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42-689: C3 , C-3 , C.3 , C03 , C.III or C-III may refer to: Life and biology [ edit ] C 3 carbon fixation in plants C3-convertase , an enzyme Complement component 3 , a protein of the innate immune system Apolipoprotein C3 , a human very low density lipoprotein ATC code C03 Diuretics , a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Castavinol C3 ,

84-540: A S-IB -2 or S-IC stage and diameters ranging from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 ft) that could lift up to 110,000 pounds (50,000 kg) to Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The lack of a Saturn C-3 launch vehicle in 1965 created a large payload gap (LEO) between the Saturn IB 's 21,000 kg (46,000 lb) capacity and the three-stage Saturn V's 75,000 kg (165,000 lb) capability. In the mid-1960s NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) initiated several studies for

126-681: A Dutch CubeSat satellite Saturn C-3 , a 1960 rocket in the Saturn C series Chaos Communication Congress , the biggest annual hacker event in Europe Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System , important in the development of Extreme Programming VIA C3 , a computer processor Creatures 3 , a 1999 video game Crysis 3 , a 2013 video game Cluster 3 , also known as Samba, an ESA satellite Transportation [ edit ] Aeronca C-3 , an American airplane Bavarian C III ,

168-541: A German steam locomotive model Bavarian C III (Ostbahn) , an 1867 German steam locomotive model Chevrolet Corvette (C3) , the third production design of the Chevrolet Corvette Circumferential Road 3 or C-3, an arterial road of Manila, Philippines Cierva C.3 , a 1921 Spanish experimental autogyro Citroën C3 , a car Cowin C3 , a car LB&SCR C3 class , a British LB&SCR locomotive London Buses route C3 ,

210-1026: A Transport for London contracted bus route C3 (railcar) , a bi-level railcar built by Kawasaki Railcar for the non-electrified branches of the Long Island Rail Road Nimrod NRA/C3 , a 1983 Group C racing car never achieved Yamaha C3 , a 2007 liquid cooled 49cc four-stroke motor scooter Two different ring expressways in Japan that are numbered C3: Tokyo Gaikan Expressway in Tokyo, Saitama and Chiba Prefectures Tōkai-Kanjō Expressway in Aichi, Gifu and Mie Prefectures Music [ edit ] Hammond C3 organ High C in music (c3 in European notation) Low C in music (C3 in American notation) Tha Carter III ,

252-545: A barred spiral galaxy in Draco C3 policing , a methodology being employed by police to combat gangs in Springfield, Massachusetts Nielsen ratings that include recorded programs watched three days later Championing Community Children , a Philippine charitable organization abbreviated as C3 Charles Keating III (born 1955), American former swimmer and real estate executive Charles III (born 1948), King of

294-505: A health-promotion NGO C3: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system Military [ edit ] C, Command, control, and communications , a military concept C-3 (plastic explosive) , a plastic explosive related to C4 C-3, a United States military designation for the Ford Trimotor the designation for several German World War I and World War II armed reconnaissance aircraft AEG C.III AGO C.III ,

336-548: A launch vehicle to fill this payload capacity gap and to extend the capabilities of the Saturn family. Three companies provided proposals to MSFC for this requirement: Martin Marietta (builder of Atlas, Titan vehicles), Boeing (builder of S-1B and S-1C first stages), and North American (builder of the S-II second stage). The Saturn C-3B revision (1961) increased the total thrust of the three stages to 17,200 kN. The diameter of

378-503: A lunar landing. A week earlier, William Fleming (Office of Space Flight Programs, NASA Headquarters) chaired an ad hoc committee to conduct a six-week study of the requirements for a lunar landing. Judging the direct ascent approach to be the most feasible, they concentrated their attention accordingly, and proposed circumlunar flights in late 1965 using the Saturn C-3 launch vehicle. In early June 1961, Bruce Lundin, deputy director of

420-401: A measure of the rocket energy for an interplanetary mission that requires attaining an orbital velocity above escape velocity C 3 , the chemical symbol for Tricarbon Cyclopropatriene C3.ai , an AI company founded by Thomas Siebel C3 linearization , a computer science algorithm for resolving the order of method resolution in multiple inheritance conditions Delfi-C3 ,

