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86-624: According to the Institut Géographique National from 1 January 2007 until July 2013 the geographic centre of the European Union was located on a wheat field outside the town. Gelnhausen is located on the German Fairy Tale Route , a tourist route. Gelnhausen was founded by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1170, it is therefore nicknamed " Barbarossastadt ". The place was chosen because it

172-533: A Lockheed AC-130 from the list of armaments requested for the operation. Powell took an early resignation from his tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on September 30, 1993. The following year President Clinton sent newly-retired Powell, together with former President Jimmy Carter and Senator Sam Nunn, to visit Haiti in an effort to persuade General Raoul Cédras and the ruling junta to abdicate in favor of former Haitian President Aristide, under

258-607: A ceremony at his ranch in Crawford, Texas on December 16, 2000. This made Powell the first person to formally accept a Cabinet post in the Bush administration, as well the first black United States secretary of state . As secretary of state, Powell was perceived as moderate. Powell was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate by voice vote on January 20, 2001, and ceremonially sworn in on January 26. Over

344-833: A commission as an Army second lieutenant ; at this time, the Army was newly desegregated (see: Executive Order 9981 ) . He underwent training in the state of Georgia , where he was refused service in bars and restaurants because of the color of his skin . After attending basic training at Fort Benning , Powell was assigned to the 48th Infantry , in West Germany , as a platoon leader . From 1960 to 1962, he served as group liaison officer, company executive officer, and commander of Company A, 1st Battle Group, 4th Infantry, 2nd Infantry Brigade, 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Devens , Massachusetts. Captain Powell served

430-411: A few years time". In a press statement on February 24, 2001, Powell had said that sanctions against Iraq had prevented the development of any weapons of mass destruction by Saddam Hussein . Powell favored involving the international community in the invasion, as opposed to a unilateral approach . Powell's chief role was to garner international support for a multi-national coalition to mount

516-596: A form of blood cancer that damaged his immune system . Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937, in Harlem , a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan . He was born to Jamaican immigrants Maud Ariel (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell. His parents were both of mixed African and Scottish ancestry. Luther worked as a shipping clerk and Maud as a seamstress . Powell

602-443: A framed quotation by President Abraham Lincoln . The quote was "I can make a brigadier general in five minutes. But it's not so easy to replace one hundred ten horses." Taped to the back of the frame was an envelope with instructions that it not be opened for ten years. When Powell opened the note in 1989, after he had become Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he read Purviance's prediction that Powell would become Chief of Staff of

688-544: A hypothetical match-up proposed to voters in the exit polls conducted on Election Day. Despite not standing in the race, Powell won the Republican New Hampshire Vice-Presidential primary on write-in votes. In 1997, Powell founded America's Promise with the objective of helping children from all socioeconomic sectors. That same year saw the establishment of The Colin L. Powell Center for Leadership and Service . The mission of

774-575: A major line between Frankfurt and Fulda . Regional services from Frankfurt to Fulda or Wächtersbach stop in Gelnhausen. Like many American soldiers, in 1959 Colin Powell , then lieutenant of the 3rd Armored Division , served at Coleman Kaserne . A street was named after him. During the Second Gulf War , there was some discussion about renaming the street because of Germany's stance on

860-752: A meeting of foreign ministers of the Organization of American States . After the September 11 attacks , Powell's job became of critical importance in managing the United States of America's relationships with foreign countries to secure a stable coalition in the War on Terrorism . My second purpose today is ... to share with you what the United States knows about Iraq's weapons of mass destruction ... Iraq's behavior demonstrate that Saddam Hussein and his regime have made no effort ... to disarm as required by

946-698: A number of arms treaties with Mikhail Gorbachev , the leader of the Soviet Union . In April 1989, after his tenure with the National Security Council , Powell was promoted to four-star general under President George H. W. Bush and briefly served as the Commander in Chief , Forces Command (FORSCOM), headquartered at Fort McPherson, Georgia , overseeing all active U.S. Army regulars, U.S. Army Reserve , and National Guard units in

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1032-521: A peg or two. Fall on your damn sword and kill yourself, and I'll be happy, too." In September 2005, Powell was asked about the speech during an interview with Barbara Walters and responded that it was a "blot" on his record. He went on to say, "It will always be a part of my record. It was painful. It's painful now." Wilkerson later said that he inadvertently participated in a hoax on the American people in preparing Powell's erroneous testimony before

