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57-549: In the early 1990s, the Gulfstream V (GV) was developed as a response to the Bombardier Global Express . It was certified on April 11, 1997. Capable of flying up to 6,500 nmi (12,000 km), it rolled out in 1995 and was Gulfstream's first ultra-long range business jet. Total production of the Gulfstream V was 193 aircraft. By 2018, 1997-1999 Gulfstream GVs were trading at $ 8.8-10.25 million. By 2019,

114-507: A $ 2.6 billion deal; upgraded aircraft will be redesignated B-52J. The CERP engines will be built at Rolls-Royce North America 's plant in Indianapolis , Indiana , The Advance 2 development effort inserts new, advanced technology into existing 15,000 lbf (67 kN) class BR710 and the larger BR725 engines. An even larger engine will also be made, with a 52 in (130 cm) fan. The BR710 and BR715 main developments,

171-574: A 20% better thrust-to-weight ratio. The Pearl engine was developed in Dahlewitz from the BR700 with Advance 2 technologies. EASA certification was applied for on 28 February 2015. It made its first ground run in 2015, type tests in 2016, and flight tests in 2017. Six test engines logged over 6,000 cycles on 2,000 test hours. The test program included lightning strike , water ingestion, ice , and -40 °C cold-start testing. EASA certification

228-683: A 4,500 ft cabin altitude at 45,000 ft and a 5,700 ft cabin altitude at 51,000 ft; a 25% improvement on the previous Global cabin. Bombardier rebranded the Global Express XRS and upgraded the avionics from the Honeywell Primus 2000XP to the new Bombarder Vision flight deck, based on the Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics suite, to create the Global 6000 . The Global 6000

285-671: A 4,500-ft. cabin altitude up to FL 450 and 5,680 ft. at the FL 510 ceiling. The cabin has an unobstructed length of 14.6 m (48 ft) while the floor is dropped by 51 mm (2.0 in) from the Challenger to increase width at shoulder level, while the windows have been repositioned and enlarged by 25%. The Global 5000 was announced in October 2001. It was launched in February 2002, with letters of intent for 15 aircraft with

342-670: A 7% TSFC improvement while being 2 decibels quieter. Health monitoring should improve on the BR710 99.97% dispatch reliability which is logging one unplanned engine removal per 100,000 hours while the BR715 is approaching zero unplanned removals. The Pearl 700 will power the Gulfstream G700 , a stretch of the previous G650, and the G800 , with more range than the G650ER. Evolved from

399-460: A 87,700 lb (39,800 kg) MTOW , and a 4,800 nmi (8,900 km) range at Mach 0.85. The first aircraft flew on 7 March 2003. It was introduced in April 2005. There were 224 in service in 2018. In April 2008, Bombardier lifted its MTOW to 92,500 lb (42,000 kg) to increase its Mach 0.85 range to 5,200 nmi (9,600 km). Its cabin is 5.9 ft (1.8 m) shorter than

456-570: A GV was worth around $ 10 million: below $ 6 million for a fixer to up to $ 13 million for a late model low-time aircraft. Compared to the Gulfstream IV , the engines are changed from Rolls-Royce Tay to Rolls-Royce BR700 -710A1-10 with increased thrust, higher bypass ratio, and Full Authority Digital Engine Controls (FADEC). Operating ceiling is increased from 45,000 to 51,000 ft (14,000 to 16,000 m). It has thrust reversers and composite flight control surfaces. The horizontal tail area

513-968: A Gulfstream V in October 1999, earning a Guinness Record of "largest single e-commerce transaction". Steve Jobs received a Gulfstream V as compensation from Apple in 2000. [REDACTED]   Algeria [REDACTED]   Greece The 89th Airlift Wing's 99th Airlift Squadron, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, operates four C-37As. The 6th Air Mobility Wing's 310th Airlift Squadron, MacDill Air Force Base , Florida operates three C-37As. The 15th Airlift Wing's 65th Airlift Squadron, Hickam Air Force Base , Hawaii operates one C-37A. The 86th Airlift Wing's 76th Airlift Squadron, Ramstein Air Base , Germany has two C-37As. The Executive Transport Detachment Pacific, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii operates one C-37A. The United States Army Priority Air Transport Det. (USAPAT), Andrews AFB, MD, operates two C-37As. On March 11, 2005, Gulfstream delivered an ultra-long-range G-V to

