Misplaced Pages

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131-729: Charles Krauthammer first used the phrase in June 2001, to describe the Bush administration's "unilaterally withdrawing from the ABM treaty and rejecting the Kyoto protocol ." After the 9/11 attack, the phrase described the policy that the United States had the right to secure itself against countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups, which was used to justify the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan . The Bush Doctrine became strongly associated with

262-473: A Commonwealth Scholar in politics at Balliol College, Oxford , before returning to the United States to attend medical school at Harvard . A diving accident during his first year of medical school left Krauthammer paralyzed from the waist down. He remained with his Harvard Medical School class during his hospitalization, graduating in 1975. He credited Hermann Lisco , associate dean of students, for making it happen. From 1975 through 1978, Krauthammer

393-615: A Fox News contributor, and a nightly panelist on Special Report with Bret Baier on Fox News. Krauthammer received acclaim for his writing on foreign policy, among other matters. He was a leading conservative voice and proponent of United States military and political engagement on the global stage, coining the term Reagan Doctrine and advocating both the Gulf War and the Iraq War . In August 2017, due to his battle with cancer , Krauthammer stopped writing his column and serving as

524-463: A Joint Session of Congress : We will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime. White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer later wrote in an autobiographical account of that address, "In

655-464: A peace dividend towards the end of the Cold War with economic benefits of a decrease in defense spending . The Reagan Doctrine was strongly criticized by the neoconservatives, who also became disgruntled with the outcome of the Gulf War and United States foreign policy under Bill Clinton, sparking them to call for change towards global stability through their support for active intervention and

786-533: A "dry powder" foreign policy of nonintervention and readiness. Krauthammer opposed purely "humanitarian intervention" (with the exception of overt genocide). While he supported the 1991 Gulf War on the grounds of both humanitarianism and strategic necessity (preventing Saddam Hussein from gaining control of the Persian Gulf and its resources), he opposed American intervention in the Yugoslav Wars on

917-590: A Fox News contributor. He died on June 21, 2018. Krauthammer was born on March 13, 1950, in the New York City borough of Manhattan . His father, Shulim Krauthammer (November 23, 1904 – June 1987), was from Bolekhiv , Ukraine (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire ), and later became a naturalized citizen of France. His mother, Thea (née Horowitz; July 28, 1921 – February 14, 2019 ), was from Antwerp , Belgium . The Krauthammer family

1048-575: A January 2006 speech at National Defense University , Bush said: "The defense of freedom requires the advance of freedom." Neoconservatives and the Bush Doctrine held that the hatred for the West and the United States particularly exists not because of actions perpetrated by the US, but rather because the countries from which terrorists emerge are in social disarray and do not experience the freedom that

1179-626: A U.S. foreign policy that went beyond containment of the Soviet Union to rollback of recent Soviet influence in the Third World . The policy, which was strongly supported by Heritage Foundation foreign policy analysts and other conservatives, was ultimately embraced by Reagan's senior national security and foreign policy officials. Krauthammer's description of it as the "Reagan Doctrine" has since endured. In "The Poverty of Realism" ( New Republic , February 17, 1986), he asserted: that

1310-540: A career as a columnist and political commentator. In 1985, he began writing a weekly column for The Washington Post, which earned him the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for his "witty and insightful columns on national issues". He was a weekly panelist on the PBS news program Inside Washington from 1990 until it ceased production in December 2013. Krauthammer had been a contributing editor to The Weekly Standard ,

1441-658: A degree from either institution. Rumsfeld served in the United States Navy from 1954 to 1957, as a naval aviator and flight instructor . His initial training was in the North American SNJ Texan basic trainer after which he transitioned to the T-28 advanced trainer. In 1957, he transferred to the Naval Reserve and continued his naval service in flying and administrative assignments as

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1572-644: A drilling reservist. On July 1, 1958, he was assigned to Anti-submarine Squadron 662 at Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C. , as a selective reservist. Rumsfeld was designated aircraft commander of Anti-submarine Squadron 731 on October 1, 1960, at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile , Michigan, where he flew the S2F Tracker . He transferred to the Individual Ready Reserve when he became Secretary of Defense in 1975 and retired with

1703-489: A foreign policy challenge, since it was not Afghanistan that had initiated the attacks, and there was no evidence that they had any foreknowledge of them. In an address to the nation on the evening of September 11, Bush stated his resolution of the issue by declaring that, "We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them." The President made an even more aggressive restatement of this principle in his September 20, 2001 address to

1834-554: A form one fine summer's day years before being stricken; or what we, who had known him intimately for decades, thought he would want? The answer is obvious. Krauthammer was a longtime advocate of radically higher energy taxes to induce conservation . Krauthammer wrote in The Washington Post on February 20, 2014, "I'm not a global warming believer. I'm not a global warming denier ." Objecting to declaring global warming settled science, he contended that much that

1965-433: A fundamental change of heart and shed its long-ingrained reflexes in dealing with Russia . When it comes to the future of Europe, both Americans and Europeans differ on key issues. Those differences seem to point toward three fundamental values which underpin the Bush administration's image of Europe. The first is unilateralism , of which the missile shield is a particularly telling example. The American position flies in

2096-524: A hospital, he returned to medical school, graduating to become a psychiatrist involved in the creation of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III in 1980. He joined the Carter administration in 1978 as a director of psychiatric research, eventually becoming the speechwriter to Vice President Walter Mondale in 1980. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Krauthammer embarked on

2227-436: A liberal hegemonic policy like the Bush Doctrine is ineffective at achieving its stated end goals and is doomed to lead to more war, anti-Americanism, and a global retreat in democracy. Some critics of the policies were suspicious of the increasing willingness of the United States to use military force unilaterally. Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson argued that it reflects a turn away from international law, and marks

