have marrow , like mammals and the young of other birds. With no constraints on weight due to flight requirements, brown kiwi females carry and lay a single egg that may weigh as much as 450 g (16 oz). Like most other ratites, they have no uropygial gland ( preen gland). Their bill

2088-422: The company]", they explained their interest in its upkeep as its being a memorial to the New Zealand troops. During World War II, the Kiwi was camouflaged with leaf mould , out of concerns that German bombers would use it as a navigation marker during their raids over Britain . In 1948, the leaf mould was removed by local Boy Scouts , and fresh chalk was added. The Scout troop subsequently renamed themselves in

2146-452: The conclusion that kiwi are much more closely related to the extinct Malagasy elephant birds than to the moa with which they shared New Zealand. There are five recognised species, four of which are currently listed as vulnerable , and one of which is near threatened . All species have been negatively affected by historic deforestation , but their remaining habitat is well protected in large forest reserves and national parks. At present,

2204-410: The egg, except for the great spotted kiwi, A. haastii , in which both parents are involved. The incubation period is 63–92 days. Producing the huge egg places significant physiological stress on the female; for the thirty days it takes to grow the fully developed egg, the female must eat three times her normal amount of food. Two to three days before the egg is laid there is little space left inside

2262-440: The end of their long beak to detect prey before they see it, have helped the bird to become internationally well known. The kiwi is recognised as an icon of New Zealand , and the association is so strong that the term Kiwi is used internationally as the colloquial demonym for New Zealanders. The Māori language word kiwi is generally accepted to be "of imitative origin" from the call . However, some linguists derive

2320-615: The extinct elephant bird of Madagascar , and among extant ratites, the kiwi is more closely related to the emu and the cassowaries than to the moa. Research published in 2013 on an extinct genus, Proapteryx , known from the Miocene deposits of the Saint Bathans Fauna , found that it was smaller and probably capable of flight, supporting the hypothesis that the ancestor of the kiwi reached New Zealand independently from moas, which were already large and flightless by

2378-439: The female for her stomach and she is forced to fast. It was believed that the large eggs were a trait of much larger moa -like ancestors, and that kiwi retained large eggs as an evolutionarily neutral trait as they became smaller. However, research in the early 2010s suggested that kiwi were descended from smaller flighted birds that flew to New Zealand and Madagascar, where they gave rise to kiwi and elephant birds. The large egg

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2436-421: The forest. They were used as food and their feathers were used for kahu kiwi —ceremonial cloaks. Today, while kiwi feathers are still used, they are gathered from birds that die naturally, through road accidents, or predation, and from captive birds. Kiwi are no longer hunted and some Māori consider themselves the birds' guardians. In 1813, George Shaw named the genus Apteryx in his species description of

2494-400: The grass of nearby Lamb Down to expose the underlying bright white chalk ( 51°09′13.50″N 02°01′28.16″W  /  51.1537500°N 2.0244889°W  / 51.1537500; -2.0244889 ). The soldiers of 13 Trg Bn AIF who maintained the badge as a form of punishment named the site 'Misery Hill'. The meticulously maintained Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery nearby is

2552-418: The greatest threat to their survival is predation by invasive mammalian predators. The vestigial wings are so small as to be invisible under their bristly, hair-like, two-branched feathers. Kiwi eggs are one of the largest in proportion to body size (up to 20% of the female's weight) of any order of bird in the world. Other unique adaptations of kiwi, such as short and stout legs and using their nostrils at

2610-461: The kiwi's honour. In the early 1950s, Blenkarne negotiated for the Kiwi to be maintained by the British Army's 3 (UK) Divisional Headquarters and Signal Regiment following on from the work done by 249 Signal Squadron. 3 DHQ&SR was part of the 3rd Infantry Division . In 1986, a pillar with a commemorative plaque was unveiled by Bryce Harland , New Zealand High Commissioner. As of 2007,

2668-558: The nocturnal bird under bright lights caused outrage in New Zealand. The kiwi as a symbol first appeared in the late 19th century in New Zealand regimental badges. It was later featured in the badges of the South Canterbury Battalion in 1886 and the Hastings Rifle Volunteers in 1887. Soon after, the kiwi appeared in many military badges; and in 1906, when Kiwi Shoe Polish was widely sold in

2726-500: The right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. ) Kiwi eggs can weigh up to one-quarter the weight of the female. Usually, only one egg is laid per season. The kiwi lays one of the largest eggs in proportion to its size of any bird in the world, so even though the kiwi is about the size of a domestic chicken, it is able to lay eggs that are about six times the size of a chicken's egg. The eggs are smooth in texture, and are ivory or greenish white. The male incubates