570-410: A High Accuracy Detection and Exploitation System (HADES) intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft . In November 2024, the first plane was delivered. Most operators fly 450 to 600 hours per year. Fleet operators frequently fly more than 100 hours per month. By February 2015, over 600 aircraft accumulated more than 1.5 million flight hours and 570,000 cycles. In May 2018, 20 years after

627-573: A TSFC of 0.37 lb/(lbf⋅h) (10 g/(kN⋅s)) at static sea level takeoff and 0.62 lb/(lbf⋅h) (18 g/(kN⋅s)) at a cruise speed of Mach 0.8 and altitude of 35,000 ft (10,668 m). The BR725 is a variant of the BR710 to power the Gulfstream G650 . Its prototype underwent component bench and its first full engine run in spring 2008. European certification was achieved in June 2009. The first Gulfstream G650, with BR725 engines,

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684-419: A cruise speed of Mach 0.8 and altitude of 35,000 ft (10,668 m). In May 2017, the 3,200 engines in service reached 10 million flying hours. Another rerated version, with a revised exhaust system, was selected for the now-cancelled Royal Air Force Nimrod MRA4s . The BR715 is another twin-shaft turbofan; this engine was first run in April 1997 and entered service in mid-1999. This version powers

741-520: A design requirement. A conventional mechanical flight control system was selected in the new aircraft design instead of fly-by-wire . This was mainly due to the high development expense and customer apprehension of fly-by-wire . In October 1991, the Global Express was unveiled at the NBAA convention. In December 1993, the programme was launched. In June 1994, its high-speed configuration

798-457: A longer life and lower emissions: 80% lower smoke and unburned hydrocarbons and 35% lower NOx than CAEP 6 limits. The two-stage HP turbine has blade active tip-clearance control for more efficiency; 3D aerodynamics reduce the cooling air flow. The LP turbine has three stages instead of two. The BR725 has a bypass ratio of 4.2:1 and is 4 dB quieter than the predecessor BR710. Its cruise thrust specific fuel consumption at Mach 0.85 and FL450

855-535: A longer range business aircraft in which it aimed to carry eight passengers and four crew over 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) at Mach 0.85. To meet this goal, a joint-definition team was established at the company's Montreal facility in the early 1990s. By 1994, the team comprised 200 engineers, evenly divided between Canadair and various partners, including Japanese company Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Anglo-German engine manufacturer BMW Rolls-Royce . These partners independently designed their own elements of

912-518: A titanium fan blisk , a 10-stage HP compressor, a two-stage shroudless HP turbine and a four-stage LP turbine. The initial Pearl 10X test engine was first run in early 2022 and the programme had accumulated 1,000h of testing by May, along with the Advance2 demonstrator. The Advance2 core and new low-pressure system allows 5% more efficiency than the previous Rolls-Royce business jet engines. The BR715 thrust ratings can be adjusted by changing

969-834: Is 0.657 lb/(lbf⋅h) (18.6 g/(kN⋅s)). On 24 September 2021, the United States Air Force (USAF) selected the F130 (the US military designation for the BR725) for the B-52H Stratofortress Commercial Engine Replacement Program (CERP). This version has 17,000 lbf (75.6 kN) thrust, similar to the existing engines ( Pratt & Whitney TF33 ). The USAF will purchase 650 engines (608 direct replacements, 42 spares) for its fleet of 76 B-52H aircraft in

1026-471: Is 30% larger, wingspan is increased from 74.6 to 93.5 ft (22.7 to 28.5 m), the fuselage is lengthened by 5 ft (1.5 m) forward of the main entry door, and by 2 ft (0.6 m) aft of the wing. Maximum takeoff and landing weights are increased by 15%. It has a new semi supercritical wing for a fuel capacity of 41,000–12,000 lb (18.6–5.4 t) more than the G-IV. The three zone cabin