1118-430: A possible North Korean attack, and made them repeatedly watch the television film Brian's Song to promote racial harmony. Powell always professed that what set Emerson apart was his great love of his soldiers and concern for their welfare. After a race riot occurred, in which African-American soldiers almost killed a white officer, Powell was charged by Emerson to crack down on black militants ; Powell's efforts led to

1204-868: A similar style to GoogleEarth. To use this function, it is necessary to install the plugin TerraExplorer . From 1 January 2012, the Institut Géographique National merged with the Inventaire forestier national to form the Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière , keeping the same IGN acronym. Colin Powell Colin Luther Powell ( / ˈ k oʊ l ɪ n ˈ p aʊ ə l / KOH -lin POW -əl ; April 5, 1937 – October 18, 2021)

1290-464: A tour in Vietnam as a South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) advisor from 1962 to 1963. While on patrol in a Viet Cong -held area, he was wounded by stepping on a punji stake . The large infection made it difficult for him to walk, and caused his foot to swell for a short time, shortening his first tour. Powell returned to Vietnam as a major in 1968, serving as assistant chief of staff of operations for

1376-571: Is considerable with more than 12 million km ² being covered. The independence of these countries will have as a consequence the creation of national services in each country (examples: DTGC in Senegal, IGN-N in Niger). To carry out the aerial survey task, the IGN was equipped in 1948 with several ex USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses, specially modified for the task. They were based at Creil airfield to

1462-592: Is responsible for the management and updating of: It has to lead research, and to take part in the standardization process in the field of geographical information. It has to manage ENSG, and the documentation service about its products, techniques and services. A group of French public administrations, in partnership with the IGN, establish the Large Scale Reference ( Référentiel à grande échelle , RGE): orthophoto , topography , cadastral survey and address databases which can be superimposed on all

1548-802: The 2016 United States presidential election , Powell, who was not a candidate, received three electoral votes from Washington state for the office of President of the United States. He won numerous U.S. and foreign military awards and decorations. His civilian awards included the Presidential Medal of Freedom (twice), the Congressional Gold Medal , the Presidential Citizens Medal , and the Secretary's Distinguished Service Award . Powell died from complications of COVID-19 in 2021, while being treated for

1634-517: The 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division . During the second tour in Vietnam he was decorated with the Soldier's Medal for bravery after he survived a helicopter crash and single-handedly rescued three others, including division commander Major General Charles M. Gettys , from the burning wreckage. Soldiers actively hunted, herded, and killed elderly people, children, infants, and raped women while other Soldiers [ sic ] looked on and did nothing to stop

1720-664: The Bosnian crisis , as he opposed any military intervention that did not involve U.S. interests. Powell also regularly clashed with Secretary of Defense Leslie Aspin , whom he was initially hesitant to support after Aspin was nominated by President Clinton. During a lunch meeting between Powell and Aspin in preparation of Operation Gothic Serpent , Aspin was more focused on eating salad than listening and paying attention to Powell's presentation on military operations. The incident caused Powell to grow more irritated towards Aspin and led to his early resignation on September 30, 1993. Powell

1806-684: The City College of New York in 1958 and said that he was a "C average" student. "I wasn't doing well in civil engineering". While at CCNY, Powell shifted his study focus to the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and became a "straight A student" in it; he held the distinction of being the first chairman to have attained his commission through the ROTC. Powell also graduated from George Washington University with an MBA in 1971 and an honorary doctor of public service in 1990. Powell

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1892-525: The Continental U.S. , Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. He became the third general since World War II to reach four-star rank without ever serving as a division commander, joining Dwight D. Eisenhower and Alexander Haig . Later that year, President George H. W. Bush selected him as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Powell's last military assignment, from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1993,

1978-625: The Dépôt de la Guerre . The old maps produced by the SGA were divided into two batches: one which remained at the Institute and one which joined the military files of Vincennes . The general Louis Hurault, who was at the origin of these modifications, was the first director of the IGN. He tried, in vain, to recover the material shared by the Germans. A law in ten articles is signed the 14 in order to define

2064-576: The French Ministry of Equipment, Transport, Town and Country Planning, Tourism and Sea . Its missions are fixed by decrees. State subsidies represent 51% of the budget, and sales 49%. The IGN runs four laboratories to research geographical information acquisition, production, distribution and applications. It also runs its own school to teach techniques to its staff and other students: École nationale des sciences géographiques (English: National School of Geographical Sciences) or ENSG. The IGN

