Gongsim ( Korean : 공심 ) is a legendary Korean princess of the Goryeo dynasty said to have been struck with sinbyeong , an illness which can only be cured by initiation into shamanism . According to the myth, she joined the shamanic priesthood at Namsan Mountain in Seoul , and introduced the shamanic religion to Korea or to parts of Korea.
54-400: The myth of Gongsim was known only in the southwestern provinces of South Chungcheong , Jeolla , and South Gyeongsang , and oral transmission of the story appears to now have ended. While most of the six versions transcribed by researchers concur that Gongsim was a Goryeo princess-turned-shaman initiated at Namsan, the details diverge between them. In one version, the princess goes insane after
108-582: A certain Goryeo princess was a great devotee of Buddhism who shamans came to invoke during rituals, rather than being a shaman herself. In the shamanic tradition of Seoul—the current dominant form of the religion in South Korea—an invocation involving Gongsim is made only at the beginning of the narrative hymn of the Princess Bari , which tells a sacred myth about an abandoned princess who journeys to
162-464: A contrast with Bei Mangshan ( lit. ' Northern Mount Mang ' ), a peak full of cemeteries north of the Chinese capital of Luoyang which has become an East Asian metonymy for death, and thus imply an association between shamanism and the forces of life. The meaning of the phrase associated with Gongsim in the invocation, such as jeor-e juyo , is disputed. In Modern Korean, jeol/jeor
216-447: A corruption of the original form jeryeju "mistress of ritual", attested in some versions. If this interpretation is correct, the invocation would be emphasizing Gongsim's role as the originator of shamanic ceremonies. Kim Jeong-eop proposes a Middle Korean etymology as a combination of the noun cel "vanquishing a demon" and the verb cita "to rely upon", with the meaning "[We] rely upon Gongsim who vanquishes demons." Whether Gongsim
270-545: A handful of new provinces have been added in both the South and North . The boundaries between the eight provinces for the most part followed rivers, mountain chains, and other natural boundaries, and consequently corresponded closely to dialect and cultural divisions. Because of this natural fit between the provincial boundaries and the "real world," most of the provincial boundaries and names have survived in one form or another down to today, and most Koreans are keenly aware of
324-611: A highly industrialized economy in the 21st century. Along with Gangwon , Chungnam is the only province outside the Seoul Capital Area to be served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway , with Seoul Subway Line 1 passing Cheonan and Asan . Multimillion-dollar projects are being developed, such as New Asan City centered on the newly built Cheonan-Asan Station that connects Chungnam's largest city, Cheonan , to Seoul Station in less than 30 minutes via
378-621: A historical noblewoman who was romantically involved with Jo Tong before his capture by the Jurchens, and who was then initiated into shamanism and spread the religion in Jeolla. It is very unlikely that she was actually of royal blood, however, as no relevant figure exists in the Goryeo histories . South Chungcheong South Chungcheong Province ( Korean : 충청남도 ; RR : Chungcheongnam-do ), also known as Chungnam ,
432-580: A mountain in Seoul, and spreads the shamanic religion in Korea. The three most detailed versions were transcribed from Okgwa (now part of Gokseong County ), Jeonju , and Tongyeong . In the Okgwa version, the Goryeo princess Gongsim falls madly in love with Jo Tong [ ko ] , a twelfth-century man from Okgwa whose existence is historically attested. Jo Tong, who is married, decides that he must leave
486-463: Is a homophone for both "Buddhist temple" and "prostration." It is generally recognized that the "Buddhist temple" interpretation does not make sense in the context of the Gongsim myth or shamanic ritual. The phrase may instead refer to prostration as a form of shamanic devotional act, with the versions suggesting "Buddhist temple" meaning being corruptions. Im Ni-na argues that jeol/jeor is itself
540-587: Is a province of South Korea in the Hoseo region in the southwest of the Korean Peninsula . South Chungcheong borders the provinces of Gyeonggi to the north, North Chungcheong , Sejong Special Self-governing City , and Daejeon Metropolitan City to the east, and North Jeolla to the south. Hongseong County is the capital and Cheonan is the largest city of South Chungcheong, with other major cities including Asan , Seosan , and Dangjin . Daejeon
594-525: Is able to win the favor of the triplets' mother, Noga-danpung-agissi, who sends her sons a letter ordering them to return the implements to the novice. The content of this letter is: 공신 ᄒᆞ고도 가신 ᄒᆞ고도, 제주 남산은 본은 인부역이라. Gongsin hawgodo gasin hawgodo, Jeju Namsan-eun bon-eun inbuyeog-ira. "Even while doing Gongsin, even while doing gasin , Inbuyeok is the origin of Namsan in Jeju." The triplets (as played by senior shamans) debate what they should do about