2358-852: A member of Congress . He was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 13th congressional district in 1962, at the age of 30, and was re-elected by large majorities in 1964, 1966, and 1968. While in Congress, he served on the Joint Economic Committee , the Committee on Science and Aeronautics, and the Government Operations Committee, as well as on the Subcommittees on Military and Foreign Operations. He

2489-603: A member of the FCC 's High Definition Television Advisory Committee (1992–1993); a member of the U.S. Trade Deficit Review Commission (1999–2000); a member of the Council on Foreign Relations ; and chairman of the U.S. Commission to Assess National Security Space Management and Organization (2000). Among his most noteworthy positions was chairman of the nine-member Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to

2620-886: A member of the boards of trustees of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation, the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships , the Hoover Institution at Stanford University , and the National Park Foundation . He was also a member of the U.S./Russia Business Forum and chairman of the Congressional Leadership's National Security Advisory Group. Rumsfeld was a member of the Project for the New American Century ,

2751-447: A number of influential Department of Defense policy makers like Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle , held that direct and unilateral action was both possible and justified and that America should embrace the opportunities for democracy and security offered by its position as sole remaining superpower. In several speeches between late 2001 and 2002, Bush expanded on his view of the US foreign policy and global intervention, declaring that

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2882-581: A political pundit , Krauthammer won the Pulitzer Prize for his columns in The Washington Post in 1987. His weekly column was syndicated to more than 400 publications worldwide. While in his first year studying medicine at Harvard Medical School , Krauthammer became permanently paralyzed from the waist down after a diving board accident that severed his spinal cord at cervical spinal nerve 5 . After spending 14 months recovering in

3013-472: A result, Rumsfeld's holdings in the company grew significantly when avian flu became a subject of popular anxiety during his later term as Secretary of Defense. Following standard practice, Rumsfeld recused himself from any decisions involving Gilead, and he directed the Pentagon's general counsel to issue instructions outlining what he could and could not be involved in if there were an avian flu pandemic and

3144-423: A result, in the not-too-distant future we will be unable to determine with any reasonable level of confidence whether Iraq does or does not possess such weapons. Such uncertainty will, by itself, have a seriously destabilizing effect on the entire Middle East. It hardly needs to be added that if Saddam does acquire the capability to deliver weapons of mass destruction, as he is almost certain to do if we continue along

3275-659: A speech hailed by the press and by Democrats , [the President] announced what became known as the 'Bush Doctrine'". The first published reference after the 9/11 attacks to the terror-fighting doctrine appeared September 30 in an op-ed by political scientist Neal Coates. This policy was used to justify the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001, and has since been applied to American military action against Al Qaeda camps in North-West Pakistan . Bush addressed

3406-422: A terrorist attack with WMD. To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising our inherent right of self-defense. The United States will not resort to force in all cases to preempt emerging threats. Our preference is that nonmilitary actions succeed. And no country should ever use preemption as a pretext for aggression. The Bush Doctrine

3537-405: A think-tank dedicated to maintaining U.S. primacy. In addition, he was asked to serve the U.S. State Department as a foreign policy consultant from 1990 to 1993. Though considered one of the Bush administration's staunchest hard-liners against North Korea, Rumsfeld sat on European engineering giant Asea Brown Boveri 's board from 1990 to 2001, a company that sold two light-water nuclear reactors to

3668-539: A writer and editor. In 1983, he began writing essays for Time magazine, including one on the Reagan Doctrine , which first brought him national acclaim as a writer. Krauthammer began writing regular editorials for The Washington Post in 1985 and became a nationally syndicated columnist. Krauthammer coined and developed the term Reagan Doctrine in 1985, and he defined the U.S. role as sole superpower in his essay "The Unipolar Moment", published shortly after

3799-724: A young Congressman, Rumsfeld attended seminars at the University of Chicago , an experience he credits with introducing him to the idea of an all volunteer military , and to the economist Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics . He later took part in Friedman's PBS series Free to Choose . During his tenure in the House, Rumsfeld voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 , and

3930-441: A young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney , to succeed him when Ford nominated him to be secretary of defense in 1975. When Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business and financial life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company . He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993 and chairman of Gilead Sciences from 1997 to 2001. Rumsfeld

4061-550: Is George H. W. Bush's Vice President Dan Quayle , George W. Bush's defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld , his deputy defense secretary Paul Wolfowitz , his Vice President Dick Cheney , and his brother Jeb Bush . PNAC member and the chairman of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (DPBAC), Neoconservative Richard Perle , later expressed regret over the Iraq invasion and ultimately put

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4192-444: Is an enduring American principle that this duty obligates the government to anticipate and counter threats, using all elements of national power, before the threats can do grave damage. The greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction – and the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack. There are few greater threats than

4323-546: Is an intrinsic part of democracy. The Bush Doctrine holds that enemies of the US use terrorism as a war of ideology against the nation. The responsibility of the US is to protect itself by promoting democracy where the terrorists are located so as to undermine the basis for terrorist activities. The Elections in Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine happened as a result of this initiative in the sense that Brotherhood, Hezbollah, and Hamas were allowed to participate in it. The development of

4454-530: Is believed to be settled turns out not to be so. Krauthammer first gained attention in 1985 when he first used the phrase " Reagan Doctrine " in his Time magazine column. The phrase was a reference to the American foreign policy of supporting anti-communist insurgencies around the globe (most notably Nicaragua , Angola , and Afghanistan ) as a response to the Brezhnev Doctrine and reflected