2150-595: The National War College , Washington, D.C. In his autobiography, My American Journey , Powell named several officers he served under who inspired and mentored him. As a lieutenant colonel commanding 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry in South Korea, Powell was very close to his division commander, Major General Henry "Gunfighter" Emerson , whom he regarded as one of the most caring officers he ever met. Emerson insisted his troops train at night to fight

2236-635: The Powell Doctrine , which limits American military action unless it satisfies criteria regarding American national security interests, overwhelming force, and widespread public support. He served as secretary of state under Republican president George W. Bush . As secretary of state, Powell gave a presentation to the United Nations Security Council regarding the rationale for the Iraq War , but he later admitted that

2322-468: The 1968 Mỹ Lai massacre . Powell wrote: "In direct refutation of this portrayal is the fact that relations between Americal soldiers and the Vietnamese people are excellent." Later, Powell's assessment would be described as whitewashing the news of the massacre, and questions would continue to remain undisclosed to the public. In May 2004, Powell said to television and radio host Larry King , "I

2408-401: The 1991 Persian Gulf War . During these events, Powell earned the nickname "the reluctant warrior" – although Powell himself disputed this label, and spoke in favor of the first Bush administration's Gulf War policies. As a military strategist , Powell advocated an approach to military conflicts that maximizes the potential for success and minimizes casualties. A component of this approach is

2494-503: The DeYoung biography and quoted JINSA's then-executive director, Thomas Neumann, as "surprised" Powell "would single out a Jewish group when naming those who supported the war." Neumann said, "I am not accusing Powell of anything, but these are words that the antisemites will use in the future". Once Saddam Hussein had been deposed, Powell's renewed role was to once again establish a working international coalition, this time to assist in

2580-646: The French territory, with a 1-meter resolution . Covering the whole French territory: The IGN is also in charge of the Géoportail . The associated shop Le Monde des Cartes at 50 Rue de la Verrerie in Paris closed in 2017. The IGN is the successor to the Geographical Service of the Army (Service Géographique de L’Armée or SGA), which was founded in 1887 and disbanded in 1940, itself a successor to

2666-465: The IGN apart from the French territory also develops by the control geodesic project(Ecuador 1975, Libya 1979, Saudi Arabia 1981), of cartography (Saudi Arabia, Burundi, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin...). 1982 to 1988, the control of a large topometric project and numerical cartography in Riyadh is the occasion to massively introduce digital techniques into the processing production; in parallel,

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2752-460: The IGN develops the concept of Reference frame on a Large Scale (référentiel à grande échelle = RGE); it is a question of completing within a deadline short digitalization the cartography of the French territory with a meter scale and according to four components: topography, land registry and address. This RGE is entirely completed at the end of 2008. Then it enter in a cycle of maintenance in June 2006,

2838-476: The IGN opened the service Géoportail allowing the cartographic visualization of the French territory on a Web navigator and using on one hand funds of air photographs and on the other hand the digitized maps to the 1/25 000. "Phase 2" of Géoportail was put on line one year later, with a new ergonomics. At the end of 2006, the IGN was involved in the production of a receiver GPS , for the excursion and automobile navigation, called Evadeo. The software of navigation

2924-458: The IGN were in contact with the services of allied information based in London. In secret, they brought a complete set of maps to London covering France and North Africa in order to replace maps destroyed in a bombardment. The agents of the IGN took an active part in armed resistance in 1943. Several agents were shot by the Germans or died in action. Between September 1944 and on 8 May 1945, the IGN

3010-491: The Pentagon, with Meyer appointing Powell as assistant division commander for operations and training of the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson, Colorado under Major General John W. Hudachek. After he left Fort Carson, Powell became the senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger , whom he assisted during the 1983 invasion of Grenada and the 1986 airstrike on Libya . Under Weinberger, Powell

3096-501: The Republican nomination, Powell endorsed him for president and spoke at the 2000 Republican National Convention . Bush won the general election and appointed Powell as secretary of state in 2001. In the electoral college vote count of 2016 , Powell received three votes for president from faithless electors from the state of Washington. President-elect George W. Bush named Powell as his nominee to be secretary of state in

