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56-705: In 1829 he joined the Naval Cadet Corps and in 1846 was given the rank of Captain lieutenant in the Russian Navy . In 1848 Nevelskoy set out in command of what became the Amur Expedition of 1849-1855  [ ru ] to the area of the present-day Russian Far East , exploring Sakhalin and the outlet of the Amur River . He proved that the Strait of Tartary was not a gulf, but indeed

112-467: A capitão-tenente is the equivalent naval rank to a British or US lieutenant commander (OF-3). The rank was introduced in the Portuguese Navy in the late 17th century. It was equivalent to an Army lieutenant colonel until the introduction of the rank of frigate captain in 1782 and, from then on, it became equivalent to an Army major. The Brazilian Navy uses the rank of capitão-tenente as

168-574: A Major within the company. In practice, he is referred to as "The Captain" and acts as a Company Commander. In a similar fashion, his deputy is referred to as "The Second Captain" rather than Company Second-in-Command. Portuguese Navy The Portuguese Navy ( Portuguese : Marinha Portuguesa ), also known as the Portuguese War Navy ( Marinha de Guerra Portuguesa ) or as the Portuguese Armada ( Armada Portuguesa ),

224-629: A combined English and Dutch naval force from the Strait of Hormuz , with Portugal regaining the control of the Persian Gulf . A major joint Portuguese–Spanish naval and military expedition was organized in April 1625 to retake Salvador da Bahia in Brazil from the Dutch, who had captured the city one year before. The Portuguese fleet was commandeered by Manuel de Menezes and counted 22 ships, including

280-595: A flag officer and included divisions of naval artillery, naval infantry and naval artificers, with a total of more than 5000 men. Following the execution of Louis XVI of France by the French revolutionaries, Portugal entered the anti-revolutionary Coalition. In 1793, the Portuguese Navy was tasked with transporting by sea and escorting the Portuguese Expeditionary Army sent to help Spain in the War of

336-740: A fleet to deter the Ottoman advance in the Mediterranean . This expedition would culminate in the battle of Matapan on 19 July 1717, in which the Portuguese fleet, supported by Venetian and Maltese ships, under the command of the Portuguese Admiral Count of Rio Grande, defeated the Ottoman Navy. From 1762 to 1777, the Portuguese naval forces based in Brazil participated in the several conflicts that occurred with

392-526: A strait, connected to Amur 's estuary by a narrow section (later called Nevelskoy Strait ). On 13 August 1850 he founded Nikolayevsk-on-Amur , the first Russian settlement in the region. Not knowing of the work of the Japanese navigator Mamiya Rinzō , who had explored the same area forty years earlier, the Russians took Nevelskoy's report as the first proof that Sakhalin is indeed an island. They renamed

448-681: Is a rank in the Ukrainian Navy . These are equivalent to сaptain (OF-2) in Army. The armed forces of Ukraine, formed during the collapse of the USSR, adopted the Soviet model of military ranks, as well as the Soviet marks of distinction. For the distinguishing marks, the captain-lieutenant had three tapes (two medium tapes, one above narrow one) on the sleeve, and chains of one lumen on which four small five-pointed stars were placed. On July 5, 2016,

504-473: Is a military rank, used in a number of navies worldwide and formerly in the British Army . The same rank is used in the navies of Denmark ( kaptajnløjtnant ), Norway ( kapteinløytnant ) and Finland ( Finnish : kapteeniluutnantti ; Swedish : Kaptenlöjtnant ). In Denmark and Norway, the higher rank is Ship-of-the-line captain ( Danish : Orlogskaptajn ; Norwegian : Orlogskaptein ), and

560-658: Is the navy of the Portuguese Armed Forces . Chartered in 1317 by King Dinis of Portugal , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world ; in 2017, the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation. The navy played a key role in Portuguese maritime exploration during the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries. The result of this technical and scientific discoveries led Portugal to develop advanced ships, including

616-597: The German Navy , submarines are at least nominally not on the list of eligible positions. In the past, when the boats were smaller, captain-lieutenants were eligible for the submarine command. However, in current Russian ship ranking no modern submarine is given 3rd rank. This reflects the high status of submarines, as all nuclear submarines (SSBN or SSN) are considered 1st rank and large and medium diesels 2nd rank, while smaller 3rd rank submarines simply aren't built. Captain-lieutenant ( Ukrainian : капітан-лейтенант )