4585-515: Is commonly mistakenly referred to as the "Bush Doctrine", demurred at investing the statement with too much weight. "I actually never thought there was a Bush doctrine", said Philip D. Zelikow , who later served as State Department counselor under Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. "Indeed, I believe the assertion that there is such a doctrine lends greater coherence to the administration's policies than they deserve." Zbigniew Brzezinski , Jimmy Carter 's national security adviser, said he thought there

4716-450: Is defined as "a collection of strategy principles, practical policy decisions, and a set of rationales and ideas for guiding United States foreign policy." Some of these had reemerged from the 1992 draft Wolfowitz Doctrine , which had been leaked and disavowed by the first Bush administration ; Wolfowitz , as deputy secretary of defense, was at the center of the new Bush administration's strategic planning. Two main pillars are identified for

4847-420: Is responsible for the final edits on a book that was posthumously released, The Point of It All: A Lifetime of Great Loves and Endeavors, that was published in December 2018. In 1974, Krauthammer married his wife, Robyn, a lawyer who stopped practicing law in order to focus on her work as an artist . They had one child, Daniel Krauthammer. Charles Krauthammer's brother, Marcel, died in 2006. Krauthammer

4978-473: Is true that we do not yet know precisely how it will end, what has become abundantly clear is that the world will succeed in defeating militant Islam because of the West's flexible, democratic institutions and its all-encompassing ideology of freedom." Another part of the intellectual underpinning of the Bush Doctrine was the 2004 book The Case for Democracy , written by Israeli politician and author Natan Sharansky and Israeli Minister of Economic Affairs in

5109-716: The Baltic States , Romania , Bulgaria and Albania ) but also, and most significantly, in the Middle East , the Caucasus and Central Asia . The purpose is to develop closer cooperation within NATO in dealing with geopolitical problems from the Middle East to Eurasia . The program therefore takes a broad and rather fuzzy view of Europe. It would be premature at this stage to say that the Bush administration has had

5240-503: The Carter administration . He began contributing articles about politics to The New Republic and, in 1980, served as a speechwriter to Vice President Walter Mondale . He contributed to the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . In 1984, he was board certified in psychiatry by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology . In 1979, Krauthammer joined The New Republic as both

5371-484: The Irving Kristol Award , set out a framework for tackling the post-9/11 world, focusing on the promotion of democracy in the Middle East . In 2013, Krauthammer published Things That Matter: Three Decades of Passions, Pastimes and Politics . An immediate bestseller, the book remained on The New York Times bestseller list for 38 weeks and spent 10 weeks in a row at number one. His son Daniel

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5502-569: The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization for installation in North Korea , as part of the 1994 agreed framework reached under President Bill Clinton . Rumsfeld's office said that he did not "recall it being brought before the board at any time" though Fortune magazine reported that "board members were informed about this project". The Bush administration repeatedly criticized

5633-896: The Law of the Sea Treaty (1982–1983); a senior adviser to President Reagan's Panel on Strategic Systems (1983–1984); a member of the Joint Advisory Commission on U.S./Japan Relations (1983–1984); a member of the National Commission on the Public Service (1987–1990); a member of the National Economic Commission (1988–1989); a member of the board of visitors of the National Defense University (1988–1992);

5764-865: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels , Belgium. He served as the United States' Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and the Defense Planning Committee , and the Nuclear Planning Group . In this capacity, he represented the United States in wide-ranging military and diplomatic matters, and was asked to help mediate a conflict on behalf of the United States between Cyprus and Turkey . In August 1974, after Nixon resigned as president in

5895-662: The Truman Doctrine and post–Cold War philosophies such as the Powell Doctrine and the Clinton Doctrine . In his 2003 State of the Union Address , Bush declared: Americans are a free people, who know that freedom is the right of every person and the future of every nation. The liberty we prize is not America's gift to the world, it is God's gift to humanity. After his second inauguration, in

6026-706: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Rumsfeld resigned from Congress in 1969 – his fourth term – to serve in the Nixon administration in a variety of executive branch positions. Nixon appointed Rumsfeld director of the United States Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), a position with Cabinet rank . Rumsfeld had voted against the creation of OEO when he was in Congress, and, according to his 2011 memoirs, he initially rejected Nixon's offer, citing his own inherent belief that

6157-498: The democratic peace theory . Several central persons in the counsel to the George W. Bush administration considered themselves to be neoconservatives or strongly support their foreign policy ideas . Neoconservatives are widely known to long have supported the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, and on January 26, 1998, the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) sent a public letter to then-President Bill Clinton stating: As

6288-453: The " war on terror ". It was also a key objective of the administration's grand strategy of expanding the political and economic influence of the United States internationally. He examines two contending approaches to the long-term promotion of democracy: " exemplarism ", or leadership by example, and " vindicationism ", or the direct application of United States power, including the use of coercive force. Whereas exemplarism largely prevailed in

6419-461: The "moral seriousness" of Bush's stem cell address of August 9, 2001, with that of Obama's address on stem cells. Krauthammer was critical of the idea of living wills and the current state of end-of-life counseling and feared that Obamacare would just worsen the situation: When my father was dying, my mother and brother and I had to decide how much treatment to pursue. What was a better way to ascertain my father's wishes: What he checked off on

6550-451: The 13th U.S. Secretary of Defense and George H. W. Bush to become Director of Central Intelligence . According to Bob Woodward 's 2002 book Bush at War , a rivalry developed between the two men and "Bush senior was convinced that Rumsfeld was pushing him out to the CIA to end his political career." Rumsfeld's confirmation hearing as Secretary of Defense began on November 12, 1975. During