3182-562: The Republican vice presidential nominee, Powell eventually declared himself a Republican and began to campaign for Republican candidates in 1995. He was touted as a possible opponent of Bill Clinton in the 1996 U.S. presidential election , possibly capitalizing on a split conservative vote in Iowa and even leading New Hampshire polls for the GOP nomination, but Powell declined, citing a lack of passion for politics. Powell defeated Clinton 50–38 in

3268-568: The Romans , in condominium with the counts of Hohnstein , who sold their share to Schwarzburg in 1431. Schwarzburg was acquired in 1435 by Elector Palatine Louis III and the Hanau , since raised to a county. Repeated plundering in the Thirty Years' War as depicted by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen in his novel Simplicius Simplicissimus made it nearly uninhabitable. In 1736,

3354-597: The United Nations Security Council. As recounted in Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell , in 2001 before 9/11, Richard A. Clarke , a National Security Council holdover from the Clinton administration, pushed the new Bush administration for action against al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, a move opposed by Paul Wolfowitz who advocated for the creation of a "U.S.-protected, opposition-run 'liberated' enclave around

3440-615: The United States Army . Powell wrote that he kept the Lincoln quote as a reminder to remain humble despite his rank and position. Powell retained his role as the now-senior military assistant into the presidency of Ronald Reagan , serving under Claytor's successor as deputy secretary of defense, Frank Carlucci . Powell and Carlucci formed a close friendship, referring to each by first names in private, as Powell refused any sort of first-name basis in an official capacity. It

3526-568: The activities of Powell and others in concealing the notes "seemed corrupt enough to meet the new, poorly defined test of obstruction ." Following his resignation as Secretary of Defense, Weinberger was indicted on five felony charges, including one count Obstruction of Congress for concealing the notes. Powell was never indicted by the Independent Counsel in connection with the Iran-Contra affair. In 1986, Powell took over

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3612-530: The case for the 2003 invasion of Iraq . A 2004 report by the Iraq Survey Group concluded that the evidence that Powell offered to support the allegation that the Iraqi government possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) was inaccurate. As early as 2000 on the day Powell was nominated to be Secretary of State he told the press "Saddam is sitting on a failed regime that is not going to be around in

3698-481: The center is to "prepare new generations of publicly engaged leaders from populations previously underrepresented in public service and policy circles, to build a strong culture of civic engagement at City College, and to mobilize campus resources to meet pressing community needs and serve the public good." Powell was mentioned as a potential candidate in the 2000 U.S. presidential election , but again decided against running. Once Texas Governor George W. Bush secured

3784-440: The cities, the data base of leveling distribution, the data base of geodesic distribution, the aerial missions data base and the toponyms data base were progressively established . The "Topo data base", bases of topographic data digitized, covers from now on the whole of France and includes nearly two million toponyms. Its activities abroad begin into 1986 within a new subsidiary private company IGN France International. From 2000,

3870-522: The command of V Corps in Frankfurt, Germany, from Robert Lewis "Sam" Wetzel . The next year, he served as United States Deputy National Security Advisor , under Frank Carlucci . Following the Iran–Contra scandal, Powell became, at the age of 49, Ronald Reagan 's National Security Advisor , serving from 1987 to 1989 while retaining his Army commission as a lieutenant general . He helped negotiate

3956-505: The course of his tenure he traveled less than any other U.S. Secretary of State in thirty years. This is partly attributed to a letter from former diplomat George F. Kennan , who advised Powell to focus on his duties as the president's principal foreign policy advisor and avoid trips that risked undercutting the duties of the ambassadors . On September 11, 2001, Powell was in Lima , Peru, meeting with President Alejandro Toledo and attending

4042-451: The discharge of one soldier, and other efforts to reduce racial tensions. During 1976–1977 he commanded the 2nd Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division . Powell subsequently served as the junior military assistant to deputy secretaries of defense Charles Duncan and Graham Claytor , receiving a promotion to brigadier general on June 1, 1979. At the ceremony, he received from Secretary Harold Brown's protocol officer, Stuart Purviance,

4128-661: The effort to upgrade Benavidez's medal and provided the necessary sworn statement; the upgrade to the Medal of Honor was approved in December 1980. Powell also declined an offer from Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh Jr. to be his under secretary due to his reluctance to assume a political appointment; James R. Ambrose was selected instead. Intent on attaining a division command, Powell petitioned Carlucci and Army chief of staff Edward C. Meyer for reassignment away from