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672-577: The Pacific Ocean leaving from California . In 1618, the first naval infantry regiment was founded ( Portuguese : Terço da Armada da Coroa de Portugal ), origin of both the modern marine corps of Portugal and of Brazil . During 14 days of fighting in February 1625, the Portuguese Navy gained a strategic victory when a squadron of galleons, commanded by Rui Freire de Andrade, and another one of galleys, commanded by Álvaro Botelho, expelled

728-589: The Terço da Armada da Coroa de Portugal , and about 4,000 men. On 1 December 1640, the Portuguese revolted and restored the full independence of Portugal after 60 years of Spanish domination. To defend its independence, the Portuguese Restoration War had to be fought against the Spanish forces. Although the threat from the powerful Spanish Navy existed, no major naval engagements occurred, with

784-552: The ad hoc India armadas , dispatched to India on an annual basis. To aid the Christian forces to conquest Tunis in 1535, King John III sent the Portuguese galleon Botafogo , the world's most powerful warship of the time, armed with between 80-200 guns and under the command of the brother of the King, Louis, Duke of Beja . In 1567, a Portuguese naval squadron, under the command of Mem de Sá , took Fort Coligny and expelled

840-587: The caravel , new and more sophisticated types of carracks for interoceanic travel and the oceanic galleon , and to find the sea route to the East and routes to South America and Northern North America. Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa and Vasco da Gama reached India , linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as the Atlantic and the Indian oceans. This led to

896-671: The discovery of Brazil in the first expeditions that linked Europe, Africa, the New World , and Asia on a single voyage, such as the expedition of Pedro Álvares Cabral , and through the skills and experience of their navigators in the Atlantic, the Indian ocean, and in the Far East , also contributed to the technical and geographical advance of other European navies, such as the first circumnavigation by Ferdinand Magellan (including, in

952-557: The reign of Portugal's first king, Afonso I . The battle occurred off Cape Espichel , with a Portuguese naval squadron, commanded by the knight Fuas Roupinho , defeating a Muslim naval squadron. Fuas Roupinho also made two incursions at Ceuta , in 1181 and 1182, and died during the latter of these attempts to conquer the North African city. During the 13th century, in the Reconquista , the Portuguese naval forces helped in

1008-626: The 12 December 1317. This is considered the official date of foundation of the Portuguese Navy, with its 700 years being commemorated on the 12 December 2017. In 1321, the Portuguese Navy successfully attacked Muslim ports in North Africa . Maritime insurance began in 1323 in Portugal. Between 1336 and 1341, the first attempts at maritime expansion were made, with an expedition to the Canary Islands , sponsored by King Afonso IV . In

1064-427: The 17th century onwards, the colonel increasingly became a patron and ceremonial head instead of an actual tactical commander, with command in the field devolving to the lieutenant colonel. This left the colonel's company without a captain. The lieutenant of this company thus became its acting captain. This state of affairs was formally recognised with the creation of the rank of captain-lieutenant, with its own entry in

1120-1177: The Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands, the Indian Ocean and the access to the western Pacific. Following the Iberian Union , the Portuguese Empire and its maritime power lost a significant deal of its prestige, beginning to decline as other newly emerging European empirical powers began to overtake it. Today, the Portuguese Navy assumes a dual role capacity: naval combat missions to assure Portugal's sovereignty and international commitments, and coast guard operations in its territorial waters and areas of influence. The Portuguese Navy also participates in missions related with international commitments assumed by Portugal (mainly within NATO ), as well as missions of civil interest. The first historically known battle involving Portuguese naval forces happened in 1180, during

1176-569: The European discoverer of the sea route to India . In 1500, when leading a second Portuguese Armada of 13 ships to India, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered and explored Brazil , claiming it for Portugal. In the same year, Diogo Dias , as one of the Captains of the fleet to India of Pedro Álvares Cabral, is separated from the main fleet by a storm while crossing the Cape of Good Hope, and becomes