6681-574: The 20th century, vindicationism has been the preferred approach of the Bush administration. The Bush Doctrine resulted in criticism and controversy. Peter D. Feaver, who worked on the Bush national security strategy as a staff member on the National Security Council, said he has counted as many as seven distinct Bush doctrines. One of the drafters of the National Security Strategy of the United States, which

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6812-565: The ABM treaty . There is some evidence that Bush's willingness for the US to act unilaterally came even earlier. The International Journal of Peace Studies 2003 article "The Bush administration's image of Europe: From ambivalence to rigidity" states: The Republican Party 's platform in the 2000 presidential elections set the administration's tone on this issue. It called for a dramatic expansion of NATO not only in Eastern Europe (with

6943-509: The Bush Doctrine. He stated that his doctrine consisted of four "prongs", three of them practical, and one idealistic. They are the following: (In his words) Unilateral elements were evident early in Bush's presidency. Conservative Charles Krauthammer , who coined the term "Bush Doctrine", deployed "unilateralism", in February 2001 to refer to Bush's increased unilateralism in foreign policy, specifically regarding his decision to withdraw from

7074-601: The Bush Doctrine: 1.) Preemption, 2.) Military Primacy, 3.) New Multilateralism, and 4.) the Spread of Democracy. The document emphasized preemption, stating, "America is now threatened less by conquering states than we are by failing ones. We are menaced less by fleets and armies than by catastrophic technologies in the hands of the embittered few", and required "defending the United States, the American people, and our interests at home and abroad by identifying and destroying

7205-482: The Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy", attributed the Bush administration's activist democracy promotion to two main factors: the expansion of material capabilities, and the presence of a nationalist domestic ideology. He claims that the Bush Doctrine's promotion of democracy abroad was held as vital by the Bush administration to the success of the United States in

7336-463: The Bush administration's decision to invade Iraq in 2003 . Different pundits have attributed different meanings to the Bush Doctrine. It was used to describe specific policy elements, including a strategy of "preemptive strikes" as a defense against an immediate or perceived future threat to the security of the United States. This policy principle was applied particularly in the Middle East to counter international terrorist organizations and to justify

7467-400: The Bush administration's limits on federal funding of discarded human embryonic stem cell research . Krauthammer supported embryonic stem cell research using embryos discarded by fertility clinics with restrictions in its applications. However, he opposed human cloning . He warned that scientists were beginning to develop the power of "creating a class of superhumans". A fellow member of

7598-463: The Food and Drug Administration . In 1985, Searle was sold to the Monsanto Company . Rumsfeld served as chairman and chief executive officer of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993. A leader in broadband transmission, distribution, and access control technologies for cable, satellite, and terrestrial broadcasting applications, the company pioneered the development of the first all-digital high-definition television ( HDTV ) technology. After taking

7729-420: The House, suggesting that representative Gerald Ford from Michigan's 5th congressional district was the most suited candidate to replace Charles A. Halleck as Republican leader. Rumsfeld, along with other members of the Republican caucus, then urged Ford to run for Republican leader. Ford eventually defeated Halleck and became House Minority Leader in 1965. The group of Republicans that encouraged Ford to run for

7860-564: The Iraq and al-Qaeda relationship , which included some conclusions that were inconsistent with the consensus of the Intelligence Community , to senior decision-makers". Rumsfeld's tenure was controversial for its use of torture and the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal. Rumsfeld gradually lost political support and resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography, Known and Unknown: A Memoir , as well as Rumsfeld's Rules: Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life . Donald Henry Rumsfeld

7991-412: The Middle East to serve as a mediator on behalf of the president. When Rumsfeld visited Baghdad on December 20, 1983, he met Saddam Hussein at Saddam's palace and engaged a 90-minute discussion with him. They largely agreed on opposing Syria 's occupation of Lebanon ; preventing Syrian and Iranian expansion; and preventing arms sales to Iran. Rumsfeld suggested that if U.S.-Iraq relations could improve

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8122-405: The OEO did more harm than good, and he felt that he was not the right person for the job. After much negotiation, he accepted the OEO appointment with Nixon's "assurances that he would be ... also an assistant to the President, with Cabinet-level status and an office in the White House," which "sweetened (the OEO position) with status and responsibility". As director, Rumsfeld sought to reorganize

8253-451: The Office to serve what he later described in his 2011 memoir as "a laboratory for experimental programs". Several beneficial anti-poverty programs were saved by allocating funds to them from other less-successful government programs. During this time, he hired Frank Carlucci and Dick Cheney to serve under him. He was the subject of one of writer Jack Anderson 's columns, alleging that "anti-poverty czar" Rumsfeld had cut programs to aid

8384-410: The Pentagon had to respond. During his business career, Rumsfeld continued part-time public service in various posts. In November 1983, Rumsfeld was appointed special envoy to the Middle East by President Ronald Reagan, at a turbulent time in modern Middle Eastern history when Iraq was fighting Iran in the Iran–Iraq War . The United States wished for Iraq to win the conflict, and Rumsfeld was sent to

8515-469: The Realm . Charles Krauthammer Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Charles Krauthammer ( / ˈ k r aʊ t h æ m ər / ; March 13, 1950 – June 21, 2018) was an American political columnist . A moderate liberal who turned independent conservative as

8646-471: The Republican leadership became known as the " Young Turks ". Rumsfeld later served during Ford's presidency as his chief of staff in 1974, and was chosen by Ford to succeed James Schlesinger as United States Secretary of Defense in 1975. During Rumsfeld's tenure as member of the U.S. House of Representatives, he voiced concerns about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , saying that President Johnson and his national security team were overconfident about how