4214-617: The extinction of the comital line of Hanau meant the condominium share was inherited by the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , who acquired the Palatinate's share ten years later. The varying lords made continued attempts to challenge Gelnhausen's imperial immediacy , it however formally remained a Reichsstadt . During the German Mediatisation of 1803 the city became a part of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , which

4300-548: The functions of the IGN. The statutes had been signed the 8. This established the national School of geographical sciences in order to train Cartographical engineers. During the Second World War, the IGN became famous for its counterfeiters. The cartographers are indeed experts in penmanship and the material necessary to the production of fake identity papers was available to the institute. Certain engineers of

4386-409: The idea of a topoland data base emerges at meetings of the "national Commission of the geographical information" chaired by Guy Lengagne; this commission returns his report in 1983 and outlines numerical geographical information then in agreement with the period of the basic map with 1:25 000.Publicly owned establishment related to administration since 1 January 1967, it is placed under the supervision of

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4472-435: The informant known as Curveball . Powell later recounted how Vice President Dick Cheney had joked with him before he gave the speech, telling him, "You've got high poll ratings; you can afford to lose a few points." Powell's longtime aide-de-camp and Chief of Staff from 1989 to 2003, Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson , later characterized Cheney's view of Powell's mission as to "go up there and sell it, and we'll have moved forward

4558-409: The intense debate that went on behind the scenes on what to include in Powell's speech. State Department analysts had found dozens of factual problems in drafts of the speech. Some of the claims were taken out, but others were left in, such as claims based on the yellowcake forgery . The administration came under fire for having acted on faulty intelligence, particularly that which was single-sourced to

4644-405: The international community. Indeed, the facts and Iraq's behavior show that Saddam Hussein and his regime are concealing their efforts to produce more weapons of mass destruction ... every statement I make today is backed up by sources, solid sources. These are not assertions. What we're giving you are facts and conclusions based on solid intelligence. Powell came under fire for his role in building

4730-506: The invasion. To this end, Powell addressed a plenary session of the United Nations Security Council on February 5, 2003, to argue in favor of military action. Citing numerous anonymous Iraqi defectors, Powell asserted that "there can be no doubt that Saddam Hussein has biological weapons and the capability to rapidly produce more, many more." Powell also stated that there was "no doubt in my mind" that Saddam

4816-465: The law. Despite this, thousands of TOW missiles and hundreds of Hawk missiles and spare parts were transferred from Israel to Iran until the venture was exposed in a Lebanese magazine, Ash-Shiraa , in November 1986. According to Iran-Contra Independent Counsel Lawrence E. Walsh , when questioned by Congress, Powell "had given incomplete answers" concerning notes withheld by Weinberger and that

4902-500: The massacre. An estimated 350 to 500 unarmed civilians died in My Lai ... MAJ Colin Powell, a recently assigned Deputy G3, investigated the allegations described in the [Glen] letter. He proved unable to uncover either wide-spread unnecessary killings, war crimes, or any facts related to My Lai ... Powell was charged with investigating a detailed letter by 11th Light Infantry Brigade soldier Tom Glen, which backed up rumored allegations of

4988-463: The membership of the IGN to the Ministry of works and create the "geographical Section of staff of the Army", new section in charge of the military map. In 1947, the IGN receives the mission of covering the whole France, but also all the dependents' territories, like North Africa, Western Africa, Madagascar, the countries associated with Indochina and the departments and overseas territories. The task

5074-478: The ministry for Transport, the equipment, tourism and the sea. In 1971, the IGN and the CNES form the "Group of research of geodesic space". This collaboration between the IGN and the CNES continues with the launching of the program SPOT the 5. The launching of satellite SPOT-1 takes place the 22.Six days after take SPOT-1 in orbit, the IGN create its programme of "data bases launches", the "data bases". The data base of

5160-474: The north of Paris. The aircraft were replaced by French-built Hurel-Dubois HD.34 twin engined survey aircraft in the late 1950s. The IGN then initiates a period of active co-operation with the majority of these organizations by providing some engineers of the IGN and also receive the students of the ENSG who intended to become the executives of the cartographic services of new independent countries. The activity of

5246-491: The now-senior military assistant Powell's experience in military matters made him a very popular figure with both American political parties. Many Democrats admired his moderate stance on military matters, while many Republicans saw him as a great asset associated with the successes of past Republican administrations. Put forth as a potential Democratic vice presidential nominee in the 1992 U.S. presidential election or even potentially replacing Vice President Dan Quayle as

