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36-681: The name of the area derives from the 19th century Goudis (Γουδής) family, who owned a large estate in the area. It was home to a large army camp of the same name (where the Trial of the Six defendants were executed in 1922), three university hospitals (Laiko and two children's hospitals) and the main campuses for the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Dentistry, of the Athens University School of Health Sciences. The area's main square

72-621: A " constitutional dictator " he ruled the country until his overthrow in August 1926. From April 1926 until his deposition, he also occupied the office of President of the Republic . Pangalos withdrew from public life for a while, but remained active in the Venizelist military circles. During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941–1945), Pangalos and military officers close to him played a role in

108-454: A "Revolutionary Committee" that demanded the abdication of King Constantine (considered responsible for the defeat). They demanded as well the resignation of the royalist government, and the punishment of those responsible for the military disaster. The coup was aided by Venizelist General Theodoros Pangalos , then stationed in Athens. Backed by massive demonstrations in the capital, the coup

144-454: A kind of shock for the Greek conservatives, while they exacerbated the conflict between the royalists and the liberals the next decades, at least until the establishment of the 4th of August Regime . In 1932, during a speech in parliament, Prime Minister Venizelos supported that the victims were indeed not guilty "for treason", but he couldn't and wouldn't condemn any revolutionary officers of

180-429: A neuter noun, similar to other towns and cities whose name derived from surname such as Kapandriti , Tatoi and Galatsi . Karagianni's campaign was ultimately successful and the city council of Athens approved the form change without objection in 2006. This led to a change in certain road signs and bus line names. This Athens location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Trial of

216-779: A retrial. The lawsuit to overturn the previous convictions for high treason was made in an effort to rewrite school textbooks that had been unfair to the six, and promote the belief that the six had been scapegoats to appease public anger at the humiliation that the Greeks had suffered in the Asia Minor Catastrophe and that they (who had no desire to see Greek forces defeated) had been in reality just victims of circumstances they were unable to control. Theodoros Pangalos (general) Lieutenant General Theodoros Pangalos ( Greek : Θεόδωρος Πάγκαλος , romanized : Theódoros Pángalos ; 11 January 1878 – 26 February 1952)

252-592: A senior commanding officer in the failed campaign, had been indicted as well but was in Corfu at the time. He was arrested, transported to Athens, tried by the same tribunal a few days later, and found guilty of the same crimes and sentenced to death. His sentence was then mitigated to banishment from Greece for life as he was found to be "completely lacking in high military command experience" (Greek: "της τελείας απειρίας περί την διοίκησιν ανωτέρων μονάδων"). The prince and his family (which included his infant son – carried in

288-602: A wooden vegetable crate – Prince Philip, later the Duke of Edinburgh ) were evacuated on the British warship, HMS Calypso on December 4, leaving Corfu island for Brindisi . The embassies of Sweden, Netherlands and United Kingdom objected and tried to cancel the punishments without success. After the executions, and in response, the United Kingdom withdrew its ambassador to Greece for some time. The executions were

324-499: Is St. Thomas' Square, with the church of St. Thomas in its middle. The Goudi army camp was decommissioned and turned into parkland and sports facilities, hosting the badminton and modern pentathlon venues for the 2004 Olympic Games . During 2012, 'Goudi' became a catchcry during some political extremist rallies in Greece, with protesters chanting it to express their hostility to mainstream politicians who they perceived as traitors to

360-633: The Hellenic Army Academy on 16/29 July 1900 as an Infantry Second Lieutenant, and continued his studies in Paris , France . During the Balkan Wars of 1912–13 he served as a staff officer in the 6th Infantry Division . He was head of the forces that entered Sidirokastro (Demir Hisar) during the second Balkan war. In 1916 he joined Eleftherios Venizelos ' Provisional Government of National Defence against King Constantine I , and

396-595: The Second Hellenic Republic , and played a major role in the rapid establishment of the regime in Athens , while Plastiras and the army were still sailing from Chios . His first job was to prosecute a number of prominent pro-monarchist government leaders by military court in what became known as the Trial of the Six . On 14/27 November he was named Minister for Military Affairs and tasked with reorganizing

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432-716: The Security Battalions , which he hoped to use against both the Communist-dominated National Liberation Front and against a possible return of King George II and the royal government from exile. Ambitious, tough and able, Pangalos was also widely distrusted for his rashness, megalomania and for being generally "half mad". Through Pangalos did not formally take a position with the Security Battalions, but he ensured his followers were given key positions in

