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80-692: Tulipa gesneriana , the Didier's tulip or garden tulip , is a species of plant in the lily family , cultivated as an ornamental in many countries because of its large, showy flowers. This tall, late-blooming species has a single blooming flower and linear or broadly lanceolate leaves. This is a complex hybridized neo-species, and can also be called Tulipa × gesneriana . Most of the cultivars of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana . It has become naturalised in parts of central and southern Europe and scattered locations in North America . This hybrid

160-525: A phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants, as elaborated by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( APG ) made rapid progress in establishing a modern monophyletic classification of the flowering plants by 2009. Despite establishing this relative degree of monophyly (genetic homogeneity) for the family Liliaceae, their morphology remains diverse and there exists within

240-408: A contest to grow a black tulip in late seventeenth-century Haarlem . Fritillaria are also often used as floral emblems , for instance as the county flower of Oxfordshire , UK. Calochortus nuttallii , the sego lily, is the official state flower of Utah . Petaloid Although petals are usually the most conspicuous parts of animal-pollinated flowers, wind-pollinated species, such as

320-455: A distinction can be made between a lower narrowed, stalk-like basal part referred to as the claw, and a wider distal part referred to as the blade (or limb). Often, the claw and blade are at an angle with one another. Wind-pollinated flowers often have small, dull petals and produce little or no scent. Some of these flowers will often have no petals at all. Flowers that depend on wind pollination will produce large amounts of pollen because most of

400-495: A floral cup ( hypanthium ) above the ovary, and from which the petals proper extend. A petal often consists of two parts: the upper broader part, similar to a leaf blade, also called the blade; and the lower narrower part, similar to a leaf petiole , called the claw , separated from each other at the limb . Claws are distinctly developed in petals of some flowers of the family Brassicaceae , such as Erysimum cheiri . The inception and further development of petals show

480-542: A great number of genera now included in other families and in some cases in other orders. Consequently, many sources and descriptions labelled "Liliaceae" deal with the broader sense of the family. The family evolved approximately 68 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleogene epochs. Liliaceae are widely distributed, mainly in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and

560-540: A great variety of patterns. Petals of different species of plants vary greatly in colour or colour pattern, both in visible light and in ultraviolet. Such patterns often function as guides to pollinators and are variously known as nectar guides , pollen guides, and floral guides. The genetics behind the formation of petals, in accordance with the ABC model of flower development , are that sepals, petals, stamens , and carpels are modified versions of each other. It appears that

640-410: A mirror image. Most flowers are large and colourful, except for Medeoleae. Both the petals and sepals are usually similar and appear as two concentric groups (whorls) of 'petals', that are often striped or multi-coloured, and produce nectar at their bases. The stamens are usually in two groups of three (trimerous) and the pollen has a single groove (monosulcate). The ovary is placed above the attachment of

720-536: A more open environment (see Evolution ). The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or rhizomatous in the case of Medeoleae ) flowering plants with simple trichomes (root hairs) and contractile roots . The flowers may be arranged (inflorescence) along the stem, developing from the base, or as a single flower at the tip of the stem, or as a cluster of flowers. They contain both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics and are symmetric radially, but sometimes as

800-464: A narrower view of the Liliaceae (Liliaceae s.s. ). The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (APweb) recognizes three subfamilies, one of which is divided into two tribes. Various authorities (e.g. ITIS 16, GRIN 27, WCSP , NCBI , DELTA ) differ on the exact number of genera included in Liliaceae s.s. , but generally there are about fifteen to sixteen genera, depending on whether or not Amana

880-573: A number of places in Turkey called Laleli (‘with tulips’). Tulips first appeared in the decorative arts in Turkey in the thirteenth century and flourished under the Ottomans, in particular in the royal palaces , and was adopted by the Osmans as their symbol. Further species were collected from Persia and the spreading Ottoman Empire saw to it that tulip culture also spread. By the sixteenth century it

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960-421: A superior ovary . The leaves are linear in shape, with their veins usually arranged parallel to the edges, single and arranged alternating on the stem, or in a rosette at the base. Most species are grown from bulbs, although some have rhizomes . First described in 1789, the lily family became a paraphyletic "catch-all" ( wastebasket ) group of lilioid monocots that did not fit into other families and included

