Bungeishunjū Ltd. ( 株式会社文藝春秋 , Kabushiki-gaisha Bungeishunjū ) is a Japanese publishing company known for its leading monthly magazine Bungeishunjū . The company was founded by Kan Kikuchi in 1923. It grants the annual Akutagawa Prize , one of the most prestigious literary awards in Japan, as well as the annual Naoki Prize for popular novelists. It also granted (from 1955 to 2001) the annual Bungeishunjū Manga Award for achievement in the manga and illustration fields. It is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo .
67-536: The company publishes Bungakukai ( 文學界 ) , the weekly Shūkan Bunshun ( 週刊文春 ) , and the sports magazine Number , which represent public opinion of literary, political, and sport-journalistic culture, respectively. The Bunshun , in particular, has come to be known for litigation involving freedom of speech issues, particularly alleged privacy violations and defamation; see, for example, Mitsuo Kagawa . The magazines published by Bungeishunjū include: The book series published by Bungeishunjū include: Bungeishunjū
134-652: A lektor or universitetslektor is an academic rank similar to that of senior lecturer in Great Britain and associate professor in USA. The lektor holds the position below professor in rank. In Estonia , lektor (lecturer) is an academic rank equivalent to associate professor in the US and senior lecturer in Great Britain. Lecturers in Estonia usually hold PhD degree and are engaged in lecturing and research. In Singapore ,
201-464: A Study abroad at Pantheon Sorbonne , University of Paris 1. In 2019, shortly after a report published in Shukan Bunshun , alleging that House of Councillors 's representative Anri Kawai 's election office had paid campaign announcers a daily amount that exceeded the permitted legal limit, her husband Katsuyuki Kawai announced his resignation as Minister for Justice on 30 October 2019. In
268-585: A department sessional lecturers . Like adjunct professors and sessional lecturers in North America, these non-permanent teaching staff are often very poorly paid (as little as £6000 p.a. in 2011–12). These differing uses of the term "lecturer" cause confusion for non-UK academics. As a proportion of UK academic staff , the proportion of permanent lectureships has fallen considerably. This is one reason why permanent lectureships are usually secured only after several years of post-doctoral experience. Data from
335-527: A fixed-term lecturer can hold an equivalent rank to non tenure-track (visiting) assistant professor. Typically, longer contracts denote greater seniority or higher rank. Teaching fellows may also sometimes be referred to as lecturers—for example, Exeter named some of that group as education and scholarship lecturers (E & S) to recognise the contribution of teaching, and elevate the titles of teaching fellows to lecturers. Some universities also refer to graduate students or others, who undertake ad-hoc teaching for
402-648: A large sum of money from her account. These cases were dubbed "L.A. Scandal". Until then, Miura had been treated as a tragic man whose wife was ruthlessly shot in Los Angeles, but overnight he was thrust into a completely opposite position. Following the Shūkan Bunshun articles, tabloid TV shows and numerous weekly magazines reported the scandal extensively day after day, night after night. In addition, they also reported extensively on Miura's privacy and his history of juvenile delinquency. The frenzy continued for
469-543: A lecturer at the National University of Singapore is a full-time and renewable position that includes both the opportunities for research funding and for promotion to associate professor on the Educator Track . It is equivalent to assistant professor at a US university. In South Korea , the term gangsa (강사) is the literal translation of "part-time lecturer". A gangsa is usually part-time, paid by
536-609: A lengthy trial, the Tokyo District Court sentenced him to life imprisonment. However, the Tokyo High Court acquitted him for insufficient evidence, and in 2003, the Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the prosecution, thus confirming his innocence. (In the case of the actress who attacked his wife, he was convicted.) Note that after his arrest, he filed lawsuits against more than 400 articles in
603-442: A night at the apartment home of Alan Shirahama , a member of the boy band Generations from Exile Tribe , despite that AKB48 members are not contractually allowed to have romantic relationships. A few hours later, after she was demoted to kenkyūsei (trainee) status on 1 February, AKB48's YouTube channel released a video of Minegishi's apology. In the video, she repeatedly apologized for her "thoughtless behavior" and hoped that
670-416: A number of years, a lecturer may be promoted based on their research record to become a senior lecturer . This position is below reader ( principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) and professor . In contrast, fixed-term or temporary lecturers are appointed for specific short-term teaching needs. These positions are often non-renewable and are common post-doctoral appointments. In North American terms,