1083-535: Is a family of turbofan engines for regional jets and corporate jets . It is manufactured in Dahlewitz , Germany , by Rolls-Royce Deutschland : this was initially a joint venture of BMW and Rolls-Royce plc established in 1990 to develop this engine. The BR710 first ran in 1995. The United States military designation for the BR725 variant is F130 . The BR710 is a twin shaft turbofan , and entered service on

1140-424: Is a high speed business/corporate aircraft with a range of 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) at Mach 0.80 (459 kn; 850 km/h), a 51,000 ft (16,000 m) service ceiling and a 14 hours endurance. The semi monocoque airframe is made of lightweight aluminum alloys and composite materials. It has a low wing , tricycle landing gear and fuselage-mounted engines . The clean-sheet design draws upon

1197-482: Is limited in the wings. Some avionics are rearranged to gain usable cabin length. The interior completions allowance is 3,200 kg. In 2018, its unit cost was US$ 50.44 million. At high-speed cruise, it burns 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) of fuel in the first hour, then 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) the second hour and 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) for the third hour. In 2018, Early models with Honeywell avionics were sold for $ 10–20 million, while post-2012 aircraft with

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1254-687: Is modified to accept wing/pylon mounted instrumentation. Data from HIAPER GV Brochure General characteristics Performance Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Bombardier Global Express The Bombardier Global Express is a large cabin, long-range business jet designed and manufactured by Bombardier Aviation . Announced in October 1991, it first flew in October 1996, received its Canadian type certification in July 1998 and entered service in July 1999. Initially powered by two BMW/Rolls-Royce BR710s , it shares its fuselage cross section with

1311-691: Is similar to the G-IV, smaller than the Global Express, while its dispatch reliability, cabin noise and fuel efficiency compare favourably against its competitors of the same era. Compared to the comparably priced Global Express, the GV offers more range and is more fuel efficient while the Bombardier offers better runway performance, a larger cabin and a softer ride. BR710 overhaul comes at 8,000 hour or 10 years if it comes earlier and costs $ 1.25 million per engine. The majority of G-Vs are operated by corporate and individual owners. Mark Cuban paid $ 40 million for

1368-635: The APU by AlliedSignal , the electrical system by Lucas Aerospace , and the air management system by ABG-Semca . In May 2015, production was reduced because of lower demand, caused by slowing economy and geopolitics in Latin America, Russia and China markets. By October 2018, Bombardier had a backlog of 202 aircraft valued at C$ 14.1 billion ($ 11 billion), including 128 Global Express aircraft: 67 Global 5000/6000 and four Global 5500/6500. The Global Express program cost $ 800 million. The Global Express

1425-531: The Boeing 717 . A new LP spool, comprising a 58 in (150 cm) diameter single-stage fan, with two-stage LP compressor driven by a three-stage LP turbine, is incorporated into the BR715. The HP spool is similar to that of the BR710. The IP compressor booster stages supercharge the core, increasing core power and thereby net thrust. However, a larger fan is required, to keep the specific thrust low enough to satisfy jet noise considerations. This engine has

1482-781: The Canadair Regional Jet and Challenger 600 with a new wing and tail. The shorter range Global 5000 is slightly smaller. The XRS is an improved version of the Global Express and the Global 6000 is an upgrade to the XRS that replaces the older avionics. The longer range Global 5500/6500 are powered by new Rolls-Royce Pearl engines with lower fuel burn and were unveiled in May 2018. The larger and stretched Global 7500/8000 have longer ranges. After acquiring Canadair along with its Challenger 600 business jet in 1986, Bombardier studied

1539-713: The Gulfstream V in 1997 and the Bombardier Global Express in 1998. This version has also been selected to power the Gulfstream G550 . The BR710 comprises a 48 in (120 cm) diameter single-stage fan, driven by a two-stage LP turbine, and a ten-stage HP compressor (scaled from the V2500 unit) driven by a two-stage, air-cooled, HP turbine. This engine has a thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of 0.39 lb/(lbf⋅h) (11 g/(kN⋅s)) at static sea level takeoff and 0.64 lb/(lbf⋅h) (18 g/(kN⋅s)) at