1040-500: A tradition of symbolism as well as becoming a popular female name , and a floral emblem , particularly of France ( fleur-de-lis ). The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces. However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the genus Lilium . The lily appears in ancient literature associated with both sovereignty and virginal innocence, and

1120-415: A variety of shapes acting to aid with the landing of the visiting insect and also influence the insect to brush against anthers and stigmas (parts of the flower). One such example of a flower is the pohutukawa ( Metrosideros excelsa ), which acts to regulate colour in a different way. The pohutukawa contains small petals also having bright large red clusters of stamens. Another attractive mechanism for flowers

1200-431: A wide range of cultivars have been developed by breeding and hybridisation . They are generally used in outdoor gardens and other displays, although in common with many bulbous flowering plants they are often induced to bloom indoors, particularly during the winter months. They also form a significant part of the cut flower market , in particular Tulipa and Lilium . Tulips have been cultivated since at least

1280-553: A wide range of colours, both pure and in combination. The largest area of production is also the Netherlands, with 76% of the global cultivated area, followed by France , Chile , Japan , the United States , New Zealand and Australia . Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying

1360-423: A wide variety of diseases and pests, including insects , such as thrips , aphids , beetles and flies . Also fungi , viruses and vertebrate animals such as mice and deer . An important horticultural and garden pest is the scarlet lily beetle (Japanese red lily beetle, Lilioceris lilii ) and other Lilioceris species which attack Fritillaria and Lilium . Lilium species may be food plants for

1440-425: Is Leonardo da Vinci 's Annunciation (1472–1475) in which the archangel Gabriel bears a Madonna lily. Other symbolic meanings include glory, love and birth. The stylised lily, or fleur-de-lis (lily flower) has long been associated with royalty, although it may originally have been derived from the form of an iris . It has also been associated with the head of a spear. Its three parts have been associated with

1520-492: Is diverse, mainly in plains , steppes , and alpine meadows , but also in deciduous forests , Mediterranean scrub and arctic tundra . Tulipa and Gagea provide examples of ornamental geophyte biomorphological types representing continental thermoperiodic zones ( Irano-Turanian region ), characterised by cessation of underground growth at high temperatures in early summer and requiring low winter temperatures for spring flowering. While some genera are shade-dwelling, such as

1600-632: Is included in Tulipa and Lloydia in Gagea . Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table: The largest genera are Gagea (200), Fritillaria (130), Lilium (110), and Tulipa (75 species), all within the tribe Lilieae. The name "Liliaceae" ( English: / ˌ l ɪ l i ˈ eɪ s i , - s i ˌ aɪ , - s i ˌ eɪ , - s i ˌ i / ) comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin , from Lilium ,

1680-585: Is less common but a popular cultivar is 'Pagoda' with its sulphur yellow flowers. Calochortus (mariposa lily) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars. Methods of propagation include both sexual and asexual reproduction . Commercial cultivars are usually sterile. Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create hybrids and can take five to eight years to produce flowering plants. Since interspecific cross-pollination occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids. Bulb offsets and tissue culture produce genetic clones of

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1760-596: Is mentioned on a number of occasions in the Bible , such as the description in Solomon's Song of Songs (2, 1–2) " I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys. Like a lily among thorns is my darling among the young women " or the Gospel of Mathew (6, 28) " Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin " to represent beauty. Artistic representations can be found as far back as frescos from

1840-480: Is the Netherlands , a country that accounts for 87% of the global cultivated area, with approximately 12,000 hectares . Other leading producers include Japan , France and Poland . Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips, largely for the domestic market . By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. Of these, 53% are used for

1920-702: Is the use of scents which are highly attractive to humans. One such example is the rose. On the other hand, some flowers produce the smell of rotting meat and are attractive to insects such as flies. Darkness is another factor that flowers have adapted to as nighttime conditions limit vision and colour-perception. Fragrancy can be especially useful for flowers that are pollinated at night by moths and other flying insects. Flowers are also pollinated by birds and must be large and colourful to be visible against natural scenery. In New Zealand, such bird–pollinated native plants include: kowhai ( Sophora species), flax ( Phormium tenax ) and kaka beak ( Clianthus puniceus ). Flowers adapt