737-542: A post of a lecturer after passing the combility Test conducted by the University Grants Commission . The position is equivalent to assistant professor in the US system. The term is not universally applied, with some universities preferring the lecturer/reader/professor titles, while others work with the assistant professor/associate professor/professor title. As such, most lecturers' position can be considered tenure track. In many states of India,
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#1732783825340804-859: A result, the secretary received a punishment of 18 months in prison, suspended for 5 years. In the wake of the conviction, the Hiroshima High Public Prosecutors Office filed a lawsuit to cancel Anri Kawai's 2019 election victory, on the basis of guilt by association as defined under the Japanese Public Offices Election Law. On 20 January 2021, the Tokyo District Court sentenced Anri Kawai to a year and four months in prison, suspended for five years. The court ruled that her distribution of money to local legislators in Hiroshima
871-500: A stated policy of firing and replacing under-performing teaching staff members. This policy is complicated by the 2008 Ball v Aberdeen tribunal decision, the distinction between teaching and research faculty is blurring—with implications for who can and cannot be made redundant at UK universities, and under what conditions. Despite this recent erosion of tenure in the UK, it is still practised in most universities. Permanent contracts use
938-524: A while, with numerous reporters and photographers surrounding Miura's house throughout the day, and as a result, he and his family fled to London for a time. In response, some of the press chased them all the way to London. Subsequently, an actress, a former lover of Miura, confessed that she had attacked his wife at his request in Los Angeles in August 1981. Miura was arrested in September 1985, and after
1005-585: A widespread app like Telegram and Bunshun associated Komuro with crime because in Japan Telegram was used by some criminals. In January 1984, Shūkan Bunshun reported the suspicion that Kazuyoshi Miura , a trading company owner, had someone shoot and kill his wife Kazumi in Los Angeles in November 1981 to obtain a huge insurance payout. They also reported the suspicion that Miura murdered his lover, Chizuko Shiraishi, in Los Angeles in 1979 and withdrew
1072-585: Is also known for sensationalist headlines and texts that put the subjects they deal with in a bad light because, in a system in which advertising profits are increased by the number of contacts, what matters is attracting the attention of readers. According the “concept that interest (attention) is economically superior to quality of information” has led to cases like the one noted by the Lecturer at Kanda University of International Studies Jeffrey J. Hall, when Komuro Kei, consort of ex Princess Mako , started using
1139-528: Is an academic rank within many universities, though the meaning of the term varies somewhat from country to country. It generally denotes an academic expert who is hired to teach on a full- or part-time basis. They may also conduct research. The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles. Note that some universities in Commonwealth countries have adopted
1206-436: Is analogous to the research-only faculty tracks at some universities, which typically have title series such as research professor/scientist/scholar.) A related concept—at least in professional fields—is the clinical professor or professor of practice, which in addition to a teaching focus (vs. research), also tend to have a practical/professional/skills oriented focus (vs. theory and scholarship, etc.). In some institutions,
1273-459: Is similar to lecturer in Great Britain. The rank is also an academic rank which enables a teacher to lecture at Ungdomsskole (secondary school) on specialized fields and Videregående skole (high school) level. All teacher students in Norway are now required to reach a master's degree in order to be able to teach at all levels up to universities and university colleges. In Sweden and Denmark ,
1340-528: Is something like Juniorprofessor , Dozent , Hochschuldozent , Juniordozent , Akademischer Rat or -Oberrat , Lehrkraft für besondere Aufgaben , and the like. The ranks Lecturer and Senior Lecturer are also increasingly being adopted by universities in Germany and the German-speaking part of Switzerland . It is used for some members of academic staff with permanent positions. In Poland ,
1407-436: Is sometimes confusion. On a generic level, the term broadly denotes college-level faculty who are not eligible for tenure and have no research obligations . At non-research colleges, the latter distinction is less meaningful, making the absence of tenure the main difference between lecturers and other academic faculty. Unlike the adjective "adjunct" (which can modify most academic titles, and generally refers to part-time status),
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#17327838253401474-429: Is the more conservative Shukan Shincho . The magazine has been praised, but also criticized for its investigative reporting which takes on both political scandals, as well as those from the world of entertainment, and these kinds of reports are colloquially known as the "Bunshun cannon" ( 文春砲 , Bunshunhō ) . In the first three months of 2016, "It brought down a minister and a politician, practically destroyed