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#1732800818906648-468: Is based on a historical individual is unknown. But Jo Tong, the object of her unrequited love in the Okgwa myth, was a historical minister of the Goryeo court who served in the late twelfth century and was once held captive by the northern Jurchen Jin dynasty for three years. The social status of shamanism was relatively high under the Goryeo, and there are attested cases of Goryeo noblewomen becoming shamans. Kim Jeong-eop speculates that Gongsim may have been
702-528: Is both the ancestral shaman and the patron goddess of shamans in Seoul religion, while the Mengdu triplets are similarly honored in Jeju Island. By contrast, Jeolla shamanic traditions do not have a clear ancestral figure other than Gongsim, as Princess Bari there is considered a death goddess or as not being a deity at all. The invocation honors Gongsim as the symbolic queen and ruler of shamans, and affirms
756-480: Is cured of her madness by being initiated into shamanism. She rides a horse which goes where it will, intending to teach shamanism to the people wherever the horse may lead her. The horse stops at Okgwa, where she discovers Jo Tong's grave. She lives by his grave, spreading the shamanic religion among the locals. The locals hold a symbolic wedding for the souls of the two after her death. As of the 1970s, Jo Tong and Gongsim were worshipped as village patron gods of Okgwa at
810-417: Is instead a princess with supernatural powers of healing. Her father tests her by pretending to be ill. The daughter divines that the illness is false, but predicts that he will soon fall genuinely sick. When this happens, she cures her father through rituals at Namsan and becomes the first shaman. The Gongju myth is the shortest and most divergent, and does not mention Gongsim by name. According to this version,
864-460: Is not religious and 0.8% of the population follows other religions. Chungcheongnam-do is twinned with: Eight Provinces of Korea During most of the Joseon dynasty , Korea was divided into eight provinces ( do ; 도 ; 道 ). The eight provinces ' boundaries remained unchanged for about 480 years from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographic paradigm that is still reflected today in
918-616: Is now Daejeon . The new district was named Sejong Special Self-Governing City , and was to replace Seoul as the future capital of the Republic of Korea. However, in 2009, it was determined that replacing Seoul as new national capital would violate the South Korean Constitution by Constitution Court. Now Sejong City may only serve as a National Administrative Capital and Secondary capital alongside Seoul, representing about 36 government ministers and agencies, including
972-462: Is the Jeju variant of the Gongsim invocation of the mainland. There are no legends about Gongsim in Jeju, but the local context of the invocation is suggested in the Gobun-mengdu initiation ritual. In this ceremony, which takes the form of ritual theater, the Mengdu triplets—the patron gods of shamanism—confiscate a novice shaman's ritual implements as punishment for negligence. The novice shaman
1026-399: Is the origin." 아황 임금아 공심은 절에 주고, 남산은 본이구나. Ahwang imgeum-a Gongsim-eun jeor-e jugo, Namsan-eun bon-iguna. "O our sovereign and ruler! Gongsim gives to the temple; Namsan is the origin!" In one version from Haenam , "our monarch and ruler" is replaced by "welcome of the gods" ( yeongsin ). In an important variant attested both in northern Gyeonggi and southeastern Tongyeong,
1080-568: Is used to produce salt by solar evaporation. There is coal mining , but gold and silver mines are also found in Chungcheongnam-do, as is Monazite (a rare thorium bearing mineral) and zircon . In 2018, South Chungcheong province was home to half of South Korea's coal-fired power generation capacity. That year, it became the first Asian member of the Powering Past Coal Alliance , and committed to ending
1134-565: The Eight Provinces of Korea and disseminate shamanism there to help the locals. The shorter versions are attested from Suncheon , Mokpo , and Gongju . The Suncheon myth also features Gongsim being stricken with sinbyeong and moving to Namsan, where she is initiated into shamanism by a Buddhist priest. This narrative explains the shamanic religion as a branch of Buddhism. In the Mokpo version, Gongsim does not experience sinbyeong but
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#17328008189061188-487: The Japanese Colonial Period from 1910 and became part of South Korea following the division of Korea in 1945. Chungcheongnam-do is South Korea's richest province, with a 2012 GDP per capita of $ 56,133. It is by far South Korea's fastest growing region, with an average GDP growth of 9.7% in 2001-2007 that accelerated to 12.4% in 2010. Such rapid growth transformed it from a mostly agricultural to