2000-880: Is widely believed to have originated in Tian Shan of China, from the collections of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul, as is the case with other species of tulips that came into Europe . In 1574, Sultan Selim II ordered the Kadi of A‘azāz in Syria to send him 50,000 tulip bulbs. However, Harvey points out several problems with this source, and there is also the possibility that tulips and hyacinth ( sümbüll ), originally Indian spikenard ( Nardostachys jatamansi ) have been confused. Sultan Selim also imported 300,000 bulbs of Kefe Lale (also known as Cafe-Lale, from

2080-630: The Polygonum -type (a simple megaspore and triploid endosperm) embryo-sac. The development of a phylogenetic approach to taxonomy suggested the Liliales formed some of the earliest monocots. Molecular analysis indicates that divergence amongst the Liliales probably occurred around 82 million years ago. The closest sister family to the Liliaceae are the Smilacaceae with the Liliaceae separating 52 million years ago. Liliaceae thus arose during

2160-459: The Cosmia trapezina moth. A major pest of Tulips is the fungus, Botrytis tulipae . Both Lilium and Tulipa are susceptible to a group of five viruses of the family Potyviridae , specifically the potyvirus (named for potato virus Y ) group, which includes the tulip-breaking virus ( TBV ) and the lily streak virus (lily mottle virus, LMoV ) resulting in 'breaking' of the color of

2240-548: The Ottoman Empire in particular, and were revered in poetry, such as that of Omar Khayam in the twelfth century. Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of Persia , having been cultivated from the Steppes . As the Seljuks – Oghuz-Turkic leaders originated from the steppes – moved to Persia, and then west, they took tulips with them to Turkey , where many escaped cultivation and became naturalised . Today there are

2320-613: The Streptopoideae and Calochortoideae . Liliaceae fossils have been dated to the Paleogene and Cretaceous eras in the Antarctic . The Liliaceae probably arose as shade plants , with subsequent evolution to open areas including deciduous forest in the more open autumnal period, but then a return of some species (e.g. Cardiocrinum ). This was accompanied by a shift from rhizomes to bulbs , to more showy flowers,

2400-420: The grasses , either have very small petals or lack them entirely (apetalous). The collection of all petals in a flower is referred to as the corolla. The role of the corolla in plant evolution has been studied extensively since Charles Darwin postulated a theory of the origin of elongated corollae and corolla tubes. A corolla of separate petals, without fusion of individual segments, is apopetalous . If

2480-425: The order Liliales . They are monocotyledonous , perennial , herbaceous , often bulbous geophytes . Plants in this family have evolved with a fair amount of morphological diversity despite genetic similarity. Common characteristics include large flowers with parts arranged in threes: with six colored or patterned petaloid tepals (undifferentiated petals and sepals) arranged in two whorls , six stamens and

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2560-422: The pea family . In many plants of the aster family such as the sunflower, Helianthus annuus , the circumference of the flower head is composed of ray florets. Each ray floret is anatomically an individual flower with a single large petal. Florets in the centre of the disc typically have no or very reduced petals. In some plants such as Narcissus , the lower part of the petals or tepals are fused to form

2640-455: The phylogeny of the Liliaceae, but various schemes to divide the family gained little traction. Dahlgren (1985) suggested there were in fact forty – not one – families distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales ). In the context of a general review of the classification of angiosperms , the Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. Considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory enabled

2720-612: The type genus , + -aceae , a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word lilium , "lily", which in turn came from the Greek leírion ( λείριον ). The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere . The centre of diversity is from southwest Asia to China . Their distribution

2800-483: The 'broken' tulips were known as Rembrandt tulips at that time. Another modern variety is 'Princess Irene'. One of the tulip breaking viruses is also named the Rembrandt tulip-breaking virus (ReTBV). Many species of Lilieae (in genera Tulipa , Fritillaria , Lilium , and Erythronium ) and Calochortoideae ( Calochortus and Tricyrtis ) are grown as ornamental plants worldwide. Within these genera