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5332-458: The rebuilding of post-war Iraq. On September 13, 2004, Powell testified before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee , acknowledging that the sources who provided much of the information in his February 2003 UN presentation were "wrong" and that it was "unlikely" that any stockpiles of WMDs would be found. Claiming that he was unaware that some intelligence officials questioned the information prior to his presentation, Powell pushed for reform in

5418-421: The road to peace in Jerusalem." A review of Soldier by Tim Rutten criticized Powell's remarks as a "blot on his record", accusing Powell of slandering "neoconservatives in the Defense Department – nearly all of them Jews" with "old and wholly unmeritorious allegations of dual loyalty". A 2007 article about fears that Jewish groups "will be accused of driving America into a war with the regime in Tehran" cited

5504-415: The southern Iraqi city of Basra". Powell referred to Wolfowitz and other top members of Donald Rumsfeld's staff "as the 'JINSA crowd,' " in reference to the pro-Israel Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs . Again invoking "the JINSA crowd" Powell also attributed the decision to go to war in Iraq in 2003 to the neoconservative belief that regime change in Baghdad "was a first and necessary stop on

5590-436: The speech contained substantial inaccuracies. He resigned after Bush was reelected in 2004. In 1995, Powell wrote his autobiography, My American Journey and then in retirement another book titled, It Worked for Me: Lessons in Life and Leadership (2012). He pursued a career as a public speaker, addressing audiences across the country and abroad. Before his appointment as Secretary of State he chaired America's Promise . In

5676-509: The threat of an imminent US invasion to remove them by force. Powell status as a retired general well known and respected in Haiti was held to be instrumental in persuading Gen. Cédras. During his chairmanship of the JCS, there was discussion of awarding Powell a fifth star , granting him the rank of General of the Army . But even in the wake of public and Congressional pressure to do so, Clinton-Gore presidential transition team staffers decided against it. Powell retained his role as

5762-421: The town for three days. Hence Gelnhausen initially was a thriving trade town and head of a league of 16 towns of the Wetterau region. However prosperity came to an end already in 1326 when Emperor Louis IV gave the town in pawn to the counts of Hanau , redeemed shortly afterwards. In 1349 Count Günther von Schwarzburg received Gelnhausen from Emperor Charles IV for renouncing his claims as elected King of

5848-424: The town. From the 1930s Gelnhausen was a garrison town of the German Wehrmacht and, after World War II , of the United States Army . The US Army closed Coleman Kaserne in 2007. In 1996, the town hosted the 36th Hessentag state festival. Sights include: Gelnhausen is twinned with: Gelnhausen lies directly on the German autobahn A66 . Gelnhausen station is located on the Kinzig Valley Railway ,

5934-421: The use of overwhelming force, which he applied to Operation Desert Storm in 1991. His approach has been dubbed the Powell Doctrine . Powell continued as chairman of the JCS into the Clinton presidency . However, as a realist , he considered himself a bad fit for an administration largely made up of liberal internationalists . He clashed with then- U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright over

6020-525: The war. The mayor of Gelnhausen strongly objected. Institut G%C3%A9ographique National The Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière (National Institute of Geographic and Forest Information), previously Institut géographique national (National Geographic Institute) or IGN , is a French public state administrative establishment founded in 1940 to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories . The IGN depends on

6106-503: Was ROTC, Reserve Officer Training Corps in the military. And I not only liked it, but I was pretty good at it. That's what you really have to look for in life, something that you like, and something that you think you're pretty good at. And if you can put those two things together, then you're on the right track, and just drive on. As a cadet , Powell joined the Pershing Rifles , the ROTC fraternal organization and drill team begun by General John Pershing . Upon graduation, he received

6192-460: Was a professional soldier for thirty-five years, holding a variety of command and staff positions and rising to the rank of general . While attending the City College of New York , Powell joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). He described the experience as one of the happiest experiences of his life. According to Powell: It was only once I was in college, about six months into college when I found something that I liked, and that

6278-488: Was also involved in the unlawful transfer of U.S.-made TOW anti-tank missiles and Hawk anti-aircraft missiles from Israel to Iran as part of the criminal conspiracy that would later become known as the Iran–Contra affair . In November 1985, Powell solicited and delivered to Weinberger a legal assessment that the transfer of Hawk missiles to Israel or Iran, without Congressional notification, would be "a clear violation" of