468-661: The Strymon sector of the Macedonian front . In late 1918 he was appointed chief of staff of the General Headquarters, holding the post until the electoral victory of the pro-royalist and anti-Venizelist United Opposition in November 1920, when he was dismissed from the army. In 1922, Pangalos supported the 11 September 1922 Revolution , led by Nikolaos Plastiras , which abolished the monarchy and declared

504-481: The Asia Minor campaign) were tried for high treason , convicted, and sentenced to death. They were executed a few hours after the verdict was handed down, and before its publication on 28 November 1922 (15 November). According to the decision, the six with their support for the return of exiled Constantine to the throne and with their decisions during the war against Kemal, damaged the national interests and strained

540-513: The East" abandoned Smyrna on 8 September, the day before the Turkish Army moved in. Transportation arrived late and in too small numbers relative to the number of people trying to flee, resulting in chaos and panic. In a chaotic and bloody battle which would come to be known as the " Greco-Turkish War ", Greece lost the Asia Minor land mandate to Turkey. Those who survived the bloody evacuation of

576-670: The Greek army in Macedonia and Thrace , as the war with Turkey was not over, and an attack in the region was feared to be imminent. The reorganization of the " Army of Evros ", which he commanded from mid-December, was so successful that the Greek High Command prepared for a possible advance into Eastern Thrace in the face of the Turkish demands in the Lausanne peace talks. The military threat posed by Pangalos' army helped

612-450: The Security Battalions. Pangalos was especially close to SS- Standartenführer Walter Blume , who was regarded as the most extreme and violent of all the SS leaders in Greece. Blume intrigued in the summer of 1944 to have Pangalos appointed prime minister of the puppet Hellenic State to replace Ioannis Rallis , who was very close to a nervous breakdown by that point. After liberation, Pangalos

648-640: The Six The Trial of the Six ( Greek : Δίκη των Έξ(ι) , Díki ton Éx(i) ) or the Execution of the Six was the trial for treason , in late 1922, of the Anti-Venizelist officials held responsible for the Greek military defeat in Asia Minor . The trial culminated in the death sentence and execution of six of the nine defendants. On 9 September 1922, Turkish military and guerilla forces entered

684-531: The Turks back down, and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed. A staunch nationalist, Pangalos objected to the terms of the treaty, and declared that his troops would attack Turkey nonetheless in order to block the deal. He was forced to resign, but his stance made him popular with the many segments of Greek society that objected to the treaty. During the period of political instability that followed, Pangalos jumped into

720-583: The area would spend the rest of their lives as refugees.( Greek : Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή, Mikrasiatiki Katastrophi ). Anti-royalist factions, seizing the moment of public outrage, moved against the Pro-Royalist government and a military coup d'état unfolded in Athens and the Aegean Islands. Backed by an angry civil response to the defeat in the fields of battle, on 11/24 September 1922, Colonels Nikolaos Plastiras and Stylianos Gonatas formed

756-461: The city of Smyrna (now İzmir ), in Asia Minor , which was previously occupied by Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres . Hundreds of thousands of Greek residents from Asia Minor fled to Smyrna seeking transportation across the sea to escape the advancing Turks. The pro-royalist government in Athens lost control of the situation and could only watch as the events unfolded. The retreating Greek "Army of

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792-568: The country during the Euro Crisis, alleging that they deserved a similar fate as the Trial of the Six defendants. The use of the name Γουδί , treated as if it were a neuter noun (rather than as a genitive of the surname Γουδή from which it derives) was widespread until translator Vasiliki Karagianni led a campaign to change to the correct use. Even during the years when the Goudi family were alive, popular opinion still led to its treating as

828-528: The coup. On 25 October 1922 (12 October on the "old style" Greek calendar in use at the time), the junta constituted an "extraordinary military tribunal ", which convened on 13 November (31 October) in the then parliament building and carried out a 15 day trial in which the five most senior members of the overthrown administration ( Dimitrios Gounaris , Georgios Baltatzis ( el ), Nikolaos Stratos , Nikolaos Theotokis ( el ), and Petros Protopapadakis ) and General Georgios Hatzianestis (last commander-in-chief of

864-632: The economic front Pangalos attempted to devalue the currency by ordering paper notes cut in half. His political and diplomatic inability however became soon apparent. He conceded too many rights to Yugoslav commerce in Thessaloniki , but worst of all, he embroiled Greece in the so-called War of the Stray Dog , harming Greece's already strained international relations. Soon, many of the officers that had helped him come to power decided that he had to be removed. Regarding relations with Turkey, he still