1541-466: The stone tools discovered in Ōita Prefecture had also been forgeries done by professor Mitsuo Kagawa. Kagawa committed suicide and left a suicide note in which he pleaded his innocence. The family filed a lawsuit for damages to recover the deceased's honor. On February 23, 2004 the Bungeishunju group was ordered by The Fukuoka High Court to pay 9.2 million yen and place an apology advertisement on
1608-401: The "professor" title should be reserved for an academic elite." Nottingham has a mixture of the standard UK system, and the system at Warwick, with both lecturers and assistant professors. At Reading, job advertisements and academic staff web pages use the title associate professor, but the ordinances of the university make no reference to these titles. They address only procedures for conferring
1675-714: The American system in place of the Commonwealth system. In Australia, the term lecturer may be used informally to refer to anyone who conducts lectures at a university or elsewhere, but formally refers to a specific academic rank. The academic ranks in Australia are similar to those in the UK, with the rank of associate professor roughly equivalent to reader in UK universities. The academic levels in Australia are (in ascending academic level): (A) associate lecturer, (B) lecturer, (C) senior lecturer, (D) associate professor, and (E) professor. In India, one can appear for interviews for
1742-539: The Higher Education Statistics Agency show that in 2013–14, 36% of full- and part-time academic staff were on fixed-term contracts, down from 45% a decade earlier. Over the same period, the proportion of academic staff on permanent contracts rose from 55% to 64%. Others were on contracts classed as "atypical".' Historically in the UK, promotion to a senior lectureship reflected prowess in teaching or administration rather than research, and
1809-584: The Public Office Elections Law. Subsequently, in July 2020, the Hiroshima district and high court ruled that a state-paid secretary to Anri Kawai paid 2.04 million yen in total to 14 members of Kawai's campaign staff between 19 and 23 July 2019 during the election to the House of Councillors, an amount which implied payments higher than the legal limit of 15,000 yen per person per day. As
1876-439: The UK. In France , the title maître de conférences ("lecture master") is a permanent position that covers research and teaching (and usually administrative responsibilities). It is the lower of the two permanent faculty ranks (the other being professeur des universités or "university professor"). The title of lecteur is used for teachers of foreign languages with no research responsibilities. In German-speaking countries,
1943-473: The affair for her compared to those for Enon, highlights Japan's double standards for women in the entertainment world. In March 2016, Sean McArdle Kawakami 's career as a Japanese news and business commentator came to an abrupt end after Shukan Bunshun revealed a fabricated academic background that included claims of an MBA from the world-famous Harvard Business School , as well as further false claims to have graduated from Temple University and conducted
2010-426: The aftermath of the initial article, further revelations followed, that the headquarters of the governing Liberal Democratic Party had transferred an unusually large amount of 150 million yen to the local Hiroshima office, prior to the election. A list of at least 100 recipients of money, including prefectural and municipal politicians from the Hiroshima prefecture, as well as members of the couple's campaign groups,
2077-606: The careers of a popular celebrity and a news commentator and nearly broke up one of Japan's biggest boy bands," reported the BBC which stated that the magazine was "shaking up the cosy media club" in Japan. However, the magazine was also widely criticized for its exposé of Tetsuya Komuro 's adultery, with The Japan Times stating that the story was not favorably received and that "Japanese netizens appear to have turned against Shukan Bunshun and other scandal-baiting publications. Bunshun
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2144-550: The country. Shūkan Bunshun was first published in April 1959. The magazine is part of Bungeishunjū , a publishing group headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo. From October 2014 to September 2015 Shūkan Bunshun was the fourth best selling weekly magazine in Japan with a circulation of 680,296 copies. As of 2023, the total number of copies sold has dropped to 165,794. As a general-news magazine, Shūkan Bunshun' s major competitor
2211-750: The differing use of the "senior lecturer" title. A senior lecturer in a post-1992 university is equivalent to a lecturer (B) in a pre-1992 university, whereas a senior lecturer in a pre-1992 university is most often equivalent to a principal lecturer in a post-1992 university. According to the Times Higher Education , the University of Warwick decided in 2006 "to break away from hundreds of years of academic tradition, renaming lecturers 'assistant professors', senior lecturers and readers 'associate professors' while still calling professors 'professors'. The radical move will horrify those who believe