6364-403: Was an American statesman, diplomat, and army officer who was the 65th United States secretary of state from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African-American to hold the office. He was the 15th national security advisor from 1987 to 1989, and the 12th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1989 to 1993. Powell was born in New York City in 1937 to parents who immigrated from Jamaica . He

6450-544: Was as the 12th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , the highest military position in the Department of Defense . At age 52, he became the youngest officer, and first Afro-Caribbean American , to serve in this position. Powell was also the first JCS chair who received his commission through ROTC . During this time, Powell oversaw responses to 28 crises, including the invasion of Panama in 1989 to remove General Manuel Noriega from power and Operation Desert Storm in

6536-562: Was at the intersection of the Via Regia imperial road between Frankfurt and Leipzig and several other major trade routes. Frederick had three villages connected by streets and surrounded by a wall. At the same time, Gelnhausen received town privileges and a Kaiserpfalz was erected on an island of the Kinzig river. The emperor also granted trade privileges like the staple right which forced traveling merchants to offer their goods in

6622-576: Was commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command in 1989. Powell's last military assignment, from October 1989 to September 1993, was as Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, the highest military position in the United States Department of Defense . During this time, he oversaw twenty-eight crises, including the invasion of Panama in 1989 and Operation Desert Storm in the Persian Gulf War against Iraq in 1990–1991. He formulated

6708-541: Was in a unit that was responsible for My Lai. I got there after My Lai happened. So, in war, these sorts of horrible things happen every now and again, but they are still to be deplored." When he returned to the U.S. from Vietnam in 1971, Powell earned a Master of Business Administration degree from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He later served a White House Fellowship under President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1973. During 1975–1976 he attended

6794-581: Was on Powell's advice that newly-elected President Ronald Reagan presented Roy Benavidez the Medal of Honor ; Benavidez had received the Distinguished Service Cross , which his commander argued should be upgraded, but army officials believed there was no living eyewitness to testify to Benavidez's heroism. A soldier who had been present during the action in question learned in July 1980 of

6880-678: Was provided by BCI navigation (replaced in 2008 by CompeGPS ), the road data are of Navteq and it puce GPS of SiRF , and the IGN provides a part with extracts of its maps at various scales. In June 2007, the IGN started offering a service whereby it is possible to have a map printed centred on any location in France. This is similar to the service offered in Great Britain by the Ordnance Survey . In July 2007, Géportail – an online map service – began offering 3D movable views in

6966-626: Was raised in the South Bronx and attended the now closed Morris High School , from which he graduated in 1954. While at school, Powell worked at a local baby furniture store, where he picked up Yiddish from the Eastern European Jewish shopkeepers and some of the customers. He also served as a Shabbos goy , helping Orthodox families with needed tasks on the Sabbath. He received a bachelor of science degree in geology from

7052-432: Was raised in the South Bronx and educated in the New York City public schools, earning a bachelor's degree in geology from the City College of New York . He joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps while at City College and was commissioned as a second lieutenant on graduating in 1958. He was a professional soldier for 35 years, holding many command and staff positions and rising to the rank of four-star general . He

7138-666: Was raised to an electorate and, after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, was annexed by Prussia . At this time Gelnhausen had completely recovered, and with the Gründerzeit economic boom it became a centre of the German rubber industry. During the Nazi era, Gelnhausen was reported judenfrei on November 1, 1938, by propaganda newspaper Kinzigwacht after its synagogue was closed and remaining local Jews forced to leave

7224-520: Was succeeded temporarily by Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral David E. Jeremiah , who took the position as Acting Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Soon after Powell's resignation, on October 3–4, 1993, the Battle of Mogadishu , the aim of which was to capture Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid , was initiated and ended in disaster. Powell later defended Aspin, saying in part that he could not fault Aspin for Aspin's decision to remove

7310-465: Was under the control of the "provisional government" and most of its personnel and of his services are transformed into "military geographical Service". At the end of the war, the IGN received the thanks of Generals Bradley and Eisenhower. Between 1945 and 1946, the debate is intense concerning the future of the IGN, last creation of the Third Republic. A law is finally signed the 8. It confirms

7396-525: Was working to obtain key components to produce nuclear weapons. Powell stated that he gave his speech to the UN on "four days' notice". Britain's Channel 4 News reported soon afterwards that a British intelligence dossier that Powell had referred to as a "fine paper" during his presentation had been based on old material and plagiarized an essay by American graduate student Ibrahim al-Marashi . A Senate report on intelligence failures would later detail

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