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86-526: Gennett Records was founded in Richmond, Indiana , by the Starr Piano Company in 1917. By the late 1930s, the label had produced more than 16,000 masters . The company had produced early recordings under the green or blue Starr Records label as early as 1915. The new Gennett label was named after Harry, Fred, and Clarence Gennett, brothers and joint managers, and was an attempt to distinguish

172-671: A Klokan , filled this role at the local levels and a Klokann of four members at the Imperial level, in which they served as a "Supreme Board of Auditors and Special Advisers" and was led by a Chief Imperial Klokan . The Imperial Wizards Genii constituted his Imperial Kloncilium ; this was the Imperial Wizards supreme advisory board , as well as the Klans highest administrative organ in between Klonvokations . It met regularly every July, but could also be called when

258-826: A Walk of Fame near the site of Gennett's Richmond, Indiana, recording studio. The Gennett Walk of Fame is located along South 1st Street in Richmond at the site of the Starr Piano Company and embedded in the Whitewater Gorge Trail, which connects to the longer Cardinal Greenway Trail. Both trails are part of the American Discovery Trail , the only coast-to-coast, non-motorized recreational trail. The Foundation convened its National Advisory Board in January, 2006, to choose

344-525: A U-shaped groove and sapphire ball stylus, but they switched to the lateral cut method in April 1919. Gennett Records rarely paid artists upfront. Some were paid a flat fee, from $ 15–50 per session, while Black artists received even less. Most artists signed royalty contracts that promised one penny for each copy or side sold. Gennett first set up a recording studio in Manhattan , New York City . Throughout

430-593: A budget label for tunes previously released on Gennett. Many of the recording artists used pseudonyms , such as the Seven Champions for Bailey's Lucky Seven, Skillet Dick and His Frying Pans for Syd Valentine and His Patent Leather Kids - a Black Indiana jazz trio, and the Hill Top Inn Orchestra for Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians. Some Champion artists were not informed that their recordings were reissued under pseudonyms. Gennett issued

516-493: A collection of regional and American art. Many consider the most significant painting in the collection to be a self-portrait of Indiana-born William Merritt Chase . The city was connected to the National Road , the first road built by the federal government and a major route west for pioneers of the 19th century. It became part of the system of National Auto Trails . The highway is now known as U.S. Route 40 . One of

602-634: A distinctive vocabulary has grown around the Ku Klux Klan organizations. These include names for rituals, code words, and practices of the various Klans. There are terms related to membership and non-membership: Groups of Klansmen that were commissioned for "special activities": Two KKK codes for dates and times have been developed, the Ku Klux Register in the original prescripts and the Kalender developed by William J. Simmons . In

688-578: A few early electrically recorded masters recorded in the Autograph studios in Chicago in 1925. These recordings were exceptionally crude, and like many other Autograph issues can be easily mistaken for acoustic masters. Gennett began serious electrical recording in March 1926, using a process licensed from General Electric which was found to be unsatisfactory. Although the quality of the recordings taken by

774-589: A few from North Carolina, met in Spartanburg, South Carolina and declared that no more raids or whippings would be conducted by members of the Klan except by their order and that the penalty for violating this order would be 100 lashes for the first offense and death for the second. An attempt was apparently made to make Ghoul titles for other officers in Maury County, Tennessee in 1867 and early 1868, but

860-649: A member. The Grand Turk would escort the candidate to an "outpost" where he would question him and administer a preliminary oath . After this the Grand Turk would conduct the candidate to the Den, where the Grand Cyclops would administer the final oath. The second prescript elaborates that the candidate must have his left hand on the Bible and his right hand toward heaven and includes a ten-point "interrogation" that

946-546: A new agreement to license the RCA Photophone recording process. The company also introduced an improved record biscuit which was adequate to the demands imposed by the electric recording process. The improved records were identified by a newly designed black label touting the "New Electrobeam" process. Recordings were not limited to music. In 1923, orator and statesman William Jennings Bryan traveled to Richmond to record portions of his 1896 Cross of Gold speech, which

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1032-926: A second series of discs at the Richmond studio. Approximately 30,000 people gathered with Richmond residents to view over 6,000 Klan members participate in a parade. Although the Gennett family was not involved in the Richmond klavern , historian Leonard Moore estimates one of every three native-born white Protestant male in Richmond was a member during this time. Gennett also recorded early blues and gospel music artists such as Thomas A. Dorsey , Sam Collins , Jaybird Coleman , as well as early hillbilly or country music performers such as Vernon Dalhart , Bradley Kincaid , Ernest Stoneman , Fiddlin' Doc Roberts , and Gene Autry . Blues artists from Chicago , such as Georgia Tom Dorsey , Big Bill Broonzy , and Scrapper Blackwell , recorded in Richmond. The label preserved several rare varieties of traditional Kentucky music thanks to

1118-607: A strong economy increasingly based on manufacturing. Richmond was once known as "the lawnmower capital" because it was a center for manufacturing of lawnmowers from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. Manufacturers included Davis, Motomower , Dille-McGuire and F&N. The farm machinery builder Gaar-Scott was based in Richmond. The Davis Aircraft Co. , builder of a light parasol wing monoplane, operated in Richmond beginning in 1929. After starting out in nearby Union City , Wayne Agricultural Works moved to Richmond. Wayne manufactured horse-drawn vehicles, including