2278-414: The end of April 2016. As a result of her apologies, Becky was able to make a comeback with an appearance on TBS. In her first appearance back on TV, she appeared on Full Chorus – Music is Full Chorus on the cable channel BS Skyperfect TV. As a result of the expose, Becky lost many of her sponsors and other sources of income. According to some commentators, the sharp difference between the consequences of
2345-439: The faculty from an associate up can deliver lectures. In Norway , a lektor , University Lektor and University College Lektor are academic ranks at universities and university colleges in Norway. The requirements for such position is a combination of relevant degree on master level (five years master or bachelor plus two years master) or higher, research experience, teaching experience and pedagogic education and training. The rank
2412-433: The first page of Bungeishunju. In 2004 Bushun was sentenced to pay 6 million yen to the architect Kisho Kurokawa and to publish an apology announcement for criticizing a bridge he built for Toyota City with the statement "Citizens scold Kisho Kurokawa's 10 billion yen dinosaur bridge!" In an article dated February 18, 2010 it was reported that an inappropriate relationship existed between some members of AKB48 and
2479-405: The grounds that, given the severity of the crime, the accused did not deserve to have their right to anonymity upheld. In 2001, Shūkan Bunshun ran a series on sexual harassment allegations against Johnny & Associates founder Johnny Kitagawa , along with claims that Kitagawa had allegedly forced boys to drink alcohol and smoke. The exposé was particularly notable in that Shūkan Bunshun
2546-476: The idol group Onyanko Club smoking in a coffee shop . This led to the dismissal of five out of the six members from the group. Since they were considered core members of the group, the scandal changed the form and fate of Onyanko Club. In 1989, Shūkan Bunshun uncovered and published the identities of the four male teenagers (Hiroshi Miyano, Jō Ogura, Shinji Minato, and Yasushi Watanabe) who abducted, raped, tortured and then subsequently murdered Junko Furuta on
2613-480: The level of reader (for instance, the University of Leeds and the University of Oxford). Senior lecturers and readers are sometimes paid on the same salary scale, although readers are recognized as more senior. Many open-ended lecturers in the UK have a doctorate (50.1% in 2009–2010) and often have postdoctoral research experience. In almost all fields, a doctorate is a prerequisite, although historically this
2680-465: The management would let her remain with the group, with her head shaved to show contrition. The punishment and subsequent head-shaving drew negative reactions from international media, including Agence France-Presse , CNN , Daily News , The Guardian , ABC , Spiegel Online , and Al Jazeera English , who criticized AKB48's management and Japan's idol industry over banning idols from having romantic relationships. On June 30, 2014, Bushun
2747-410: The normal U.S. practice of using lower-case p "professor" as a common noun for anyone who teaches college, as well as a pre-nominal title of address (e.g. "Professor Smith") without necessarily referring to job title or position rank (e.g. "John Smith, Assistant/Associate/Full Professor of X"). In other countries, usage varies. In Israel , the term has a meaning in academia similar to that in
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2814-552: The number of hours of teaching. No research or administrative obligation is attached. In many disciplines, gangsa is regarded as a first step in one's academic career. In Korea, the tenure position started from "full-time lecturer". The tenure track positions in South Korea are "full-time lecturer (JunImGangSa, 전임강사)", "assistant professor (JoKyoSu, 조교수)", "associate professor (BuKyosu, 부교수)", and "professor (KyoSu or JungKyosu, 교수 or 정교수, respectively)". Therefore, "full-time lecturer"
2881-440: The position of lecturer, especially "distinguished lecturer", may also refer to a position somewhat similar to emeritus professor or a temporary post used for visiting academics of considerable prominence—e.g. a famous writer may serve for a term or a year, for instance. When confusion arose about President Barack Obama 's status on the faculty at the University of Chicago Law School , the institution stated that although his title
2948-458: The position was much less likely to lead directly to promotion to professor. In contrast, promotion to senior lecturer nowadays is based on research achievements (for research-intensive universities), and is an integral part of the promotion path to a full chair. Promotion to reader (or principal lecturer in post-1992 universities) is sometimes still necessary before promotion to a full chair; however, some universities no longer make appointments at
3015-513: The president of Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka. Sh%C5%ABkan Bunshun Shūkan Bunshun ( 週刊文春 , Shūkan Bunshun , lit. "Weekly Bunshun") is a Japanese weekly tabloid ( shūkanshi ) based in Tokyo, Japan, known for its investigative journalism and frequent clashes with the Japanese government. This has led to it being considered one of the most influential weekly magazines in
3082-520: The president of the management company. In 2013, Bunshun was sentenced to pay compensation of 1.65 million yen and publish an apology for damaging the group's image, a sentence upheld after Bungeishunju's appeal. In the July 19, 2012 issue, it was reported that a female desk worker in the company's economic department was working from an apartment in Tokyo where the then president of Nihon Keizai Shimbun , Tsuneo Kita , lived. The Nihon Keizai Shimbun sued