462-433: A natural phenolic compound found in red wines Cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase , an enzyme Haplogroup C-M217 , called C3 in older publications In human anatomy, C3 may refer to: Cervical vertebra 3 , one of the cervical vertebrae of the vertebral column Cervical spinal nerve 3 Clinical Cell Culture , a medical technology company C03, Malignant neoplasm of gum ICD-10 code C3 Collaborating for Health ,

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504-524: A reconnaissance biplane of World War I Albatros C.III DFW C.III , a DFW aircraft NAG C.III , an engine powering the Gotha G.IV aircraft C-3, a U.S. military transport version of the Martin 4-0-4 Type C3 submarine (disambiguation) , a World War II Imperial Japanese Navy cargo carrier submarine Spanish submarine C-3 HMS C3 , a 1906 British C class submarine Type C3-class ship ,

546-736: A type of merchant cargo ships of United States Maritime Commission "C" design USS C-3 (SS-14) , a 1909 United States C class submarine USS Baltimore (C-3) , an 1888 protected cruiser of the United States Navy Garda Crime and Security Branch (CSB), domestic security agency of Ireland's national police, also known as "C3" C3 Howitzer, a lengthened variant of the M101 used by the Canadian Armed Forces Technology [ edit ] C 3 , characteristic energy , in astrodynamics,

588-601: Is also performed by a wide variety of plants. The common approach involving growing a bigger bundle sheath leads down to C2 photosynthesis . C3 carbon fixation is prone to photorespiration (PR) during dehydration, accumulating toxic glycolate products. In the 2000s scientists used computer simulation combined with an optimization algorithm to figure out what parts of the metabolic pathway may be tuned to improve photosynthesis. According to simulation, improving glycolate metabolism would help significantly to reduce photorespiration. Instead of optimizing specific enzymes on

630-543: Is plentiful. The C 3 plants, originating during Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras, predate the C 4 plants and still represent approximately 95% of Earth's plant biomass, including important food crops such as rice, wheat, soybeans and barley. C 3 plants cannot grow in very hot areas at today's atmospheric CO 2 level (significantly depleted during hundreds of millions of years from above 5000 ppm) because RuBisCO incorporates more oxygen into RuBP as temperatures increase. This leads to photorespiration (also known as

672-501: Is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis , the other two being C 4 and CAM . This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction: This reaction was first discovered by Melvin Calvin , Andrew Benson and James Bassham in 1950. C 3 carbon fixation occurs in all plants as

714-698: Is then split into pyruvate and CO 2 ; the former in turn splits into acetyl-CoA and CO 2 . By forgoing all transport among organelles, all the CO 2 released will go into increasing the CO 2 concentration in the chloroplast, helping with refixation. The end result is 24% more biomass. An alternative using E. coli glycerate pathway produced a smaller improvement of 13%. They are now working on moving this optimization into other C 3 crops like wheat. Saturn C-3 U.S. President Kennedy's proposal on May 25, 1961, of an explicit crewed lunar landing goal spurred NASA to solidify its launch vehicle requirements for

756-681: The NERVA for the third stage in this launch vehicle. The NERVA technology has been studied and proposed since mid-1950s for future space exploration. On 7 October 1966, Boeing submitted a Final Report to the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, "Studies of Improved Saturn V Vehicles and Intermediate Payload Vehicles". That report outlined the Saturn INT-20 , an intermediate two-stage launch vehicle with an S-1C first stage using three or four F-1 engines, and an S-IVB as

798-605: The Apollo program in 1960–1961. The proposal used a series of small rockets half the size of a Saturn V to launch different components of a spacecraft headed to the Moon. These components would be assembled in orbit around the Earth , then sent to the Moon via trans-lunar injection . In order to test and validate the feasibility of the EOR approach for the Apollo program, Project Gemini

840-496: The Apollo program. Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37 , initially designed to serve the Saturn I and I-B, was planned for eventual Saturn C-3 usage, but it was deactivated in 1972. In 2001, Boeing refurbished the complex for its Delta IV EELV launch vehicle. The Delta IV Heavy variant can only launch 22.5 tonnes to LEO. The 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and 2010 Space Launch System program resulted in renewed proposals for Saturn C-3 derivatives using

