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77-1160: The institution was created to provide officers for all the Arms of the Hellenic Army (Infantry, Armour, Artillery, Signals, Engineering, and Army Aviation), as well as some of the Corps (the Technical Corps, the Transport and Supply Corps, and the Ordnance Corps). By contrast, officers in the Legal Corps, the Medical Corps, the Finance Corps, and the Auditing Corps are graduates of the Corps Officers Military Academy ( Στρατιωτική Σχολή Αξιωματικών Σωμάτων ), with

154-577: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,

231-604: A drastic reorganization of the national military: a Secretariat on Army and Naval Affairs and the Hellenic Army Academy were created, the Army engineering corps was founded (28 July 1829), and a concerted effort was made to reform the various irregular forces into regular light infantry battalions. Throughout these early years, French influence pervaded the Greek regular army, in tactics as well as appearance, as most of

308-558: A fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes , a limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in

385-508: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on

462-540: A foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near

539-804: Is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout

616-773: Is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of the Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system

693-479: Is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During

770-404: Is an important part of the cadet’s education, and aims, on the one hand, at the cadets’ personal strengthening so as to render them capable of overcoming hardships and coping with the demanding way of life of military personnel, and, on the other hand, at their role as trainers, who will set up and execute an appropriate, safe and effective physical education programme for their subordinates. Besides

847-864: Is mostly of foreign manufacture, from German , French , Italian , American , British and Russian suppliers. A notable exception is the indigenous Leonidas armoured personnel carrier which was built by the Hellenic Vehicles Manufacturer Industry ELVO , such as the ELVO Kentaurus fighting vehicle. Equipment runs the gamut from state-of-the art to obsolete Cold War inventories; the latter are gradually being retired. The structure of Hellenic Army ranks has its roots in British military traditions and follows NATO standard rank scale . The rank of Stratarchis (Στρατάρχης, equivalent to Field Marshal or General of

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924-519: Is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to

1001-526: Is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are the predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around

1078-763: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,

1155-650: Is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with

1232-727: Is the land force of Greece . The term Hellenic is the endogenous synonym for Greek . The Hellenic Army is the largest of the three branches of the Hellenic Armed Forces , also constituted by the Hellenic Air Force (HAF) and the Hellenic Navy (HN). The army is commanded by the chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff (HAGS), which in turn is under the command of Hellenic National Defence General Staff (HNDGS). The motto of

1309-715: The Corinthians describe their adversaries, the Athenians , as "adventurous beyond their power, daring beyond their judgment, and bearers of high hopes when in danger" ( History of the Peloponnesian War , Book I , 70). The Hellenic Army Academy (HAA) was the personal vision of the first Governor of Greece, Ioannis Kapodistrias , who was also its founder. He announced the foundation of the Academy in June 1828 and he

1386-495: The Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It

1463-745: The Evelpidon Military Academy in Athens ( Στρατιωτική Σχολή Ευελπίδων , ΣΣΕ ), the Corps Officers Military Academy in Thessaloniki ( Στρατιωτική Σχολή Αξιωματικών Σωμάτων, ΣΣΑΣ ) and the Non-Commissioned Officers Academy ( Σχολή Μονίμων Υπαξιωματικών ) in Trikala. Unlike what the title of the latter suggests, ΣΜΥ graduates do comprise a large part of the officer corps and are able to advance to

1540-516: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as

1617-678: The Tunisian campaign and the Battle of Rimini (1944) . After the war, Greece incorporated the Dodecanese . Soon, the political polarization between communist (or leftist) and anticommunist forces, led to a three-and-a-half-year-long civil war , which ended with communist defeat. The Greek Expeditionary Force took part in the Korean War with a total of 10,255 Greek personnel, of whom 186 or 187 were killed and 617 were wounded. The army

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1694-492: The nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in

1771-519: The 1st year of study, when the cadet (Evelpis) goes through Basic Military Training and is trained in individual tactics. In the years that follow, s/he masters the command of teams and platoons and learns about the organization and operation of the Infantry Company. Military education takes place either in Vari or in other areas of Greece (Litochoro of Pieria, Parnassos, etc.). Physical education