900-603: The establishment of the Security Battalions . He was widely suspected of collaboration with the Germans . Cleared by a postwar court, he ran unsuccessfully for political office and died in 1952. Pangalos was born on the island of Salamis on 11/23 January 1878. His mother was descendant of the local Arvanite fighter of the Greek Revolution , Giannakis Meletis (Hatzimeletis), while his paternal side came from an aristocratic family of Kea island. He graduated from

936-582: The fray, gaining and losing a number of ministerial positions as governments came and went. He assisted in the suppression of the failed Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état attempt in October 1923, and was elected to Parliament for Thessaloniki in December. He was appointed Minister for Public Order in the cabinet of Alexandros Papanastasiou on 31 March 1924, holding the post until 18 June, when he became once more Minister for Military Affairs, retaining

972-406: The military tribune, because they acted in patriotic and virtuous way. In 2010, Greek courts annulled the convictions due to new evidence and then also dismissed the charges for high treason for the six due to the limitation period. Former prime minister Petros Protopapadakis’ grandson was able to present new evidence in court that had been absent in the 1922 trial and which was deemed sufficient for

1008-474: The post until the cabinet's resignation on 25 July 1924. On June 24, 1925, officers loyal to Pangalos, fearing that the political instability was putting the country at risk, overthrew the government in a coup and forced President Pavlos Kountouriotis to appoint Pangalos as Prime Minister . Pangalos immediately abolished the young republic and began to prosecute anyone who could possibly challenge his authority, including his old chief, Plastiras. Freedom of

1044-583: The press was abolished, and a number of repressive laws were enacted (including a law dictating the length of women's skirts—at no more than 30 cm above the ground), while Pangalos awarded himself the Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer . Pangalos declared a state of emergency on 3 January 1926 and assumed dictatorial powers . In April 1926, he had himself elected president in a rigged election. On

1080-538: The relations with the Allies , leading the country to the defeat. The decision was previously taken to the office of Plastiras , "leader of the revolution" to sign. When the decision was published it started with "In the name of the King of Hellenes George II". Two defendants, Admiral Michail Goudas ( el ) and General Xenophon Stratigos , received a life imprisonment sentence. The ex-king 's brother, Prince Andrew , also

1116-562: Was a Greek general, politician and dictator. A distinguished staff officer and an ardent Venizelist and anti-royalist, Pangalos played a leading role in the September 1922 revolt that deposed King Constantine I and in the establishment of the Second Hellenic Republic . In June 1925 Pangalos staged a bloodless coup d'état , and his assumption of power was recognized by the National Assembly which named him prime minister . As

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1152-724: Was arrested and put in Averof prison in Athens waiting trial for collaboration, but was cleared of all charges in September 1945. He unsuccessfully ran for parliament in 1950 and died in Kifissia two years later. His grandson, also named Theodoros Pangalos , served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Greece. He was a member of the PASOK socialist party. Theodoros Pangalos is mentioned in the song "Stin epohi tou Pangalou" (In

1188-505: Was not agreed with the Treaty of Lausanne and tried to form an alliance with fascist Italy in a war against Turkey, with no success. On 29 August 1926, a counter-coup led by General Georgios Kondylis deposed him, and Kountouriotis returned as president, while Pangalos was imprisoned for two years in the Izzeddin Fortress . In 1930, Pangalos was sent to prison for a building scandal. He remained in prison for two years and

1224-414: Was released during a period when a number of amnesties were issued by Venizélos. He never regained the popular support he had before the coup, and never again played a role in Greek politics. After Greece fell to the Germans in 1941, Pangalos and other Venizelist officers moved to support the new collaborationist regime . He also played an important role, albeit from behind the stage, in the establishment of

1260-411: Was successful: two days later, on 13/26 September, when Plastiras and Gonatas disembarked in the port of Laurium with the military units they commanded, King Constantine abdicated on 14/27 September in favour of his first-born son, George and sailed for Sicily , where he died four months later. The government ministers were arrested and the new king consented to a new administration, one favorable to

1296-524: Was tasked with recruiting the 9th Cretan Regiment for the new government. He did not have a chance to lead it to battle though, because when King Constantine abdicated and Venizelos took over the governance of all of Greece in June 1917, he was appointed chief of the personnel department in the Ministry of Military Affairs. In early 1918 he went to the front as Chief of Infantry of the 1st Infantry Division in

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