882-407: The Calvin cycle. The enzyme Rubisco largely discriminates against carbon isotopes, evolving to only bind to C isotope compared to C (the heavier isotope), contributing to more C depletion seen in C 3 plants compared to C 4 plants especially since the C 4 pathway uses PEP carboxylase in addition to Rubisco. Not all C3 carbon fixation pathways operate at the same efficiency. Bamboos and

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924-579: The Lewis Research Center, led a week-long study of six different rendezvous possibilities. The alternatives included Earth-orbital rendezvous (EOR), lunar-orbital rendezvous (LOR), Earth and lunar rendezvous, and rendezvous on the lunar surface, employing Saturn C-1s, C-3s, and Nova designs. Lundin's committee concluded that rendezvous enjoyed distinct advantages over direct ascent and recommended an Earth-orbital rendezvous using two or three Saturn C-3s. NASA announced on September 7, 1961, that

966-454: The PR pathway for glycolate degradation, South et al. decided to bypass PR altogether. In 2019, they transferred Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glycolate dehydrogenase and Cucurbita maxima malate synthase into the chloroplast of tobacco (a C 3 model organism ). These enzymes, plus the chloroplast's own, create a catabolic cycle: acetyl-CoA combines with glyoxylate to form malate , which

1008-633: The Rocketdyne F-1A engines with existing booster cores and tooling (10m - Saturn S-IC stage; 8.4m - Space Shuttle external tank ; 5.1m - Delta IV Common Booster Core ). After the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster , the United States Air Force (USAF) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conducted a joint Advanced Launch System study (1987-1990). Hughes Aircraft and Boeing dusted off

1050-571: The S-IV stage from a Saturn I booster. Only the S-IV stage of the Saturn C-3 was developed and flown, but all of the specified engines were used on the Saturn V rocket which took men to the Moon. The concept of Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) was studied at Langley Research Center as early as 1960. John Houbolt 's memorandum advocating LOR for lunar missions in November 1961 to Robert Seamans outlined

1092-539: The Saturn C-3 was cancelled. Since 1961, a number of variants of the Saturn C-3 have been studied, proposed, and funded. The most extensive studies focused on the Saturn C-3B variants before the end of 1962, when lunar orbit rendezvous was selected and Saturn C-5 development approved. The common theme of these variants is the first stage with at least 3,044,000 lbf (13,540 kN) of sea-level thrust (SL). These designs used two or three Rocketdyne F-1 engines in

1134-582: The Saturn V rocket used for the Apollo program. The North American designs focused on eliminating the Boeing-built S-IC first stage and using North American's S-II second stage for the launch vehicle core. The intent of the study was to eliminate production of the Saturn IB, and create a lower-cost heavy launch vehicle based on current (1966) Saturn V hardware. The need for a launch vehicle of Saturn C-3 capacity (45 tonnes to LEO) continued beyond

1176-737: The United Kingdom C3, the UEFA Europa League in football C3, a standard paper size defined in ISO 216 Tippmann C-3 , a pump-action paintball marker that uses propane gas C3 Church Global , a worldwide Pentecostal denomination C3, a class in FM radio broadcasting in North America Argus C3 , a 35mm rangefinder camera Nokia C3 (disambiguation) , various Nokia cellphones Caldwell 3 ( NGC 4236 ),

1218-551: The United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms since 2022. C-III Capital Partners, an asset management and commercial real estate services company Hexadecimal number C3 (decimal 195 ) See also [ edit ] CCC (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

1260-665: The concentration of CO 2 in the leaves. This lowers the CO 2 :O 2 ratio and therefore also increases photorespiration. C 4 and CAM plants have adaptations that allow them to survive in hot and dry areas, and they can therefore out-compete C 3 plants in these areas. The isotopic signature of C 3 plants shows higher degree of C depletion than the C 4 plants, due to variation in fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis across plant types. Specifically, C 3 plants do not have PEP carboxylase like C 4 plants, allowing them to only utilize ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) to fix CO 2 through