1848-470: The 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into

1925-665: The Academy hosts cadets from 20 different countries. The multi-ethnic character of its composition endows the HAA with the role of an ambassador of our ethos and traditions beyond the Greek borders. All of the Cadets (Evelpides) attend the same intensive and demanding military and academic education programme irrespective of ethnicity or gender. On completing their studies at the HAA, many graduates go on to pursue either postgraduate programmes or other undergraduate programmes in various Greek or foreign Higher Education institutions. In order to shape

2002-601: The Academy, a high score in the Panhellenic entrance exams is required. The duration of study is four years. Each academic year is divided into two semesters. The duration of the winter semester is September to February, while the duration of the spring semester is March to August. Each semester comprises Academic and Military education, both theoretical and applied. Each academic year consists of thirty-nine (39) weeks, of which twenty-six (26) are academic and thirteen (13) are purely military. Of these, four (4) weeks are used for

2079-726: The Army ) though, has been historically used, but is no longer extant. It was first awarded to King Constantine I for his leadership in the Balkan Wars . The rank was subsequently assumed by his successors upon accession, until the abolition of the monarchy. The only regular officer to have been awarded the rank was General Alexander Papagos on 28 October 1949, after he had won the Greek Civil War . Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized :  Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized :  Hellēnikḗ )

2156-602: The Cadets into leaders, all of the Academy’s personnel, both academic and military, set themselves as an example and guide the young Evelpides since their admission at the HAA, so that they foster the ideals and principles that characterize the Hellenic Army Officer. Ethical integrity is a prerequisite, and life in the HAA abides by the standards of the Evelpides’ code of ethics. In an effort to continuously improve

2233-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit

2310-618: The Greek annexation of Thessaly , and again in September 1885 – May 1886, when Bulgaria annexed Eastern Rumelia . The great financial burden of these long periods of mobilization, however, exhausted the public treasury, and stalled the reform process. The result was that the Hellenic Army was wholly unprepared for war on the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 : plans, fortifications and weapons were non-existent,

2387-425: The Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than

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2464-495: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in

2541-629: The Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow

2618-618: The Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community

2695-535: The Greeks had adopted the triangular infantry division as their main formation, but more importantly, the overhaul of the mobilization system allowed the country to field and equip a far greater number of troops than it had in 1897: while foreign observers estimated a mobilized force of approximately 50,000 men, the Army eventually fielded 125,000, with another 140,000 in the National Guard and reserves. After

2772-401: The Hellenic Army is [Ἐλεύθερον τὸ Εὔψυχον] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= ( help ) ('Freedom stems from valour'), from Thucydides 's History of the Peloponnesian War (2.43.4) , a remembrance of the ancient warriors that defended Greek lands in old times. The Hellenic Army Emblem is the two-headed eagle with a Greek Cross escutcheon in the centre. The Hellenic Army is also

2849-434: The Hellenic Army's higher command is the Hellenic Army General Staff . There are four major military commands which supervise all army units, Although divisions still exist, having the role of forward commands, the Army is mainly organized in brigades , that follow the typical NATO standards consisting of five battalions , three manoeuvre, one artillery, one support and some other company sized formations. According to

2926-459: The Hellenic army battalions are commanded by either a ranking officer major general or if in a combat mission by another state which in agreement with the Greek state will be commanded by a ranking General of their own. The rank insignia of commissioned officers . The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel . The heavy equipment and weaponry of the Hellenic Army

3003-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),

3080-664: The ages of 18 and 45. Citizens discharged from active service are normally placed in the Reserve and are subject to periodic recall of 1–10 days at irregular intervals. Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may also be required to serve part-time in the National Guard . During a mobilization the amount of conscripts may exceed 180,000. Conscript enlisted men and non-commissioned officers wear special rank insignia to differentiate them from volunteers. Professional officers graduate from

3157-402: The ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of

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3234-404: The early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of