3149-425: The press that he considered defamatory. According to Miura's own claim, he won more than 80% of these cases. In February 2008, Miura went to Saipan , where he was arrested by local authorities because his cases were still under investigation in the U.S. territory. In October 2008, he was extradited to Los Angeles and committed suicide in jail. In April 1985, Shūkan Bunshun published the photo of six members of
3216-571: The publisher claiming that "its reputation has been damaged by unfounded headlines and articles." Bungeishunju was condemned to publish apology advertisements in Nikkei and Bunshun, pay compensation of 12.1 million yen, and delete articles and photos posted on the website. In June 25, 2015 issue of Weekly Bunshun, was published a statement that said that "the entire article was false and false information.". On 31 January 2013, Shukan Bunshun reported that then- AKB48 member Minami Minegishi had spent
3283-524: The reason of higher-ranking faculty tending to prefer higher-level courses, part of the reason is also cost savings, as non-tenure-track faculty tend to have lower salaries. When a lecturer is part-time, there is little practical distinction in the position from an adjunct professor /instructor/etc., since all non-tenure-track faculty by definition are not on the tenure track. However, for full-time lecturers (or those regularly salaried above some stated level, such as half-time ), many institutions now incorporate
3350-443: The related term wykładowca is used for a teaching-only position. In Russia , a lektor is not an academic rank or a position name, but simply a description of an educator who delivers a set of lectures on a specific course. The title doesn't carry any particular teaching or research obligations and is simply a technical description. While lektors tend to be senior educators (such as professors or associate professors), any member of
3417-912: The remains of the Auschwitz camp in Poland are a post-war fabrication by the Polish communist regime or by the Soviet Union , which controlled the country. Not once, neither at Auschwitz nor in any territory controlled by the Germans during the Second World War , was there "mass murder of Jews" in "gas chambers." The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center instigated a boycott of Bungei Shunju advertisers, including Volkswagen , Mitsubishi , and Cartier . Within days, Bungei Shunju shut down Marco Polo and its editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, quit, as did
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#17327838253403484-431: The role quite formally—managing it with performance reviews, promotional tracks, administrative service responsibilities, and many faculty privileges (e.g. voting, use of resources, etc.). An emerging alternative to using full-time lecturers at research institutions is to create a parallel professorship track that is focused on teaching. It may offer tenure, and typically has a title series such as teaching professor. (This
3551-421: The sexual harassment claims were not. Kitagawa filed an appeal to the Supreme Court of Japan , but it was rejected in 2004. In 2001 Bunshun accused Mitsuo Kagawa , a professor at Beppu University of fraud after the alleged Japanese Paleolithic findings made by amateur archaeologist Shinichi Fujimura . After Mainichi Shimbun revealed the truth behind Fujimura's archaeological fraud, Bunshun alleged that
3618-479: The term lektor historically denoted a teaching position below a professor, primarily responsible for delivering and organizing lectures. The contemporary equivalent is dozent . Nowadays, the German term lektor exists only in philology or modern-language departments at German-speaking universities for positions that primarily involve teaching a foreign language. The equivalent rank within the German university system
3685-764: The term lecturer or Post Graduate Teacher (PGT) is also used for the intermediate college teachers. The intermediate colleges or Junior Colleges are equivalent to higher secondary schools. Such lecturers are subject experts specifically engaged to teach a particular subject in higher classes. In the UK, the term lecturer is ambiguous and covers several academic ranks. The key distinction is between permanent/open-ended or temporary/fixed-term lectureships. A permanent lecturer in UK universities usually holds an open-ended position that covers teaching, research, and administrative responsibilities. Permanent lectureships are tenure-track or tenured positions that are equivalent to an assistant or associate professorship in North America. After
3752-432: The time was married. Following the scandal, Kawatani announced that he had officially divorced his wife. To appease the public backlash and as a condition for her comeback to show business in Japan, Becky tried to officially apologize to Kawatani's wife. However, having no direct channel to her, Becky contacted the Shukan Bunshun' s editorial department instead. Shukan Bunshun published the full contents of Becky's letter at