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1232-688: The French from the Guanabara Bay . Following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 and having defeated António, Prior of Crato in the War of the Portuguese Succession , the Habsburg Philip II of Spain became King of Portugal as Philip I. Under the Iberian Union , Portugal continued to be formally an independent kingdom with its own Navy, but its foreign and naval policies became increasingly subordinate to and oriented by Spanish interests. The Portuguese Navy

1288-535: The Gulf of Tartary as the Strait of Tartary , and named the northernmost, narrowest section of the strait, the Strait of Nevelskoy , in the captain's honour. It connects the strait's main body (formerly known as the Gulf of Tartary) with the Amur Liman ( Amur River estuary ). The following entities are named after Nevelskoy: Memorials: Captain lieutenant Captain lieutenant or captain-lieutenant

1344-587: The Midshipmen ( Academia Real dos Guardas-Marinhas ) was created in 1792, as a university -level naval academy . This Academy is the origin of the present Naval schools of Portugal and of Brazil . In 1792, the three naval regiments (two of infantry and one of artillery) were reorganized and merged as the Royal Brigade of the Navy ( Portuguese : Brigada Real de Marinha ). This Brigade was commanded by

1400-576: The Navy underwent a large transformation, as warships started being differentiated from merchant ships. In 1705, a squadron of eight ships of the line was sent to help England against the Franco-Spanish forces that were besieging Gibraltar , this expedition culminating in the naval battle of Cabrita Point . At the request of the Republic of Venice and the Pope , in 1716, the Portuguese Navy sent

1456-573: The Portuguese Navy was able to break the Castilian siege of Lisbon and to supply the city, defeating the Castilian Navy in the naval battle of the Tagus . In the beginning of the 15th century, the country entered a period of peace and stability. Europe was still involved in wars and feudal conflicts which allowed Portugal to be the only capable country to methodically and successfully start

1512-654: The President of Ukraine approves the "Uniform Design and Signs of the Distinction of the Armed Forces of Ukraine". The draft includes, among other things, military ranks and distinguishing marks for military personnel. The marks of the distinction of servicemen are changing, departing from the Soviet standard. November 20, 2017 issued by the order of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine No. 606, which specifies

1568-610: The Pyrenees against France. This was done by the Transport Squadron organized with four ships of the line, one frigate, four transport ships and 10 merchant ships. To aid United Kingdom to defend itself from a possible French invasion, the Portuguese Navy organized and sent the Channel Squadron, with five ships of the line, two frigates, two brigantines and a hospital-ship. From July 1794 to March 1796, under

1624-479: The Spanish in South America , but with limited success. From 1770, under the leadership of D. Martinho de Melo e Castro, secretary of State of the Navy, the Portuguese Navy went through large reform and modernization. Incidentally, as part of these reforms, the old procedure of baptizing Portuguese ships with names of Saints was replaced by names of mythical, historical or Royal persons. The Royal Academy of

1680-472: The area of the Strait of Gibraltar , to protect the navigation with North Africa and the Mediterranean ). The first two fleets were mostly made of ships of the line (carracks and galleons ), while the Strait fleet was mostly made of ships powered by oars ( fustas and galleys ). These fleets would subsist until the beginning of the 19th century. Besides the permanent three fleets, the Navy continued to organize

1736-597: The beginning of the Discoveries was the caravel , varying from 50 to 160 tons. The first results came soon when Gonçalves Zarco discovered Porto Santo Island in 1419 and Madeira Island in 1420, and Diogo de Silves discovered the azorean island of Santa Maria in 1427. In 1424, Gil Eanes crosses the Cape Bojador . Diogo Cão and Bartolomeu Dias arrived to the mouth of the Zaire River in 1482. In

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1792-585: The coast of Newfoundland was charted by the Corte-Real brothers, sons of João Vaz Corte-Real, in a failed attempt to find the Northwest Passage in 1501. In 1499, João Fernandes Lavrador and Pero de Barcelos arrive in Labrador ( named after João Fernandes Lavrador ) and map its coast. The greatest achievement of these exploration voyages was attained by Vasco da Gama , who in 1498 became

1848-671: The command of António Januário do Valle, the Portuguese Channel Squadron patrolled the English Channel in cooperation with the Royal Navy. The Portuguese Navy ended the 18th century with a fleet that included 13 ships of the line, 16 frigates, three corvettes, 17 brigs and eight support ships. In addition, the Portuguese naval forces also included the Navy of India, based in the Indian Ocean , with