8777-415: The U.S. and internationally, acting as a key representative for the Defense Department , focusing on the politics of his defense role, to fulfill an imperative goal of budget increase, in order to maintain strategic parity with the Soviet Union. Rumsfeld, who previously was assigned to the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, emphasized the importance of the next stage of the space program following

8908-430: The U.S. might support a new oil pipeline across Jordan , which Iraq had opposed but was now willing to reconsider. Rumsfeld also informed Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz that "Our efforts to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us ... citing the use of chemical weapons ." Rumsfeld wrote in his memoir Known and Unknown that his meeting with Hussein "has been

9039-432: The U.S. troops in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland . The trip led Rumsfeld to cosponsor a resolution to bring the conduct of the war to the House floor for further debate and discussion about U.S. mismanagement of the war. However, under constant pressure from the Johnson administration , the Democrats , who at that time held the majority at the House of Representatives, blocked the resolution from consideration. As

9170-400: The US should actively support democratic governments around the world, especially in the Middle East , as a strategy for combating the threat of terrorism, and that the nation had to act unilaterally in its own security interests, without approval of international bodies like the United Nations . This represented a departure from the Cold War policies of deterrence and containment under

9301-418: The United States , published on September 17, 2002. This document is often cited as the definitive statement of the doctrine. As updated in 2006, it states: The security environment confronting the United States today is radically different from what we have faced before. Yet the first duty of the United States Government remains what it always has been: to protect the American people and American interests. It

9432-579: The United States Ron Dermer , which Bush has cited as influential in his thinking. The book argues that replacing dictatorships with democratic governments is both morally justified since it leads to greater freedom for the citizens of such countries, and strategically wise, since democratic countries are more peaceful, and breed less terrorism than dictatorial ones. Princeton University research fellow Dr. Jonathan Monten, in his 2005 International Security journal article "The Roots of

9563-469: The United States from January to July 1998. In its findings, the commission concluded that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea could develop intercontinental ballistic missile capabilities in five to ten years and that U.S. intelligence would have little warning before such systems were deployed. During the 1980s, Rumsfeld became a member of the National Academy of Public Administration , and was named

9694-661: The United States for 15 to 20 years and that, if continued, they "would have the effect of injecting a fundamental instability in the world". For this reason, he oversaw the development of cruise missiles , the B-1 bomber , and a major naval shipbuilding program. Rumsfeld made some changes at the Pentagon , including appointing a second deputy secretary of defense (a position created in 1972 but, before Robert Ellsworth , never filled before ) and combining certain offices. More than his predecessors, Rumsfeld frequently traveled both within

9825-466: The United States the capacity and responsibility to act unilaterally if necessary, Krauthammer argued. Throughout the 1990s, however, he was circumspect about how that power ought to be used. He split from his neoconservative colleagues who were arguing for an interventionist policy of "American greatness". Krauthammer wrote that in the absence of a global existential threat, the United States should stay out of "teacup wars" in failed states, and instead adopt

9956-460: The aftermath of the Watergate scandal , Rumsfeld was called back to Washington to serve as the transition chairman for the new president, Gerald Ford. He had been Ford's confidante since their days in the House, before Ford was House minority leader and was one of the members of the " Young Turks " who played a major role in bringing Ford to Republican leadership in the House of Representatives. As

10087-602: The age of 30. Rumsfeld accepted an appointment by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed counsellor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he also headed up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed chief of staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited

10218-510: The area and enable it to flourish in the rest of the Middle East. Two distinct schools of thought arose in the Bush administration regarding how to handle countries such as Iraq , Iran , and North Korea (the so-called " Axis of Evil " states). Secretary of State Colin Powell and National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice , as well as U.S. Department of State specialists, argued for what

10349-414: The band, the young Rumsfeld played drums and also excelled at saxophone . He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships. He graduated in 1954 with an A.B. in politics after completing a senior thesis titled " The Steel Seizure Case of 1952 and Its Effects on Presidential Powers". During his time at Princeton, he was an accomplished amateur wrestler, becoming captain of

10480-486: The belief systems he was aware of, "the only one I know is NOT true is atheism." His beliefs were sometimes described as a version of the "ceremonial Deism" exhibited by some of the U.S. Founding Fathers, particularly Thomas Jefferson . He was also influenced by his study of Maimonides at McGill University with Rabbi David Hartman , the head of Jerusalem 's Shalom Hartman Institute and professor of philosophy at McGill during Krauthammer's student days. Krauthammer

10611-455: The bipolar world of the Cold War would give way not to a multipolar world in which the U.S. was one of many centers of power, but a unipolar world dominated by the United States with a power gap between the most powerful state and the second most powerful state that would exceed any other in history. He also suggested that American hegemony would inevitably exist for only a historical "moment" lasting at most three or four decades. Hegemony gave

10742-414: The blame for the invasion on President George W. Bush. Other Bush cabinet members who are thought to have adopted neoconservative foreign policy thinking include Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice . The Bush Doctrine, in line with long-standing neoconservative ideas, held that the United States is entangled in a global war of ideas between the western values of freedom on

10873-495: The cadets at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) on June 1, 2002, and made clear the role pre-emptive war would play in the future of American foreign policy and national defense: We cannot defend America and our friends by hoping for the best. We cannot put our faith in the word of tyrants, who solemnly sign non-proliferation treaties, and then systemically break them. If we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long—Our security will require transforming

11004-463: The company public and returning it to profitability, Rumsfeld returned to private business in late 1993. From January 1997 until being sworn in as the 21st Secretary of Defense in January 2001, Rumsfeld served as chairman of Gilead Sciences, Inc. Gilead is the developer of Tamiflu ( Oseltamivir ), which is used in the treatment of bird flu as well as influenza A and influenza B in humans. As