3819-647: The title is used as an equivalent alternative to instructor , but schools that use both titles tend to provide relatively more advancement potential (e.g. multiple ranks of progression, at least some of which entail faculty voting privileges or faculty committee service) to their lecturers. The term "instructor" can be broad enough to cover certain non-faculty teaching roles, such as when graduate students teach undergraduates. Major research universities are more frequently hiring full-time lecturers, whose responsibilities tend to focus primarily in undergraduate education, especially for introductory/survey courses. In addition to
3886-485: The title of lecturer at most schools does not address the issue of full-time vs. part-time status. Lecturers are almost always required to have at least a master's degree and quite often have earned doctorates. (For example, at Columbia University in New York, the title of lecturer actually requires a doctorate or its professional equivalent; they also use the term for "instructors in specialized programs." ) Sometimes
3953-591: The traditional UK academic ranks. Since the Conservatives' 1988 Education Reform Act, the ironclad tenure that used to exist in the UK has given way to a less-secure form of tenure. Technically, university vice-chancellors can make individual faculty members redundant for poor performance or institute departmental redundancies, but in practice, this is rare. The most noted use of this policy happened in 2012 at Queen Mary University of London where lecturers on permanent contracts were fired. The institution now has
4020-410: The word "tenure" for lecturers who are "reappointed to the retiring age". This is equivalent to a US tenure decision—references are sought from world-leading academics and tenure and promotions committees meet to decide "tenure" cases. There is normally no title elevation in such instances—tenure and title are independent. As different US academic institutions use the term lecturer in various ways, there
4087-466: Was "senior lecturer", the university considered him to be a "professor" and further noted that it uses that title for notable people, such as federal judges and politicians, who are deemed of high prestige but lack the time to commit to a traditional tenure-track position. Other universities instead use the term "senior" in that context as simply a matter of rank or promotion. In any case, references to lecturers of any rank as "professors" are consistent with
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#17327838253404154-559: Was found on a computer belonging to Katsuyuki Kawai after a raid on the couple's house and offices. On 16 June 2020, Anri Kawai and her husband, Katsuyuki Kawai, left the Liberal Democratic Party amidst the ongoing allegations of buying votes to aid her campaign for the House of Councilors. They were later arrested by public prosecutors on 19 June 2020 on charges of vote-buying and distributing around 25 million yen to politicians and supporters in Hiroshima in violation of
4221-618: Was founded in 1923 by writer Kan Kikuchi . The company was disbanded in March 1946 but was reestablished in June of the same year. In February 1995 the magazine Marco Polo [ ja ] , a 250,000-circulation monthly published by Bungei Shunju, ran a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka which stated: The " Holocaust " is a fabrication. There were no execution gas chambers in Auschwitz or in any other concentration camp . Today, what are displayed as "gas chambers" at
4288-718: Was in violation of the Public Offices Election Law. In the indictment, one member of the Etajima Municipal Assembly and four members of the Prefectural Assembly admitted receiving cash payments of ¥1.7 million in total. The local politicians stated that they believed Anri Kawai and her husband passed them the money to secure support for Anri Kawai in the Upper House election of 2019. Lecturer Lecturer
4355-576: Was not the case. Some academic positions could have been held on the basis of research merit alone, without a higher degree. The new universities (that is universities that were until 1992 termed polytechnics ) have a slightly different ranking naming scheme from the older universities. Many pre-1992 universities use the grades: lecturer (A), lecturer (B), senior lecturer, reader, professor. Meanwhile, post-1992 grades are normally: lecturer, senior lecturer, principal lecturer (management-focused) or reader (research-focused), professor. Much confusion surrounds
4422-402: Was ordered to pay compensation of 2.2 million yen to Hideo Higashikokubaru for a defamatory article published in 2012, in which the then governor of Miyazaki Prefecture was accused of unbecoming behavior towards female employees. In January 2016, popular female TV tarento , Becky 's reputation dived after Shukan Bunshun revealed that she had an affair with musician Enon Kawatani who at
4489-439: Was the only media outlet willing to publish such allegations, especially since Kitagawa was known to have control over entertainment media. Johnny & Associates sued Shukan Bunshun for defamation, and in 2002, the Tokyo District Court ruled in favor of Kitagawa, awarding him ¥8.8 million in damages. In 2003, the fine was lowered to ¥1.2 million on the basis that the drinking and smoking allegations were defamatory, while
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