2880-468: The Liliaceae clade or grouping, a number of subclades (subgroups). Particularly enigmatic were Clintonia , Medeola , Scoliopus , and Tricyrtis . Of the fifteen genera within the Liliaceae, the ten genera of the Lilioideae subfamily form one morphological group that is characterised by contractile bulbs and roots, and a Fritillaria-type embryo-sac (megagametophyte with four megaspores). Within

2960-452: The Liliaceae has a very complex history. The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. Modern taxonomic systems, such as the APG which is based on phylogenetic principles using molecular biology , have redistributed many of these genera resulting in

3040-597: The Liliaceae. Over time the family became increasingly broad and somewhat arbitrarily defined as all species of plants with six tepals and a superior ovary, eventually coming to encompass about 300 genera and 4,500 species within the order Liliales under the Cronquist system (1981). Cronquist merged the Liliaceae with the Amaryllidaceae , making this one of the largest monocotyledon families. Many other botanists echoed Lindley's earlier concerns about

3120-479: The Lilioideae, Clintonia and the closely related Medeola form a subclade, and are now considered a separate tribe ( Medeoleae ). The other major grouping consists of the five genera constituting the Streptopoideae (including Scoliopus ) and Calochortoideae (including Tricyrtis ) subfamilies characterised by creeping rhizomes, styles which are divided at their apices, and by megagametophyte development of

3200-786: The Medeoleae, and Streptopoideae, Tricyrtis , and Cardiocrinum , others prefer a more open habitat. The Liliaceae are ecologically diverse. Species of Liliaceae bloom at various times from spring to late summer. The colorful flowers produce large amounts of nectar and pollen that attract insects which pollinate them (entomophily), particularly bees and wasps (hymenopterophily), butterflies (psychophily) and moths (phalaenophily). The seeds are dispersed by wind and water. Some species (e.g. Scoliopus , Erythronium and Gagea ) have seeds with an aril structure that are dispersed by ants ( myrmecochory ). The proliferation of deer populations in many areas, due to human factors such as

3280-540: The Netherlands ( Hongerwinter , hunger winter 1944) led to using Tulipa bulbs as food. Calochortus bulbs were eaten by Native Americans and by the Mormon settlers in Utah during starvation. Other members of the family used for food include Clintonia (leaves), Medeola (roots), Erythronium (corms), and Fritillaria (bulbs). The type genus, Lily ( Lilium ), has a long history in literature and art, and

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3360-511: The Netherlands and all things Dutch. it was during this period that the tulipiere , a ceramic vase for growing tulips indoors was devised, and the Golden Age of Dutch Painting was replete with images of tulips. Although tulip festivals are held around the world in the spring, the most famous of these is the display at Keukenhof . One of the better-known novels on tulips is The Black Tulip by Alexandre Dumas, père in 1850, dealing with

3440-711: The bulbs may be consumed with little ill effect. The bulbs may be dried and pulverised and added to cereals or flour. The sweet-scented bisexual flowers appear during April and May. Bulbs are extremely resistant to frost and can tolerate temperatures well below freezing — a period of low temperature is necessary to induce proper growth and flowering, triggered by an increase in sensitivity to the phytohormone auxin . Anthocyanins have been found in various tulip flowers, such as Tulipa gesneriana , Tulipa fosteriana and Tulipa eichleri . Liliaceae sensu APWeb The lily family , Liliaceae , consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within

3520-401: The cultivated forms. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips, including Lily-flowered, Fringed, Viridiflora, and Rembrandt. In addition to blooming season, tulip varieties differ in shape and height, and exhibit

3600-415: The cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported. Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as Tulipa tarda and Tulipa turkestanica . These are referred to as species, or botanical, tulips , and tend to be smaller plants but better at naturalising than

3680-472: The decorative arts. They are also an economically important product. Most of their genera, Lilium in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic. The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to