3311-410: The education of Hellenic Army officers, a programme to upgrade the provided education is currently in progress at the HAA. 37°50′32″N 23°48′44″E  /  37.84222°N 23.81222°E  / 37.84222; 23.81222 Hellenic Army The Hellenic Army ( Greek : Ελληνικός Στρατός , romanized :  Ellinikós Stratós , sometimes abbreviated as ΕΣ ), formed in 1828,

3388-1023: The enormous contribution of the Academy in the service of the Nation, in 1926 the State awards the Academy with the War Flag and, in 1931, decorates it with the Medal of Military Merit Class A, the War Cross Class A in 1943, the Brigadier of the Award of Valor in 1946 and, finally, the Higher Brigadier of the Savior in 1978. The Academy’s principal mission is providing the Army with military scientists and leaders by means of military life and multi-faceted military and academic education. For admission to

3465-618: The epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of the Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute

3542-487: The exception of nurse officers in the Medical Corps, who are graduates of the Nurse Officer Academy ( Σχολή Αξιωματικών Νοσηλευτών ). The School also trains cadets on behalf of foreign allied countries. The origin of the designation "Evelpides" ( Greek : Εὐέλπιδες , romanized :  Euélpides , lit.   'bearers of high hopes') is from a passage by the historian Thucydides , where

3619-454: The final exams of the 1st and 2nd semester, while the cadets (Evelpides) are on leave for eight (8) weeks. The HAA offers a broad academic education, which is complemented and also expanded by military education. The curriculum for academic education comprises subjects from a wide range of disciplines, from Humanities and Social Sciences to Applied Science, from Chemistry to History, and from Psychology to Engineering. Military education begins in

3696-685: The first time the Hellenic Army was briefly subdivided into divisions and brigades . Universal conscription was introduced in 1879, and under the premiership of Charilaos Trikoupis , in 1882–1885 major steps were undertaken to improve the training and education of the officer corps: a French military mission was called to Greece, new schools were founded and Greek officers were sent abroad for studies, and efforts were made to make officers on active service refrain from participating in politics and focus on their professional duties. The Army also underwent its first mobilizations , in July 1880 – April 1882 due to

3773-557: The following main objectives: The Hellenic Army traces its origin to the regular units established by the Greek provisional government during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). The first of these, an infantry regiment and a small artillery battery , were established in April 1822, and were commanded by European Philhellenes (such as Joseph Balestra and others). Lack of funds however forced its disbandment soon after, and it

3850-452: The following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki , the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in

3927-486: The higher organisation of the Greek Army on 15 August 1940, with the General Staff of the Army directly supervising five corps, three divisions, and the Thessaloniki Fortress. The exiled Greek government, with units of the Army, were transferred to the Middle East, where they continued the war with the Allies as the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East . The Sacred Band and the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade were formed in exile, and took part in various operations; including

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4004-439: The infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn

4081-457: The instructors were French—at first Philhellenes, and later serving officers of General Maison's Expeditionary Corps . After Kapodistrias' assassination in 1831 and in the subsequent internal turmoil over the next two years, however, the regular army all but ceased to exist. The first king of the newly independent Greek kingdom, the Bavarian prince Otto , initially relied on a 4,000-strong German contingent . The royal government re-established

4158-527: The intense programme aimed at improving Cadets’ physical fitness, each year internal championships are held between the two Βatallions in a variety of sports, as well as a Championship among the Academies of the three Branches, in which the HAA has excelled each year. The corps of Cadets (Evelpides) is organized in a regiment comprising two (2) Battalions. Τhe Battalions are named after heroes, as 1st Cadet Battalion «Infantry Maj. Velissarios Ioannis» and 2nd Cadet Battalion «Artillery Maj. Paparrodou Ioannis». Today,

4235-414: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write

4312-602: The latest developments, up to 2015, all active divisions will dissolve, but all brigades will acquire one more manoeuvre battalion, largely eliminating the distinction between mechanized and armoured formations, thus creating a new type brigade, which will be named Strike Brigade . There are three classes of personnel in the Hellenic Army, namely professional, volunteer and conscript . There are currently 90,000 personnel on active duty, of which 30,000 are conscripted. The Hellenic Republic has mandatory military service (conscription) as of March 2021 of 12 months for all males between