1596-1412: The Isle of Man for anonymity, a few are registered in the Cayman Islands . Four are registered in Austria, three in Switzerland, two in France and Denmark, and one each in Finland, Germany, Ireland and Turkey. Three are registered in China, one in Malaysia and one in Hong Kong. Two are based in São Paulo, two are in South Africa and one is in India. The aircraft is operated by private individuals, companies, executive charter operators and government agencies, including: As of 27 January 2020, six Global Express have been damaged beyond repair in hull-loss incidents. Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Rolls-Royce BR700#BR710 The Rolls-Royce BR700

1653-401: The Rockwell Collins Pro Line Fusion avionics since 2012. It can carry between 8 and 19 passengers. The new seat converts to a full berth. There is an optional private room aft and the galley has room to prepare 16 five-course meals. It was priced at $ 40M in 2008. It has forward and aft lavatories. The crew rest area was removed, but could be restored. The tail fuel tank was removed and fuel

1710-530: The Transport Canada Type Certification of both models, before entry-into-service later in 2019 and FAA / EASA approval. Bombardier announced the Global 6500 entry-into-service on 1 October. EASA Type Certification of both models was announced in October 2019. Shortly after, the Global 5500 range was extended by 200 nmi (370 km) to 5,900 nmi (10,900 km) at Mach 0.85. FAA Type Certification of both variants

1767-629: The BR725 with a similar architecture plus a fourth low-pressure turbine stage and a 2 in (5.1 cm) larger, 51.8 in (132 cm) blisk fan, its bypass ratio is higher than 6.5:1 and its overall pressure ratio should exceed 50:1. It should provide 18,250 lbf (81.2 kN) of thrust, 3-5% better thrust specific fuel consumption than the BR725 variant powering the Gulfstream G650, reduced emissions and lower noise. The upcoming Dassault Falcon 10X will be powered by two Pearl 10X engines over 18,000 lbf (80 kN) thrust, with

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1824-557: The Global 6000 with a 5,800–7,000 lb (2,600–3,200 kg) lower MTOW depending on service bulletins . It has a 5,000–5,400 nmi (9,300–10,000 km) range at LRC . The spec basic operating weight is 50,350 lb (22,840 kg) but are actually closer to 51,600 lb (23,400 kg). Early models kept the Honeywell Primus 2000XP avionics, updated with the Bombardier Vision flight deck based on

1881-669: The Global Express has been assembled at the Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario , and formerly at Downsview Airport in Toronto . Since 2012, Japanese aerospace firm Mitsubishi Heavy Industries has built the wing and centre fuselage sections at its Toronto facility located east of the airport on Northwest Drive, and formerly at 2025 Meadowvale Boulevard from 2007 to 2012. Bombardier subsidiaries involved are Canadair as

1938-705: The High-Altitude Lidar Operational Experiment (HALOE) payload, deploying to Africa and Afghanistan to survey large areas rapidly. In January 2020, the German Federal Ministry of Defence chose the Global 6000 over the unmanned Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton for the “Persistent German Airborne Surveillance System” (PEGASUS) program, to better integrate in the air traffic control . In March 2019 Turkey's Presidency of Defense Industries , SSB, announced that two green Bombardier Global 6000s had been delivered to

1995-693: The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The aircraft—known as the High-performance, Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research (HIAPER), based in Boulder , Colorado, is being used by environmental and atmospheric scientists from both public and private research facilities. The GV was chosen by NCAR for its exceptionally high cruising altitude, long range, endurance, payload, reliability, and low operating costs, as well as worldwide product support. The HIAPER Gulfstream V

2052-438: The aircraft and shared a stake in the program. The choice of suppliers influenced the aircraft design, with its various systems being selected before the detailed design phase. The CATIA CAD software was used for the kinematics , to feed finite-element analysis software for structural design, and computational fluid dynamics software for aerodynamics, the latter being confirmed by wind tunnel testing. The new aircraft

2109-470: The design leader and nose manufacturer; Short Brothers in Belfast for the engine nacelles design and manufacture, horizontal stabiliser and forward fuselage ; and de Havilland Canada for the rear fuselage, vertical tail and final assembly. The landing gear is produced by Dowty , flight controls by Sextant Avionique , the fuel system by Parker Bertea Aerospace , the core avionics by Honeywell ,