1242-651: The KTX bullet train. The area code of the province is 041. The province is part of the Hoseo region , and is bounded to the west by the Yellow Sea , to the north by Gyeonggi-do province, to the south by Jeollabuk-do province, and to the east by Chungcheongbuk-do province. Its area is 8,204 km (3,168 sq mi) as of 2012. One third of the province's area is under cultivation. Aside from agriculture, marine products are of importance. There are 220 square kilometres (85 sq mi) of exposed beach which
1296-423: The Korean Peninsula 's administrative divisions, dialects, and regional distinctions. The names of all eight provinces are still preserved today, in one form or another. These eight historical provinces form both North and South Korea, and are not to be confused with the provinces that make up South Korea or North Korea . In 1413 (the 13th year of the reign of King Jeongjong ), the northeastern boundary of Korea
1350-467: The 1970s by the Korean scholar Kim Jeong-eop. Oral transmission of the myth appears to have ended as of 2013, although the brief Gongsim-related invocations recited by shamans during rituals continue. In the majority of versions, Gongsim is a princess of the Goryeo (918―1392) dynasty who is struck with sinbyeong , a disease that can only be cured by initiation into shamanism. She is initiated at Namsan ,
1404-591: The Bepo-doeop-chim, in which the shaman recites the Jeju creation myth , and the Nal-gwa-guk-seomgim, in which the shaman tells the gods the time and place of the ritual. The Gongseon-gaseon is usually sung to the beat of the janggu drum, although the mengdu bell is sometimes rung instead in minor ceremonies. The words of the prayer are fixed and their meaning is opaque and largely unknown to
1458-503: The Gongsim invocation begins the recitation of the Princess Bari myth. In Jeju, it is associated with the Mengdu triplets, the local patron gods of shamanism. No shamanic narratives about Princess Gongsim are known, but six versions of a southwestern Korean myth about the figure—all told outside a ritual context—have been transcribed by researchers. Five were collected in the 1930s by the Japanese sociologist Akiba Takashi, and one in
1512-531: The Prime Minister's office, as of 2015. Chungcheongnam-do is divided into 8 cities ( si ) and 7 counties ( gun ). The city and county names below are given in English, Hangul , and Hanja . Religion in Chungcheongnam-do (2015) According to the 2015 census, 13.8% of the population follows Buddhism and 26.8% follow Christianity (20.7% Protestantism and 6.1% Catholicism ). 58.6% of the population
1566-421: The afterlife and becomes the patron goddess of shamans. This invocation begins with a reference to the "country" ( nara ), continues by connecting Gongsim to the "Buddhist temple" ( jeol/jeor ), and concludes with the declaration that the "southwest" ( namseo ) is the "origin" ( bon ). 나라로 나라로 공심은 절이옵고, 절이 남서가 본이로소이다. Nara-ro nara-ro Gongsim-eun jeor-iopgo, jeor-i namseo-ga bon-irosoida. "To
1620-459: The ancient provinces is used to talk of the entire island of Ireland. Except Gyeonggi (see note 3 below), each province took its name from the initial Hanja ( Sino-Korean characters ) of two of its principal cities. The origin of each province's name is detailed in the table below. The table below lists the eight provinces in romanized spelling, Hangul and Hanja ; the origin of their names; their capitals, dialects, and regional names; and
1674-425: The capital to avoid the princess and volunteers to serve as a commander on Korea's northern frontier. One day, he is ambushed by enemy forces. He loses his left hand in the ensuing defeat. He resigns his command in shame and returns to Okgwa, where he dies of his injury. Meanwhile, Gongsim, who has been waiting for her love to return south, goes insane when he fails to come back. Her father sends her to Namsan, where she
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1728-514: The country, to the country, Gongsim is the temple; and for the temple, the southwest is the origin." This is often followed by a statement of location: the " South of the River " ( Gangnam ) is the " Great Han country" ( Daehan-guk ), while "this country" ( i nara ) or "East of the Sea " ( Haedong ) is Korea. Invocations to Gongsim are particularly widespread among the hereditary shamans of
1782-401: The death of her beloved and must be cured by shamanic initiation. In another version, she is imprisoned by her father but teaches shamanism to her wardens, who spread the faith in Korea. Whether Gongsim is based on a historical noblewoman is unknown, although lack of corroboration in literary sources makes it highly unlikely that she had royal blood. Southwestern Korean shamans invoke Gongsim at