3760-587: The direction north, as well as the Scouting movement. Tulips ( Tulipa ) also have a long cultural tradition, particularly in the Islamic world. The Persian word for tulips, lâleh ( لاله ), was borrowed into Turkish and Arabic as lale . In Arabic letters , lale is written with the same letters as Allah , and is used to denote God symbolically. Tulips became widely used in decorative motifs on tiles , fabrics , and ceramics in Islamic art and

3840-504: The domestic market. The Netherlands produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the European Union . One particularly important crop is the production of Lilium longiflorum , whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter. Although many Lilium species such as Lilium martagon and Lilium candidum can be obtained commercially,

3920-479: The elimination of their animal predators and introduction to alien environments, is placing considerable herbivory pressure on many of the family's species. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas. Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant. Liliaceae are subject to

4000-562: The family, and that it had expanded vastly, with many subdivisions. As he saw it, the Liliaceae were already paraphyletic ("catch-all"), being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. He recognized 133 genera and 1200 species. By the time of the next major British classification – that of Bentham and Hooker in 1883 (published in Latin) – several of Lindley's other families had already been absorbed into

4080-432: The flower/petals are important in selecting the type of pollinators they need. For example, large petals and flowers will attract pollinators at a large distance or that are large themselves. Collectively, the scent, colour, and shape of petals all play a role in attracting/repelling specific pollinators and providing suitable conditions for pollinating. Some pollinators include insects, birds, bats, and wind. In some petals,

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4160-516: The flowers are insect pollinated. Many Liliaceae are important ornamental plants , widely grown for their attractive flowers and involved in a major floriculture of cut flowers and dry bulbs. Some species are poisonous if eaten and can have adverse health effects in humans and household pets. A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value, and appear frequently in paintings and

4240-585: The flowers. The viruses are transmitted by aphids . This breaking effect was of economic importance during the tulip mania of the seventeenth century, because it appeared to be producing new varieties. In modern times tulip breeders have produced varieties that mimic the effect of the virus, without being infected. One of these varieties is known as 'Rembrandt', after the Dutch artist of that name . Contemporary tulip owners commonly had Rembrandt and other artists paint their flowers to preserve them for posterity, hence

4320-552: The history of Liliaceae, many species such as Watsonia (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus Lilium , or the family Liliaceae. A variety of Fritillaria species are used as early spring ornamental flowers. These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva-vulpis with their chequered patterns. Erythronium

4400-699: The late ( Maastrichtian ) Cretaceous to early ( Paleocene ) Paleogene periods. Major evolutionary clades include the Lilieae ( Lilium , Fritillaria , Nomocharis , Cardiocrinum , Notholirion ) from the Himalayas about 12 mya and the Tulipeae ( Erythronium , Tulipa , Gagea ) from East Asia at about the same time. The Medeoleae ( Clintonia and Medeola ) may have appeared in North America but were subsequently dispersed, as may have

4480-452: The majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program, which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification, including such groupings as Asian, Oriental and Orienpet. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn. Because of

4560-427: The mechanism on their petals to change colour in acting as a communicative mechanism for the bird to visit. An example is the tree fuchsia ( Fuchsia excorticata ), which are green when needing to be pollinated and turn red for the birds to stop coming and pollinating the flower. Flowers can be pollinated by short-tailed bats. An example of this is the dactylanthus ( Dactylanthus taylorii ). This plant has its home under

4640-411: The mechanisms to form petals evolved very few times (perhaps only once), rather than evolving repeatedly from stamens. Pollination is an important step in the sexual reproduction of higher plants. Pollen is produced by the male flower or by the male organs of hermaphroditic flowers. Pollen does not move on its own and thus requires wind or animal pollinators to disperse the pollen to the stigma of

4720-590: The medieval name Kaffa, probably Tulipa schrenkii ) from the port of Kefe in Crimea , for his gardens in the Topkapı Sarayı in Istanbul . They are hybridized with other species present in the collections. Tulipa schrenkii is genetically very closely related to Tulipa gesneriana , and sometimes classified in the same species. Tulipa gesneriana was introduced to western Europe from Constantinople in 1554. It