11135-666: The company's financial turnaround, thereby earning awards as the Outstanding Chief Executive Officer in the Pharmaceutical Industry from the Wall Street Transcript (1980) and Financial World (1981). Journalist Andrew Cockburn of Harper's Magazine claimed that Rumsfeld suppressed news that Searle's key product, aspartame , was shown to have potentially dangerous effects by leveraging old government contacts at

11266-517: The council, Janet D. Rowley , insists that Krauthammer's vision was still an issue far in the future and not a topic to be discussed at the present time. In March 2009, Krauthammer was invited to the signing of an executive order by President Barack Obama at the White House but declined to attend because of his fears about the cloning of human embryos and the creation of normal human embryos solely for purposes of research. He also contrasted

11397-497: The doctrine was influenced by neoconservative ideology , and it was considered to be a step from the political realism of the Reagan Doctrine . The Reagan Doctrine was considered key to American foreign policy until the end of the Cold War , just before Bill Clinton became president of the United States. The Reagan Doctrine was considered anti-Communist and in opposition to Soviet Union global influence, but later spoke of

11528-478: The doctrine: 1.) preemptive strikes against potential enemies and 2.) promoting democratic regime change. The George W. Bush administration claimed that the US was locked in a global war ; a war of ideology, in which its enemies are bound together by a common ideology and a common hatred of democracy. Out of the National Security Strategy , four main points are highlighted as the core to

11659-580: The end of American foreign policy is not just the security of the United States, but what John F. Kennedy called "the success of liberty." That means, first, defending the community of democratic nations (the repository of the liberal idea) and second, encouraging the establishment of new liberal policies at the frontier, most especially in the Third World. The foreign policy, he argued, should be both "universal in aspiration" and "prudent in application", thus combining American idealism and realism . Over

11790-454: The end of American legitimacy in foreign affairs. Others have stated that it could lead to other states resorting to the production of WMDs or terrorist activities. This doctrine is argued to be contrary to the just war theory and would constitute a war of aggression . Patrick J. Buchanan wrote that the 2003 invasion of Iraq had significant similarities to the 1996 neoconservative policy paper A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing

11921-455: The enemy of United States must be destroyed pre-emptively before they attack—using all the United States' available means, resources and influences to do so. On the book Winning the War on Terror Dr. James Forest, U.S. Military Academy Combating Terrorism Center at West Point , comments: "While the West faces uncertainties in the struggle against militant Islam 's armies of darkness, and while it

12052-587: The face of the European approach, which is based on ABM talks and multilateralism . An opposition is taking shape here between the leading European capitals, which want to deal with the matter by judicial means, and the Americans, who want to push ahead and create a fait accompli . The doctrine was developed more fully as an executive branch response following the September 11 attacks . The attacks presented

12183-566: The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In 1990, Krauthammer became a panelist for the weekly PBS political roundtable Inside Washington , remaining with the show until it ceased production in December 2013. Krauthammer also appeared on Fox News Channel as a contributor for many years. Krauthammer's 2004 speech "Democratic Realism", which was delivered to the American Enterprise Institute when Krauthammer won

12314-607: The final presidential election of his life, that of 2016, he openly refused to support either candidate and declared his intention to cast a write-in vote after giving extensive explanations for why he could support neither Hillary Clinton nor Donald Trump . In August 2017, Krauthammer had a cancerous tumor removed from his abdomen . The surgery was thought to have been successful; however, on June 8, 2018, Krauthammer announced that his cancer had returned and that doctors had given him only weeks to live. On June 21, he died of small intestine cancer in an Atlanta , Georgia hospital. He

12445-834: The grounds that America should not be committing the lives of its soldiers to purely humanitarian missions in which there is no American national interest at stake. Krauthammer's major 2004 monograph on foreign policy, "Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World", was critical both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine for being too expansive and utopian, and of foreign policy "realism" for being too narrow and immoral; instead, he proposed an alternative he called "Democratic Realism". Donald Rumsfeld Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021)

12576-590: The hearing, Rumsfeld was mostly asked about the administration's defense policy on the Cold War. Rumsfeld stated that the Soviet Union was a "clear and present danger," especially following the end of the Vietnam War, which Rumsfeld described as the USSR's chance to build up its domination. On November 17, 1975, Rumsfeld was confirmed as Secretary of Defense by a vote of 97–2. At the age of 43, Rumsfeld became

12707-407: The invasion of Iraq. Generally, the Bush Doctrine was used to indicate a willingness to unilaterally pursue U.S. economic interests. Some of these policies were codified in a National Security Council text entitled the National Security Strategy of the United States published on September 20, 2002. The phrase "Bush Doctrine" was rarely used by members of the Bush administration. The expression

12838-492: The military you will lead—a military that must be ready to strike at a moment's notice in any dark corner of the world. And our security will require all Americans to be forward-looking and resolute, to be ready for preemptive action when necessary to defend our liberty and to defend our lives. The stance of the Bush administration was that the harsh measures to spread the democracy worldwide are inevitable and efficacious, in which for instance, liberating Iraq will plant democracy in

12969-533: The new president became settled in, Ford appointed Rumsfeld White House Chief of Staff , following Ford's appointment of General Alexander Haig to be the new Supreme Allied Commander Europe . Rumsfeld served from 1974 to 1975. In October 1975, Ford reshuffled his cabinet in the Halloween Massacre . Various newspaper and magazine articles at the time identified Rumsfeld as having orchestrated these events. Ford named Rumsfeld to succeed Schlesinger as