2166-471: The earlier Canadair CL-600 and Bombardier CRJ . It shares its fuselage cross-section with these aircraft, paired with a new T-tail and wing. The latter is a supercritical airfoil with a 35° wing sweep and winglets . This flexible wing naturally attenuates turbulence . It was initially powered by two BMW- Rolls-Royce BR710 turbofans controlled by FADEC . The flightdeck features a six screen Honeywell Primus 2000XP EFIS suite. The Global Express

2223-570: The facilities of Turkish Aerospace to undergo modification to the Hava SOJ (air stand-off jammer) configuration. In July 2023, L3Harris unveiled a Conformal Airborne Early Warning version as a replacement for the E-3 Sentry used by European NATO countries. In December 2023, the US Army awarded a firm-fixed-price contract for one Global 6500, with an option for two more, to be used as

2280-440: The flight testing hours were completed. The programme involved two flight-test Global 6500s, as the 5500 is a simple 0.8 m (2 ft 7 in) shrink. The redesigned wings are built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries . By December, the flight-test program was nearly three-quarters complete. By May 2019, 90% of the flight testing was completed by two modified 6000s and one modified 5000. In September 2019, Bombardier announced

2337-466: The modern Cockpit can fetch $ 22–36 million. A major inspection every 180 months cost $ 800,000-1.2 million. Two 8,000h engine overhauls can cost $ 4 million. The cheaper and more efficient Gulfstream G450 or Falcon 900 LX are slower, have less range and smaller cabins. The improved Global Express XRS was announced on 6 October 2003 during the NBAA Convention at Orlando, Florida. It replaced

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2394-512: The new low emissions cooled combustor includes a new tiled combustion chamber . Its core uses advanced nickel alloys and ceramic coatings , includes a new 10-stage HP compressor with 6 titanium blisks and a new 2-stage HP turbine with enhanced aerodynamics and blade cooling , enhanced segments and seals. Its overall pressure ratio attains 43:1 and its bypass ratio 4.8:1. The HP compressor ratio rises to 24:1. It delivers up to 9% more thrust with 15,125 lbf (67.28 kN) and

2451-431: The next generation of 44–89 kN (10,000–20,000 lbf) engines to be introduced in the 2020s, will have an Advance 3 core, improved engine health management, newer materials, and cooling. They will also have a “ blisk ” fan made out of titanium, with an overall pressure ratio of 50:1. These improvements will yield a 10% thrust specific fuel consumption reduction, 50% NOx margin improvement, 99.995% reliability , and

2508-557: The original Global Express and provides greater range at high speed, cabin upgrades, improved takeoff performance, fast fueling capability and the Bombardier Enhanced Vision System (BEVS) as standard equipment. A new forward fuel tank in the wing/body fairing increases the usable fuel capacity by up to 1,486 lbs, allowing it to fly 6,500 nm at Mach 0.82, 6,150 nm at Mach 0.85 or 5,450 nm at Mach 0.87. It provides improved pressurization with

2565-513: The prototype was complete and conducting flight-readiness reviews ahead of its roll-out and first flight. On 13 October 1996, the first prototype performed its maiden flight from Toronto, one month later than planned, lasting for 2 hours 46 minutes and attaining 11,000 ft (3,350 m) and 210 kn (390 km/h). The flight test programme used four prototypes, accumulating 2,200 flight hours. The Bombardier Flight Test Center in Wichita, Kansas

2622-458: The third 3,000 and 2,500 lb (1.4 and 1.1 t) afterwards. A Checks are scheduled every 750 hours, and for C Checks every 30 months. Engine reserves amount to $ 260 per hour. Over 315 were delivered by March 2019. Its competitors include the more fuel-efficient 6,200 nmi (11,500 km) Dassault Falcon 8X , the 6,500 nmi (12,000 km) Gulfstream G600 or even the 6,900 nmi (12,800 km) G650 . In 2018, its unit cost

2679-592: The type's introduction, more than 750 Globals were in service. Half the 6000s are registered in North America, mostly in the US. NetJets operates at least six and large corporations like Aetna , Caterpillar , CitiGroup , Limited Brands , McDonald's and Texas Instruments fly the aircraft. Malta-based VistaJet operates twenty eight 6000s, one Global XRS and has confirmed a delivery schedule of multiple Global 7500 throughout 2021. Lisbon-based NetJets Europe flies four 6000s. A dozen 6000s are registered in