1904-574: The conquest of several coastal Moorish towns, like Alcácer do Sal , Silves and Faro . It was also used in the battles against Castile —through incursions in Galicia and Andalusia —and also in joint actions with other Christian fleets against the Muslims. King Denis gave a permanent organization to his naval forces, appointing Manuel Pessanha of Genoa to be the first Admiral of the Kingdom, on

1960-528: The context of the 1383–85 Crisis , the Portuguese Navy took an active participation in the war against Castile. A Portuguese naval campaign conducted in Galicia led to the conquest of the coastal towns of Baiona , A Coruña and Neda , as well as the destruction of the naval base of Ferrol and of several ships that were on the way to reinforce the Castilian forces that were besieging Lisbon. In July 1384,

2016-576: The equivalent to the British and US lieutenant (OF-2). Until the introduction of the rank of corvette captain in 1906 , the Brazilian Navy followed the Portuguese model of a capitão-tenente being an equivalent of an Army major. Kapitan-leytenant ( Russian : капитан-лейтенант ) is a rank in the Russian Navy , previously the Red Fleet / Soviet Navy and Imperial Russian Navy . It is

2072-413: The expedition, other captains, sailors and pilots), sailing across the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean . From the late 15th century until the late 16th century, the Portuguese navy was one of the most powerful maritime forces in the world. For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese India Armadas and fleets, then the world leader in shipbuilding and naval artillery and technology, dominated most of

2128-420: The exploration of the Atlantic . Portuguese expansion during the 15th century can be divided in: Territorial expansion began in Morocco with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415. Exploration in the west African coast started in 1412 and ended with the crossing of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. After his return from Ceuta , Henry the navigator founded a school of navigation in Sagres .The vessel employed in

2184-406: The first mousquetaire company. Kapitänleutnant is an OF2 rank equivalent to the Hauptmann (en: Captain) in the German Army and the German Air Force . In the Royal Netherlands Navy , a kapitein-luitenant ter zee is equivalent to a US Navy or Royal Navy commander (OF-4). In the Portuguese Navy , as well as in most of the other Community of Portuguese Language Countries navies,

2240-418: The first European to reach Madagascar . Besides the already existing role of Admiral of Portugal, the Crown creates the role of Admiral of India, whose first holder becomes Vasco da Gama in 1500. With the first established sea route to the Indian Ocean , the Portuguese started to use the carrack ship ( nau in Portuguese). Nevertheless, the Portuguese penetration in the Indian Ocean was not peaceful due to

2296-419: The lower rank is First lieutenant ( Premierløjtnant ) in Denmark and Lieutenant ( Løytnant ) in Norway. The rank was also used in the Royal Danish Army between 1923 and 1962. In the Estonian Navy the similarly sounding rank of kaptenleitnant is an officer rank classified as NATO OF-4, i.e. equal to commander in the Royal Navy and United States Navy. A captain lieutenant ( Kaptenlöjtnant )

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2352-420: The naval capability and the navigation knowledge of the Portuguese navigators, as well as their courage and determination. In 1520, King Manuel I organized the Portuguese Navy in three permanent armadas (fleets): the Armada of the Coast (for coastal patrol), the Armada of the Islands (based in the Azores, for the protection of the ocean navigation in the North Atlantic) and the Armada of the Strait (operating in

2408-419: The opposition of the Muslims. However, in 1509 Francisco de Almeida had a tremendous victory over the Muslims in the naval Battle of Diu , and the Portuguese presence and dominance in the area is definitely attained. In Morocco the Portuguese conquests continued and they took over the cities of Safim , Azamor , Mazagão and Mogador . In the Far East , Portuguese navigators continue their progress visiting

2464-411: The other hand, the US Navy considers this rank equivalent to lieutenant . In terms of responsibilities, officers of this rank may serve as department heads on larger warships, but may also serve as commanding officers of 3rd and 4th rank warships (Russian ship classifications referring to all from Krivak -class frigates to gunboats and minesweepers). Unlike the equivalent OF2-rank Kapitänleutnant in