4800-484: The other parts (superior). There are three fused carpels (syncarpus) with one to three chambers (locules), a single style and a three-lobed stigma. The embryo sac is of the Fritillaria type. The fruit is generally a wind dispersed capsule, but occasionally a berry (Medeoleae) which is dispersed by animals. The leaves are generally simple and elongated with veins parallel to the edges, arranged singly and alternating on

4880-1024: The parent plant and thus maintaining genetic integrity of the cultivars . Bulb offsets usually require at least a year before flowering. Commercially, plants may be propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. While members of the Liliaceae s.s. have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are poisonous to household pets (bulb toxicosis) if eaten and may cause serious complications, such as kidney failure in cats from Lilies, particularly Lilium longiflorum (Easter Lily). Dogs may develop less serious effects such as gastrointestinal problems and central nervous system depression. Most Fritillaria (e.g. Fritillaria imperialis , Fritillaria meleagris ) bulbs contain poisonous neurotoxic alkaloids such as imperialin (peiminine), which may be deadly if ingested in quantity, while other species such as Fritillaria camschatcensis and Fritillaria affinis are edible. Tulips can cause skin irritation due to

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4960-514: The petals are essentially identical in size and shape, the flower is said to be regular or actinomorphic (meaning "ray-formed"). Many flowers are symmetrical in only one plane (i.e., symmetry is bilateral) and are termed irregular or zygomorphic (meaning "yoke-" or "pair-formed"). In irregular flowers, other floral parts may be modified from the regular form, but the petals show the greatest deviation from radial symmetry. Examples of zygomorphic flowers may be seen in orchids and members of

5040-775: The petals are free from one another in the corolla, the plant is polypetalous or choripetalous ; while if the petals are at least partially fused, it is gamopetalous or sympetalous . In the case of fused tepals, the term is syntepalous . The corolla in some plants forms a tube. Petals can differ dramatically in different species. The number of petals in a flower may hold clues to a plant's classification. For example, flowers on eudicots (the largest group of dicots ) most frequently have four or five petals while flowers on monocots have three or six petals, although there are many exceptions to this rule. The petal whorl or corolla may be either radially or bilaterally symmetrical (see Symmetry in biology and Floral symmetry ). If all of

5120-531: The petals in aiding the pollinator towards the nectar. Pollinators have the ability to determine specific flowers they wish to pollinate. Using incentives, flowers draw pollinators and set up a mutual relation between each other in which case the pollinators will remember to always guard and pollinate these flowers (unless incentives are not consistently met and competition prevails). The petals could produce different scents to allure desirable pollinators or repel undesirable pollinators. Some flowers will also mimic

5200-399: The pollen scattered by the wind tends to not reach other flowers. Flowers have various regulatory mechanisms to attract insects. One such helpful mechanism is the use of colour guiding marks. Insects such as the bee or butterfly can see the ultraviolet marks which are contained on these flowers, acting as an attractive mechanism which is not visible towards the human eye. Many flowers contain

5280-678: The presence of tuliposides and tulipalins, which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of Fritillaria . These are also toxic to a variety of animals. Fritillaria extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name chuan bei mu , and in Latin, bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae . The bulbs of Fritillaria roylei have been used as antipyretics and expectorants . Lilium bulbs, particularly Lanzhou lily ( Lilium davidii ) are used as food in China and other parts of Asia. During World War II , starvation conditions in

5360-430: The production of capsular fruit and narrower parallel-veined leaves. Again, some reversal to the broader reticulate-veined leaves occurred (e.g. Cardiocrinum ). Due to the diversity of the originally broadly defined Liliaceae s.l. , many attempts have been made to form suprageneric classifications, e.g. subfamilies and tribes . Classifications published since the use of molecular methods in phylogenetics have taken

5440-514: The relatively small family that is currently recognised. Consequently, there are many different accounts of the Liliaceae in the literature and older uses of the term occur commonly. To distinguish between them, the Latin terms sensu lato and sensu stricto are frequently used (together with their abbreviations, s.l. and s.s. ) to denote the broader or stricter sense of the circumscription respectively, e.g. Liliaceae s.s. . The family Liliaceae