13100-442: The next 20 years these ideas developed into what is now called "democratic realism". In 1990, at the end the Cold War , Krauthammer wrote several articles entitled "The Unipolar Moment". Krauthammer used the term "unipolarity" to describe the world structure that was emerging with the fall of the Soviet Union, with world power residing in the "serenely dominant" Western alliance led by the United States. Krauthammer predicted that

13231-421: The one hand, and extremism seeking to destroy them on the other; a war of ideology where the United States must take responsibility for security and show leadership in the world by actively seeking out the enemies and also change those countries who are supporting enemies. The Bush Doctrine, and neoconservative reasoning, held that containment of the enemy as under the realpolitik of Reagan did not work, and that

13362-531: The poor while spending thousands to redecorate his office. Rumsfeld dictated a four-page response to Anderson, labeling the accusations as falsehoods, and invited Anderson to tour his office. Despite the tour, Anderson did not retract his claims, and only much later admitted that his column was a mistake. When Rumsfeld left OEO in December 1970, Nixon named him Counselor to the President, a general advisory position; in this role, he retained Cabinet status. He

13493-464: The potential to dominate the world, including the United States." Kaufman is a political scientist, public policy professor and member of The Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee. He said in an interview about the book: "I wrote this book because of my conviction that the Bush Doctrine has a more compelling logic and historical pedigree than people realize." The Bush Doctrine was polarizing both domestically and internationally. In 2008, polls showed there

13624-446: The present course, the safety of American troops in the region, of our friends and allies like Israel and the moderate Arab states, and a significant portion of the world's supply of oil will all be put at hazard. As you have rightly declared, Mr. President, the security of the world in the first part of the 21st century will be determined largely by how we handle this threat. Among the signatories to PNAC's original statement of Principals

13755-706: The president (1969–1973), the U.S. Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and the White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975). Between his terms as secretary of defense, he served as the CEO and chairman of several companies. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University , graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science . After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois's 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at

13886-519: The rank of captain in 1989. In 1957, during the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Rumsfeld served as administrative assistant to David S. Dennison Jr. , a Congressman representing the 11th district of Ohio. In 1959, he moved on to become a staff assistant to Congressman Robert P. Griffin of Michigan . Engaging in a two-year stint with an investment banking firm, A. G. Becker & Co. , from 1960 to 1962, Rumsfeld then set his sights on becoming

14017-435: The subject of gossip, rumors, and crackpot conspiracy theories for more than a quarter of a century ... Supposedly I had been sent to see Saddam by President Reagan either to negotiate a secret oil deal, to help arm Iraq, or to make Iraq an American client state . The truth is that our encounter was more straightforward and less dramatic." The Washington Post reported that "Although former U.S. officials agree that Rumsfeld

14148-686: The successful Moon landing in 1969. While serving as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld organized a joint-cooperation between the Department of Defense and NASA to develop Skylab . Another result of the cooperation was the Space Shuttle program . During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld worked to finish the SALT II Treaty. Rumsfeld, together with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General George S. Brown drafted

14279-553: The threat before it reaches our borders." Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld remarked thus in 2006, in a statement taken to reflect his view of the Doctrine's efficacy: "If I were rating, I would say we probably deserve a D or D+ as a country as how well we're doing in the battle of ideas that's taking place. I'm not going to suggest that it's easy, but we have not found the formula as a country." In his 2010 memoir Decision Points , President Bush articulates his discrete concept of

14410-689: The treaty. However, an agreement was not made before the 1976 election. SALT II was finished and signed during the Carter administration. In 1977, Rumsfeld was awarded the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Kissinger, his bureaucratic adversary, later paid him a different sort of compliment, pronouncing him "a special Washington phenomenon: the skilled full-time politician-bureaucrat in whom ambition, ability, and substance fuse seamlessly". Rumsfeld's first tenure as Secretary of Defense ended on January 20, 1977. He

14541-602: The varsity wrestling team, and captain of the Lightweight Football team playing defensive back . While at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci . Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27, 1954. They had three children, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild. He attended Case Western Reserve University School of Law and the Georgetown University Law Center , but did not take

14672-473: The war was being conducted. On one occasion, Rumsfeld joined with other members of the House and traveled to Vietnam for a fact-finding mission to see for themselves how the war was going. The trip led to Rumsfeld believing that the South Vietnamese government was much too dependent on the United States. Rumsfeld was also unsatisfied when he received a briefing about war planning from the commander of

14803-566: The youngest person to serve as United States Secretary of Defense as of 2024. During his tenure as Secretary of Defense, Rumsfeld oversaw the transition to an all-volunteer military. He sought to reverse the gradual decline in the defense budget and to build up U.S. strategic and conventional forces, undermining Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the SALT talks. He asserted, along with Team B (which he helped to set up), that trends in comparative U.S.- Soviet military strength had not favored

14934-484: Was Jewish , raised largely in the Orthodox tradition, but in his adult life he variously described himself as "not religious" and "a Jewish Shinto " who engaged in " ancestor worship ". At the same time, while he considered himself a skeptic regarding religious fanaticism and those claiming to hold certainty of any particular theological dogma, he was also quite scornful of atheism, once being quoted as saying that of all

15065-467: Was 68. Krauthammer was survived by his wife and son. Mitch McConnell , Chris Wallace , David Nakamura , Megyn Kelly , John Roberts , Bret Baier , Mike Pence , and others paid tribute to him. Krauthammer was a supporter of abortion legalization (although he believed Roe v. Wade was wrongly decided) and opposed to euthanasia . Krauthammer was appointed to President George W. Bush 's Council on Bioethics in 2002. He supported relaxing