2736-605: Was US$ 62.31 million. In May 2018, Bombardier unveiled the Global 5500 and 6500. It was expected to enter service at the end of 2019. It has an optimized wing for a Mach 0.90 top speed, a revamped cabin inspired by the Global 7500 with its Nuage seat and updated Rolls-Royce BR710 Pearl engines with up to 13% lower fuel burn for better operating costs. It has better hot and high performance and 500 and 600 nmi (930 and 1,110 km) of additional range for 5,700 and 6,600 nmi (10,600 and 12,200 km), respectively. The engines have 9% more thrust. By October 2018, 70% of

2793-401: Was announced in 2011 and production started in 2012. Its flexible wing and 97.5 lb/sq ft (476 kg/m ) wing loading , the highest among its competitors, gives a comfortable ride in turbulence. It has improved acoustical insulation compared to its predecessor. On long trips, its fuel burn during the first hour is 5,000 and 4,000 lb (2.3 and 1.8 t) for the second, then for

2850-550: Was announced in December 2019. Bombardier announced the entry-into-service of the Global 5500 in June 2020. The first Global 5500 was delivered in July 2020, to " longtime Bombardier customer Unicorp National Developments, headquartered in Orlando, Florida." In 2023, the Global 5500 costs $ 47.4 million, while the Global 6500 costs $ 58 million. The Global Express has been modified for military missions. A BD-700 has carried

2907-400: Was delivered in December 2011. The engine has a maximum thrust of 16,900 lbf (75.2 kN). The 50 in (130 cm) fan with 24 swept blades is 2 in (5.1 cm) larger than the BR710. The HP axial compressor benefits from three-dimensional aerodynamics for greater efficiency and has 10 stages including five blisks to reduce weight. The BR715 inspired combustor yields

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2964-474: Was designed to use the minimum number of components while still ensuring that no single failure would result in a diversion or the inability to dispatch a flight. Bombardier worked towards a 99.5% dispatch reliability goal. As operators sought a level of safety enjoyed by airline aircraft, Bombardier was influenced to use ETOPS design rules, such as the incorporation of a maintenance computer to detect, indicate, and isolate faults, although ETOPS rules were not

3021-466: Was extended by 9,100 m (100,000 ft ) for the test programme. In February 1997, the second prototype made its first flight and the third in May 1997. In late 1995, type certification was forecast for March 1998. In July 1998, Canadian type certification was granted. European and US approvals followed shortly thereafter. The first 15 aircraft were to be delivered before January 1999. The Global Express entered service in July 1999. Since 2023,

3078-469: Was extended to 12,000 km (6,500 nmi) to outdo rival Gulfstream . Bombardier guaranteed the empty weight and range to reply to Gulfstream criticism. Around 100 sales were needed to cover the development costs. In October 1995, the first prototype manufacture began. The first sections were expected in December at de Havilland's in Toronto , with final assembly to start in March 1996. By June 1996,

3135-455: Was frozen while the low-speed configuration was established in August 1994. By then, most critical design decisions were taken and almost all suppliers had been selected. In January 1995, the definition phase was winding down before detailed design. By June 1995, the backlog was over 40 aircraft, sold out until 2000, leading to Bombardier to expand its early production plans. At launch, range

3192-572: Was granted on 28 February 2018 and it was unveiled on 28 May 2018. It was undergoing flight tests in May 2018 for an end of 2019 planned entry into service aboard the Bombardier Global Express 5500 and 6500 developments. It should have logged 10,000 hours by then. Its layout is similar to the BR725, with the same stage count and 24 titanium fan blades. Its fan has a 48.5 in (123 cm) diameter. The enhanced 3-stage LP turbine with advanced high temperature materials, advanced segments and seals allow for higher pressures and temperatures and

3249-405: Was the business jet with the largest cabin, until being surpassed by the later Gulfstream G650 . It can accommodate 12 to 16 passengers in three cabin sections: mostly a forward four-chair club section, a central four-seat conference grouping and an aft three-place divan facing two chairs. Most have a forward galley , crew rest chair and crew lavatory. The 10.3-psi cabin pressurization maintains

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