2520-423: The rank below a captain of the 3rd rank and above a senior lieutenant. In Soviet times, it may be achieved as early as an officer's 5th year of service. In Russian and other East-European navies it is the most senior junior officer rank (equivalent to "captain" in the Army/Ground Forces). The Russian Navy assigns this rank the two-and-a-half stripe insignia used in Britain and the US for lieutenant commanders . On

2576-603: The rules for wearing and using uniform insignia by military personnel. The distinguishing marks of the captain-lieutenant became three stripes (two middle ones, one narrow one among which). The distinguishing marks are placed on both the sleeves and on the coats. Captain-lieutenant was formerly a rank in the British Army ; the senior subaltern rank, above lieutenant and below captain . A regiment 's field officers – its colonel , lieutenant colonel and major – originally commanded their own companies , as well as carrying out their regimental command duties. However, from

2632-447: The same year, the São Jorge da Mina castle was built on the coast of Western Africa, by Diogo de Azambuja , becoming one of the most important Portuguese naval bases. The structure exists to this day and is a robust example of slave trade in this era. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope . João Vaz Corte-Real arrived at Newfoundland in 1473. Part of

2688-437: The southeast of Asia , China in 1517 and Australia in 1522. In the same period they reached Taiwan (baptizing it Formosa ) and Japan where they became the first Europeans to arrive. They entered the Red Sea in 1542 to destroy the Ottoman armada in Suez . In the West the Portuguese visited the coast of New England in 1520, California in 1542 and Hudson Bay in 1588. All of these actions were only possible with

2744-408: The table of prices for the purchase of commissions . In 1772 captain-lieutenants were granted rank as captains in their regiments and in the Army. The rank was abolished sometime in the early 19th century in almost all regiments. The King's Company of the Grenadier Guards remains under the personal commanded of the Monarch, currently King Charles III , with the rank of Captain-Lieutenant held by

2800-401: The war being fought mainly on land. At the same time, Portugal made peace agreements with England , France and the Netherlands . In the period of the Restoration War, the major engagements of the Portuguese Navy were not against the Spanish but against the Dutch , that—despite having signed a peace agreement with the Portuguese—decided to take advantage of the difficult conditions caused by

2856-419: The war effort of Portugal in Europe and to assault and capture some of its colonies in America , Africa and Asia. Despite some important initial setbacks, the Portuguese were finally able to react, repulsing the Dutch assaults on Mozambique , Goa and Macau and recapturing Northeast Brazil, Angola , São Tomé and Ano Bom , in several naval and military campaigns. During the reign of King John V of Portugal ,

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2912-445: Was abolished in 1833. The French Army of the Ancien Régime used a rank of capitaine-lieutenant very similar to the British one. It was mostly encountered in the Royal Guard ( maison militaire du roi ), where the king was officially captain of most of the guard companies, but the effective command was in the hands of a captain-lieutenant. D'Artagnan is perhaps the most famous captain-lieutenant in French history, as commander of

2968-408: Was added to the squadron) and two zabras , and another squadron of four galleys , with a total of 16 vessels and more than 5,800 men. This expedition culminated in the naval battle of Gravelines . Linked to Spain by a dual monarchy , Portugal saw its large Empire being attacked by the English, the French and the Dutch, all enemies of Spain. The reduced Portuguese population (around one million)

3024-407: Was in Sweden an officer standing between captain and lieutenant , who commanded one of the companies, which actually had the regimental commander, lieutenant colonel or major as officer commanding. In 1750, the rank title of captain lieutenant was replaced by that of staff captain, whose number, when the rand of second major was established in 1757, became four in each infantry regiment. The rank

3080-402: Was not sufficient to resist so many enemies, and the Empire started to fall apart. The Portuguese Navy was still involved in several other conflicts and maintained an important role in the fight against pirates . António Saldanha commanding a fleet of 30 carracks defeated an Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean and conquered Tunis . Meanwhile, João Queirós accomplished a double crossing of

3136-412: Was soon ordered by King Philip to contribute to the Spanish Armada intended to invade England, although England was an old ally of Portugal. Portugal provided the most powerful squadron of ships of the Armada, including its flagship, the galleon São Martinho (called the San Martin by the Spanish). The Portuguese participation included a squadron of nine galleons (a tenth galleon provided by Tuscany

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