15196-556: Was a resident in psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital , serving as chief resident his final year. During his time as chief resident, he noted a variant of manic depression (bipolar disorder) that he identified and named secondary mania . He published his findings in the Archives of General Psychiatry . He also co-authored a path-finding study on the epidemiology of mania. In 1978, Krauthammer relocated to Washington, D.C. , to direct planning in psychiatric research under

15327-627: Was a French-speaking household. When he was 5, the Krauthammers moved to Montreal . Through the school year, they resided in Montreal and spent the summers in Long Beach, New York . Both of his parents were Orthodox Jews , and he graduated from Herzliah High School . Krauthammer attended McGill University in Montreal, graduating in 1970 with first-class honours in economics and political science . At that time, McGill University

15458-478: Was a hotbed of radical sentiment, something that Krauthammer said influenced his dislike of political extremism. "I became very acutely aware of the dangers, the hypocrisies, and sort of the extremism of the political extremes. And it cleansed me very early in my political evolution of any romanticism." He later said: "I detested the extreme Left and extreme Right, and found myself somewhere in the middle." The following year, after graduating from McGill , he studied as

15589-478: Was a member of both the Chess Journalists of America and the Council on Foreign Relations . He was co-founder of Pro Musica Hebraica , a not-for-profit organization devoted to presenting Jewish classical music, much of it lost or forgotten, in a concert hall setting. Krauthammer was a big baseball fan. He enjoyed chess to a point that he gave it up later in life, fearing he was addicted. In

15720-627: Was also a co-founder of the Japanese-American Inter-Parliamentary Council in addition to being a leading cosponsor of the Freedom of Information Act . In 1965, following the defeat of Barry Goldwater by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1964 presidential election , which also led to the Republicans losing many seats in the House of Representatives, Rumsfeld proposed new leadership for the Republicans in

15851-489: Was an American politician, government official and businessman who served as secretary of defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford , and again from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush . He was both the youngest and the oldest secretary of defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1963–1969), director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), counselor to

15982-587: Was appointed secretary of defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. As secretary of defense, Rumsfeld played a central role in the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan and 2003 invasion of Iraq . Before and during the Iraq War, he claimed that Iraq had an active weapons of mass destruction program; no stockpiles were ever found. A Pentagon Inspector General report found that Rumsfeld's top policy aide "developed, produced, and then disseminated alternative intelligence assessments on

16113-578: Was born at St. Lukes Hospital on July 9, 1932, in Chicago , Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley (née Husted) and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German family that had emigrated in the 1870s from Weyhe in Lower Saxony , but young Donald was sometimes ribbed about looking like a "tough Swiss". Growing up in Winnetka, Illinois , Rumsfeld became an Eagle Scout in 1949 and

16244-412: Was essentially the continuation of existing U.S. foreign policy. These policies, developed after the Cold War , sought to establish a multilateral consensus for action (which would likely take the form of increasingly harsh sanctions against the problem states, summarized as the policy of containment ). The opposing view, argued by Vice President Dick Cheney , Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , and

16375-634: Was given an office in the West Wing in 1969 and regularly interacted with the Nixon administration hierarchy. He was named director of the Economic Stabilization Program in 1970 as well, and later headed up the Cost of Living Council . In March 1971 Nixon was recorded saying about Rumsfeld "at least Rummy is tough enough" and "He's a ruthless little bastard. You can be sure of that." In February 1973, Rumsfeld left Washington to serve as U.S. Ambassador to

16506-443: Was more anti-Americanism than before the Bush administration formed the Bush Doctrine; this increase was probably, at least partially, a result of implementing the Bush Doctrine and conservative foreign policy. The foreign policy of the Bush Doctrine was subject to controversy both in the United States and internationally. John J. Mearsheimer argues in his book, The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities that

16637-918: Was no "single piece of paper" that represents the Bush Doctrine. Experts on geopolitical strategy note that Halford Mackinder 's theories in " The Geographical Pivot of History " about the "Heartland" and world resource control are still as valid today as when they were formulated. In his 2007 book In the Defense of the Bush Doctrine , Robert G. Kaufman wrote: "No one grasped the logics or implications of this transformation better than Halford Mackinder. His prescient theories, first set forth in Geographical Pivot of History , published in 1904, have rightly shaped American grand strategy since World War II . Mackinder warned that any single power dominating Eurasia, "the World Island", as he called it, would have

16768-509: Was not one of the architects of the Reagan administration's tilt toward Iraq —he was a private citizen when he was appointed Middle East envoy—the documents show that his visits to Baghdad led to closer U.S.–Iraqi cooperation on a wide variety of fronts." In addition to taking the position of Middle East envoy, Rumsfeld served as a member of the President's General Advisory Committee on Arms Control (1982–1986); President Reagan's special envoy on

16899-601: Was succeeded by former Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown . In early 1977 Rumsfeld briefly lectured at Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School and Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management . His sights instead turned to business, and from 1977 to 1985 Rumsfeld served as chief executive officer, president, and then chairman of G. D. Searle & Company , a worldwide pharmaceutical company based in Skokie, Illinois . During his tenure at Searle, Rumsfeld led

17030-931: Was the recipient of both the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America and its Silver Buffalo Award in 2006. Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational church . From 1943 to 1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California , while his father was stationed on an aircraft carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949. Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School where he excelled academically as well as in sports. In

17161-614: Was used at least once, though, by Vice President Dick Cheney , in a June 2003 speech in which he said, "If there is anyone in the world today who doubts the seriousness of the Bush Doctrine, I would urge that person to consider the fate of the Taliban in Afghanistan, and of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq." The main elements of the Bush Doctrine were delineated in a document, the National Security Strategy of

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