1302-584: The earlier Saturn C-3 design and submitted their proposal for the Jarvis launch vehicle. The Jarvis would be a three-stage rocket, 58 m (190 ft) in height and 8.38 m (27.5 ft) in diameter. Designed to lift 38 tons to LEO, it would utilize F-1 and J-2 rocket engines and tooling in storage from the Saturn V rocket program along with more recent Shuttle-era technologies to provide lower launch costs. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

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1344-483: The first stage (S-IB-2) was increased to 33 feet (10 meters). The eventual first stage for the Saturn V (S-IC) would use this same diameter, but add 8 meters to its length. A further consideration added a third F-1 engine to the first stage. The S-II, second stage diameter would be 8.3 and 21.3 meters (27 and 70 feet) in length. The 3-stage version would use the S-IV stage, with a diameter of 5.5 meters and 12.2 meters in length. The Saturn C-3BN revision (1961) would use

1386-465: The first step of the Calvin–Benson cycle . (In C 4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is drawn out of malate and into this reaction rather than directly from the air .) Plants that survive solely on C 3 fixation ( C 3 plants ) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and groundwater

1428-518: The government-owned Michoud Ordnance Plant near New Orleans, Louisiana, would be the site for fabrication and assembly of the Saturn C-3 first stage as well as larger vehicles in the Saturn program. Finalists were two government-owned plants in St. Louis and New Orleans. The height of the factory roof at Michoud meant that a launch vehicle with eight F-1 engines ( Nova class , Saturn C-8 ) could not be built; four or five engines (first stage) would have to be

1470-412: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C3&oldid=1226271894 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages C3 carbon fixation C 3 carbon fixation

1512-494: The maximum ( Saturn C-5 ) This decision ended consideration of a Nova class launch vehicle for a direct ascent to the Moon or as a heavy-lift companion with the Saturn C-3 for Earth orbit rendezvous. During various Nova's proposal, a Modular Nova concept made up of clustering the first stage of C-3 were proposed. The Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama developed an Earth orbit rendezvous proposal (EOR) for

1554-399: The oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle , or C2 photosynthesis ), which leads to a net loss of carbon and nitrogen from the plant and can therefore limit growth. C 3 plants lose up to 97% of the water taken up through their roots by transpiration. In dry areas, C 3 plants shut their stomata to reduce water loss, but this stops CO 2 from entering the leaves and therefore reduces

1596-498: The related rice have an improved C3 efficiency. This improvement might be due to its ability to recapture CO 2 produced during photorespiration, a behavior termed "carbon refixation". These plants achieve refixation by growing chloroplast extensions called "stromules" around the stroma in mesophyll cells, so that any photorespired CO 2 from the mitochondria has to pass through the RuBisCO-filled chloroplast. Refixation

1638-461: The second stage with one J-2 engine. The vehicle's payload capacity for LEO would be 45,000 to 60,000 kg, comparable to the earlier Saturn C-3 design (1961). Boeing projected delivery and first flight in 1970, based on a decision by 1967. The Saturn II was a series of American expendable launch vehicles, studied by North American Aviation (NAA, later Rockwell) in 1966, under the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and derived from components of

1680-493: The title of an album by rapper Lil Wayne C3 Presents , independent American concert promoters Other uses [ edit ] C3 (classification) , a para-cycling classification C-3 , Nickelodeon 's old name C (light novel) , a 2011 Japanese light novel series and anime by Hazuki Minase C3, a New Zealand logistics company owned by Linx Cargo Care Group C3, the code for permission to use specific land or premises for dwellings in town and country planning in

1722-521: The usage of the Saturn C-3 launch vehicle, and avoiding complex large boosters and lunar landers. After six months of further discussion at NASA, in the summer of 1962, Langley Research Center's Lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) proposal was officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program on November 7, 1962. By the end of 1962, the Saturn C-3 design was deemed not necessary for Apollo program requirements as larger boosters ( Saturn C-4 , Saturn C-5) were then proposed, hence further work on

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1764-430: Was founded with this objective: "To effect rendezvous and docking with another vehicle ( Agena target vehicle ), and to maneuver the combined spacecraft using the propulsion system of the target vehicle". The Saturn C-3 would have been the primary launch vehicle for Earth orbit rendezvous. The booster consisted of a first stage containing two Saturn V F-1 engines, a second stage containing four powerful J-2 engines, and

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