4389-406: The main contributor to, and lead nation of, the Balkan Battle Group , a combined-arms rapid-response force under the EU Battlegroup structure. The main missions of the Hellenic Army are the defence of the state's independence and integrity, the safeguarding of national territory, and the decisive contribution to the achievement of the country's policy objectives. During peacetime, the Army has

4466-439: The mass of the officer corps was unsuited to its tasks, and training was inadequate. As a result, the numerically superior, better organized, equipped and led Ottoman forces pushed the Greek forces south out of Thessaly. The dismal performance of the Hellenic Army in the war of 1897 led to a major reform programme under the administration of Georgios Theotokis (1899–1901, 1903–1904 and 1906–1909). A new Army Organization Statute

4543-458: The membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in the regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek

4620-441: The modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and

4697-399: The noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks

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4774-408: The objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of the Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It

4851-706: The older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as

4928-517: The rank of lieutenant colonel , starting at the rank of corporal, while their ΣΣΕ and ΣΣΑΣ counterparts graduate as second lieutenants and could, theoretically, attain flag officer ranks. Thus, in the chain of command , graduates of the two military academies in Athens and Thessaloniki are considered higher in seniority compared to professional officers of the same rank who graduated from Trikala . The latter officers are followed in seniority by volunteer and finally conscript staff. During war,

5005-438: The regular army and dissolved the irregular forces that had largely fought the War of Independence. Following the ousting of Otto in 1862, the Army continued relying on the Army Organization Statute of 1833. The Greek royal army in 1860 was approximately 200,000 men. The first major reforms were undertaken in 1877, in response to the Balkan Crisis that eventually led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 . Among other measures, for

5082-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of

5159-418: The victorious Balkan Wars , the country doubled its territory. During the WWI, a disagreement between King Constantine and Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos caused a National Schism , but eventually a united Greece joined in 1917 the Allies. As a winner of the war, Greece annexed Western and Eastern Thrace and landed units in 1919 at Asia Minor , starting so the Greco-Turkish War (1919-22) , which

5236-515: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or

5313-486: Was also the one to name the first five students “Evelpides” (“those who hold good hopes”). The Academy’s long-standing history is interwoven with that of the modern Greek nation, and forms the breeding ground for personalities who played an important role in the historical trail of our Country. The Academy has had an active presence in all of the Nation’s struggles, and provides a pool of executives who fight and sacrifice themselves for “the Nation’s sacred ideals”. Acknowledging

5390-423: Was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of

5467-442: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe

5544-430: Was briefly renamed "Royal Hellenic Army" from August 20th, to October 25th, 1964, on the initiative of then Minister of National Defence Petros Garoufalias . In total, the Hellenic Army has taken part in the following engagements: After a major reorganization which occurred in the last decade, which included the transformation of most Infantry formations into Mechanized Brigades and a parallel reduction of personnel,

5621-541: Was issued in 1904 (revised in 1910), purchases of new artillery material (including the 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 gun) and of the Mannlicher–Schönauer rifle were made, and a new, khaki field uniform was introduced in 1908. Reform was accelerated after the Goudi coup of 1909. The new government under Eleftherios Venizelos brought a French military mission to train the Hellenic Army. Under its supervision,

5698-656: Was not until July 1824 that regular units were reformed, under the Greek Colonel Panagiotis Rodios . In May 1825, the first law on conscription was passed, and the command of the entire regular forces entrusted to the French Colonel Charles Fabvier . Under Fabvier, the regular corps expanded, and for the first time came to include cavalry, military music detachments, and, with Lord Byron 's aid, military hospitals. The governorship of Ioannis Kapodistrias (1828–1831) saw

5775-580: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect

5852-688: Was unsuccessful for Greece, in 1922. The country joined WWII with the Allies side in October 1940, when dictator Ioannis Metaxas rejected an Italian ultimatum by Mussolini. In the Greco-Italian War , the Hellenic Army pushed back the Italian and occupied large parts of southern Albania, but after a German invasion ( Battle of Greece ) fell under the Axis domination. Leo Niehorster's website shows

5929-673: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage

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