1836-528: The former eight provinces were restored, with five of them (Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng, and P'yŏngan), being divided into north and south halves, to form a total of 13 provinces. This structure remained unchanged through the entire lifetime of the Korean Empire (1897–1910) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945). Since the end of World War II and the division of Korea in 1945, special cities and administrative regions and
1890-436: The letter, but ultimately return the implements while agreeing that they should send the letter to the human world so that human shamans can return it to their mother for them. The Gonseon-gaseon prayer therefore becomes a metaphorical letter that shamans are addressing to the goddess Noga-danpung-agissi at the start of every ritual. The word gongsi , used to refer to the mengdu ancestors (the souls of deceased shamans who are
1944-400: The local Seonangdang shrine, where wooden statues of the two were installed. Locals also identified a certain grave as belonging to the princess, and believed that her name was invoked by local shamans because it was she who had founded the shamanic religion of Jeolla Province . In the 1930s, the shamans of Jeonju worshipped a king named Hwangwangje and his daughter Gongsimheon. According to
1998-604: The local myth, the former imprisons his daughter in her own room when she is struck with sinbyeong . But her wardens themselves learn shamanic rituals from the princess to successfully cure illnesses and cast off misfortune, and the king eventually decides to release her. The wardens teach the rituals to other women, and the religion spreads to all Korea. The Tongyeong version has similar elements. The princess Gongsim goes insane, and her father expels her to Namsan, where she practices shamanism. She gives birth to two sons, who gives birth to four daughters each. The eight girls go to each of
2052-529: The lunisolar East Asian calendar , while the second variant lists various universes of Buddhist mythology . The following example of the former type is from Gochang . 아황 임금아 공심은 절의 주요, 남산은 본이로다. 조선은 국이요, 팔만은 사두연에 금년은 열에 두달 과년은 열에 석달 소월은 이십구일 대월은 설흔날요. Ahwang imgeum-a Gongsim-eun jeor-ui juyo, Namsan-eun bon-iroda. Joseon-eun gug-iyo, palman-eun saduyeon-e geumnyeon-eun yeor-e du dal gwanyeon-eun yeor-e seok dal soweor-eun isip-gu il daeweor-eun seolheun nal-lyo. "O our sovereign and ruler! Gongsim gives to
2106-418: The phrase "Gongsim makes prostrations" is replaced by the similar-sounding "Gongsim is the mistress of ceremonies" ( Gongsim-eun jeryeju-yo ) or "Gongsim is the mistress of ritual" ( Gongsim-i jeju-yo ). The invocation is followed by a formulaic statement about Korean shamanic cosmology, generally explained with Buddhist terminology. The first major variant of this statement involves references to Korea or
2160-506: The regional and dialect distinctions that still exist. For example, a regional rivalry (akin to that between the Northeast United States and Southern United States ) exists between Gyeongsang and Jeolla residents, sites of the ancient kingdoms of Silla and Baekje respectively, due to historic, social, economic, and political differences, some of which have continued into the present day in more muted form. Most of
2214-484: The religion's historical legitimacy. The association of the first shaman with royal blood seeks to increase the religion's social prestige, for much the same reason that Princess Bari—another shamanic founder—is also a king's daughter. The peak of Namsan that the princess is connected to was the original seat of Guksa-dang , the most important shamanic temple in the city of Seoul and a major center of religious devotion. The place name Namsan "South Mountain" may also suggest
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2268-507: The shamans themselves. The entirety of the Gongseon-gaseon, as transcribed in a 1984 initiation ritual, is given below. 이~ 이~ 공선이라 공서는 공서는 가신 가신은 공서는 제주 남선 본입네다. 인부역 서가여레 서준낭 서준공서 말은 여쭙긴 전은 전광 절수퍼 드립네다. I—i—Gonseon-ira Gongseo-neun Gongseo-neun gasin gasin-eun Gongseo-neun Jeju Namseon bon-imneda. Inbuyeok Seoga-yeore seojun-nang seojun-Gongseo mar-eun yeojjupgin jeon-eun jeon'gwang jeolsupeo deurimneda. The Gongseon-gaseon
2322-480: The source of Jeju shamans' ritual authority) in the Gongsi-puri ritual, may also be connected to the mainland figure Gongsim. Southwestern Korea and Jeolla Province in particular are the source of the Gongsim myth. The Seoul and Jeju invocations referencing Gongsim or Gongseon reflect later southwestern influence. Both Seoul and Jeju have their own mythological histories of the origins of shamanism. Princess Bari