5520-420: The same or nearby flowers. However, pollinators are rather selective in determining the flowers they choose to pollinate. This develops competition between flowers and as a result flowers must provide incentives to appeal to pollinators (unless the flower self-pollinates or is involved in wind pollination). Petals play a major role in competing to attract pollinators. Henceforth pollination dispersal could occur and

5600-407: The scents produced by materials such as decaying meat, to attract pollinators to them. Various colour traits are used by different petals that could attract pollinators that have poor smelling abilities, or that only come out at certain parts of the day. Some flowers can change the colour of their petals as a signal to mutual pollinators to approach or keep away. Furthermore, the shape and size of

5680-691: The second century BC, at Amnisos and Knossos . Early Christian churches, such as that of the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe were sometimes decorated with lilies. While predominantly depicted as white, those seen at Akrotiri are red lilies. The white lily has long been seen as a symbol of purity, coming to be associated with the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages , from which came the name ‘Madonna lily’ ( Lilium candidum ). A well-known example

5760-547: The seventeenth century, and became an important trading item, initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands. Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637, similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era. Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with

5840-683: The stem, but may form a rosette at the base of the stem. Characteristics often vary by habitat, between shade-dwelling genera (such as Prosartes , Tricyrtis , Cardiocrinum , Clintonia , Medeola , Prosartes , and Scoliopus ) and sun loving genera. Shade-dwelling genera usually have broader leaves with smooth edges and net venation, and fleshy fruits ( berries ) with animal-dispersed seeds, rhizomes , and small, inconspicuous flowers while genera native to sunny habitats usually have narrow, parallel-veined leaves, capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds, bulbs, and large, visually conspicuous flowers. (See also Evolution ). The taxonomy of

5920-414: The survival of many species of flowers could prolong. Petals have various functions and purposes depending on the type of plant. In general, petals operate to protect some parts of the flower and attract/repel specific pollinators. This is where the positioning of the flower petals are located on the flower is the corolla e.g. the buttercup having shiny yellow flower petals which contain guidelines amongst

6000-513: The tenth century in Persia . Tulip production has two main markets: cut flowers and bulbs . The latter are used, in turn, to meet the demand for bulbs for parks, gardens, and home use and, secondly, to provide the necessary bulbs for cut flower production. International trade in cut flowers has an approximate total value of 11 billion euros , which provides an indication of the economic importance of this activity. The main producer of tulip bulbs

6080-588: The three classes of mediaeval society, or alternatively faith, wisdom and chivalry. Whatever its exact derivation, it has come to be associated with France and the French monarchy since the earliest Frankish kings. Consequently, it became incorporated into not only French heraldry but also into many heraldic devices in jurisdictions where there had been historic French influence, such as Quebec and New Orleans . In modern times it appears in many forms, symbolic and decorative, and can be used on compasses to indicate

6160-509: Was a national symbol, hence the designation " Tulip era ", by which time they were becoming of economic importance. By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to Antwerp , where they were mistaken for vegetables, although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the Netherlands in 1625. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in

6240-405: Was described by Michel Adanson in 1763 and formally named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789. Jussieu defined this grouping as having a calyx of six equal colored parts, six stamens , a superior ovary , single style , and a trilocular (three-chambered) capsule . By 1845, John Lindley , the first English systematist , unhappily acknowledged the great diversity in the circumscription of

6320-564: Was first described in 1559 by Conrad Gesner . When the tulip originally arrived in Europe from the Ottoman Empire, its popularity soared and it quickly became a status symbol for the newly wealthy merchants of the Dutch Golden Age . As a mosaic virus began to infect bulbs, producing rare and spectacular effects in the bloom but weakening and destroying the already limited number of bulbs, a speculative frenzy now known as tulip mania

6400-601: Was triggered between 1634 and 1637. Bulbs were exchanged for land, livestock, and houses, and the Dutch created futures markets where contracts to buy bulbs at the end of the season were bought and sold. A single bulb, the Semper Augustus , fetched 6,000 florins in Haarlem — at that time, a florin could purchase a bushel of wheat. The flower and bulb can cause dermatitis through the allergen , tuliposide A, even though

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