2784-496: The second largest New Zealand War Grave Cemetery in the UK, and contains the graves of 97 Anzac troops, 66 New Zealanders, and 31 Australians, alongside one Welsh Guardsman from WWII. The effect of two World Wars still resonates in the local community and there is still a sense of welcoming towards Australians and New Zealanders. Codford villagers hold a remembrance ceremony on 25 April ( Anzac Day ) at 6.30 am each year. The two Anglican parish churches , although less than half

2842-408: The smallest visual field as well. The eye has small specialisations for a nocturnal lifestyle, but kiwi rely more heavily on their other senses (auditory, olfactory, and somatosensory system ). The sight of the kiwi is so underdeveloped that blind specimens have been observed in nature, showing how little they rely on sight for survival and foraging. In an experiment, it was observed that one-third of

2900-561: The southern brown kiwi, which he called "the southern apteryx". Captain Andrew Barclay of the ship Providence provided Shaw with the specimen. Shaw's description was accompanied by two plates, engraved by Frederick Polydore Nodder ; they were published in volume 24 of The Naturalist's Miscellany . In 1851, London Zoo became the first zoo to keep kiwi. The first captive breeding took place in 1945. As of 2007 only 13 zoos outside New Zealand hold kiwi. The Frankfurt Zoo has 12,

2958-534: The summit of Codford Hill to the northeast of the villages. In the far north of the parish is Aston Valley Barrow Cemetery , a group of Bronze Age barrows. Anglo-Saxon records show that in the year 906 the area was known as 'Codan Ford' probably meaning 'the ford of Coda' (a man's name). The river which is forded is called the Wylye , which may mean winding, treacherous or tricky stream. The 11th-century Domesday survey records Codford as having 28 households, with

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3016-460: The tens of thousands of troops waiting to be deployed to France. Codford also became a depot in 1916 for the men who had been evacuated from the front line and were not fit to return to the front. Codford's 'Anzac Badge' was the idea of an Australian Brigade Commander during World War I, who wished to leave a visible memento of his brigade when it departed. This consists of a gigantic Rising Sun badge (measuring 53 x 45 metres), carved in 1916 into

3074-480: The time kiwi appeared. There are five known species of kiwi, with a number of subspecies. A. haastii A. owenii A. australis A. rowi A. mantelli Relationships in the genus Apteryx Their adaptation to a terrestrial life is extensive: like all the other ratites ( ostrich , emu , rhea and cassowary ), they have no keel on the sternum to anchor wing muscles. The vestigial wings are so small that they are invisible under

3132-548: The wake of riots by disaffected soldiers, their commanding officers decided that the troops should be kept busy carving an enormous kiwi into the chalk of the hill. This was done in February and March 1919, by the Canterbury and Otago Engineers Battalions . The emblem is cut out of the chalk hillside, and stands out in contrast from the surrounding vegetation. The design was executed by Sergeant-Major Percy Cecil Blenkarne,

3190-414: The wild. An Operation Nest Egg bird has a 65% chance of surviving to adulthood—compared to just 5% for wild-hatched and -raised chicks. The tool is used on all kiwi species except little spotted kiwi . In 2004, anti-1080 activist Phillip Anderton posed for the New Zealand media with a kiwi he claimed had been poisoned. An investigation revealed that Anderton lied to journalists and the public. He had used

3248-404: The word from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian * kiwi , which refers to Numenius tahitiensis , the bristle-thighed curlew , a migratory bird that winters in the tropical Pacific islands. With its long decurved bill and brown body, the curlew resembles the kiwi. So when the first Polynesian settlers arrived, they may have applied the word kiwi to the newfound bird. The bird's name is spelled with

3306-486: Was again carried out in 2023 using 100 tonnes of chalk. Views of the kiwi are largely obscured, as the straight-ahead view is from within the camp. The kiwi is visible from Tidworth Road which passes the kiwi from the left at a skewed angle, and it is possible to walk up from there to the kiwi. Very distorted views of the kiwi from the right of the hill can be seen from Woodhenge and from near Stonehenge . There have been several military hill figures in Wiltshire, and this

3364-580: Was again restored and reordered in 1878-9 by E Lingen Barker, and is described in the listed building record as "very characterful in the High Victorian style". Local government services are provided by Wiltshire Council , a unitary authority with offices in Trowbridge , some fifteen miles to the north. Codford also has its own elected parish council of nine members. The civil parishes of Codford St Peter and Codford St Mary were created in

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