2376-532: The southwestern provinces of southern Gyeonggi , Chungcheong , Jeolla , and southern South Gyeongsang . This is also the only region where legends about Gongsim have been transcribed. The shamanic practices of this area constitute a coherent cultural tradition not only in the popularity of Gongsim, but in the favored style of shamanic music as well. In this area, the invocation generally begins by referring to "our monarch and ruler" ( awang imgeum ) or "our sovereign and ruler" ( ahwang imgeum ), followed by either
2430-468: The start of many rituals, identifying the princess as "our monarch and ruler" or "our sovereign and ruler" and Namsan as the "origin". The invocation also includes a statement about the princess which usually superficially appears to refer to a Buddhist temple or to prostration , but whose true meaning is disputed. The invocation has since spread north to Seoul shamanism and—in a highly divergent and largely uninterpretable form—south to Jeju Island . In Seoul,
2484-518: The start of one specific ritual to those who recite it at the beginning of virtually every rite. But usually, the invocation is made at the start of the first or second component rite of a multi-component ceremony. A formal prayer called the Gongseon-gaseon is part of the Chogam-je , a ceremony in which the shaman invites the gods to the ritual ground, and which initiates most rituals in the shamanism of southern Jeju Island . This prayer occurs between
2538-499: The statement that Gongsim "makes prostrations " ( jeol-hajiyo ) or that she "gives to the Buddhist temple" ( jeor-e juyo ). Namsan is then said to be the "origin" ( bon ). The following invocations, the first from Naju and the latter from Mokpo, are typical: 아왕 임금은 공심은 절허지요, 남산은 본이로다. Awang imgeum-eun Gongsim-eun jeol-heojiyo, Namsan-eun bon-iroda. "As for our monarch and ruler, Gongsim makes prostrations; Namsan
2592-462: The temple; Namsan is the origin. Korea is the country. Eighty thousand are the years of the Four Paths [to Buddhist enlightenment]. This year is ten and two months; last year was ten and three months. Short months are twenty-nine days; long months are thirty days. " The occasions believed to necessitate the Gongsim invocation vary greatly within the area, ranging from shamans who only sing it at
2646-455: The traditional provinces also had alternative regional names which are still used today (especially Honam , Yeongdong , and Yeongnam ), at least in speech, if not on paper. The term Paldo ("Eight Provinces") is itself often used as a shorthand to denote Korea as a whole, or to describe the traditional folk culture of Korea's regions. Thus, one sometimes finds such expressions as: Cf. the four Provinces of Ireland —where reference to
2700-495: The use of coal power to mitigate global warming and reduce air pollution. At 845 metres, Mount Gyeryong is the most notable elevation. It is located in a national park which is noted for its unique rock features. Apart from the stone formations there are a number of old temples. These include Gwanchok-sa, a temple which is home to the largest stone Buddha in Korea. In 1978 the Taean Marine National Park
2754-517: Was abolished. On May 26 of that year—as part of the Gabo Reform —the country was redivided into 23 districts, each named for the city or county that was its capital. (Each district name in the following list links to the article on the province from which the district was formed, and where more detailed information on the district is provided): The new system of districts did not last long, however, as one year later, on August 4, 1896,
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#17328008189062808-484: Was extended to the Tumen River . The country was reorganized into eight provinces: Chungcheong , Gangwon , Gyeonggi , Gyeongsang , Jeolla , P'unghae (renamed Hwanghae in 1417), P'yŏngan , and Yŏnggil (eventually renamed Hamgyŏng in 1509). For almost 500 years, the eight-province system remained virtually unchanged. In 1895 (the 32nd year of the reign of King Gojong ), the five-century-old provincial system
2862-413: Was opened. It includes some of the country's best bathing beaches, and Cheollipo Arboretum [1] which was created in 1966 by C. Ferris Miller and contains approximately 14,000 different plant species, including some rare and endangered species. In early 2007, the Republic of Korea government decided to create a special administrative district out of part of the present Chungcheongnam-do Province, near what
2916-415: Was the largest city of South Chungcheong until becoming a Metropolitan City in 1989, and the historic capital until the provincial government was relocated to Hongseong in 2012. South Chungcheong was established in 1896 from the province of Chungcheong , one of the Eight Provinces of Korea , consisting of the southwestern half of the territory. South Chungcheong was known as Chūsei-nan Prefecture during
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