1204-453: A time. The Birmingham, Alabama store, in July and August 1927 under the direction of recording engineer Gordon Soule, which attracted many Southern country blues artists such as Jaybird Coleman and Johnny Watson under the name Daddy Stove Pipe . The Birmingham studio also recorded William Harris, an early Mississippi Delta blues player. From September to November 1927, portable sound equipment

1290-399: A total of about 34 acres (14 ha) under glass. The annual Richmond Rose Festival honored the rose industry and was a popular summer attraction. On April 6, 1968, an explosion triggered by a natural gas leak destroyed or damaged several downtown blocks and killed 41 people; more than 150 were injured. The event is documented in the book Death in a Sunny Street: The Civil Defense Story of

1376-592: A unique prefix: Imperial at the Empire level; Grand at the Realm level; and Great at the Province level. Thus, for instance, an Imperial Kludd would be the chaplain for the whole organization, a Grand Kludd for the Realm, Great Kludd for a Province and simply Kludd for a local Klan. Not all offices were reproduced at each level. The Kladd, Klarogo, Klexter, and Klokard were not present at

1462-426: A well-known bus and school-bus manufacturer. In 1967 it relocated to a site adjacent to Interstate 70 . The company was a leader in school-bus safety innovations, but closed in 1992 during a period of school-bus manufacturing industry consolidations. Richmond was known as the " Rose City" because of the many varieties once grown there by Hill's Roses. The company had several sprawling complexes of greenhouses , with

1548-498: Is a portmanteau term, formed from Klan and Koran . The sources of the rituals, titles and even the name of KKK may be found in antebellum college fraternities and secret societies such as the Kuklos Adelphon . Earlier source material, however, states, "The ceremony of initiation was borrowed from some of the features of the introduction of candidates of the long defunct Sons of Malta and other like societies, and

1634-500: Is also an exclave of Richmond. Richmond's closest airport with commercial service is Dayton International Airport . Richmond is served by Interstate 70 at exits 149, 151, 153, and 156. Established in 1902, Richmond's Pennsylvania Railroad station was a hub for Pennsylvania Railroad , and later, Penn Central trains into the late 1960s. The last train at the station was Amtrak 's National Limited between Kansas City and New York City , which ended service in 1979. Richmond

1720-468: Is an Ion owned and operated station. The city also has one county-wide public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable television station, Whitewater Community Television . Richmond Municipal Airport is a public-use airport five nautical miles (6 mi, 9 km) southeast of Richmond's central business district. It is owned by the Richmond Board of Aviation Commissioners. It

1806-490: Is noted for its rich stock of historic architecture. In 2003, a book entitled Richmond Indiana: Its Physical Development and Aesthetic Heritage to 1920 by Cornell University architectural historians, Michael and Mary Raddant Tomlan, was published by the Indiana Historical Society . Particularly notable buildings are the 1902 Pennsylvania Railroad Station designed by Daniel H. Burnham of Chicago and

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1892-689: Is the Gannett -owned Palladium-Item . Full-power radio stations include WKBV , WFMG , WQLK , WKRT , and Earlham College's student-run public radio station WECI . Richmond is also served by WJYW which is repeated on 94.5 and 97.7. Area NPR radio stations include WBSH in Hagerstown, Indiana , and WMUB in Oxford, Ohio . Richmond is considered to be within the Dayton, Ohio , television market and has one full-power television station, WKOI , which

1978-499: Is the principal city of the Richmond micropolitan area . Situated largely within Wayne Township , its area includes a non-contiguous portion in nearby Boston Township , where Richmond Municipal Airport is located. Richmond is sometimes called the "cradle of recorded jazz" because the earliest jazz recordings and records were made at the studio of Gennett Records , a division of the Starr Piano Company . Gennett Records

2064-661: The Historic American Engineering Record . As of the census of 2010, there were 36,812 people, 15,098 households, and 8,909 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,539.0 inhabitants per square mile (594.2/km ). There were 17,649 housing units at an average density of 737.8 per square mile (284.9/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 83.9% White , 8.6% African American , 0.3% Native American , 1.1% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 1.9% from other races , and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of

2150-566: The Ku Klux Klan . Other estimates suggest forty to fifty percent of non- Catholic white men were members of the Richmond klavern. Throughout the 1920s, Gennett pressed vanity records for the Ku Klux Klan with red labels and gold KKK lettering, often listing performers such as the "100 percent Americans." Klan members politicized hymns with new lyrics, such as "Onward Christian Klansman" for "Onward Christian Soldiers" as well as custom songs such as "Daddy Swiped Our Last Clean Sheet and Joined

2236-814: The Midwest , such as the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra , traveled to Richmond to record. Gennett also recorded groups such as Gonzalez's Mexican Band, the Hawaiian Guitars, the National Marimba Orchestra, and the Italian Degli Arditi Orchestra. Temporary recording studios were sometimes set up in various Starr Piano Company stores or other buildings. Their downtown Cincinnati , Ohio store recorded West Virginian singer David Miller for

2322-849: The Purdue Polytechnic Institute – Richmond . It is also home to two seminaries , the Quaker Earlham School of Religion and Church of the Brethren Bethany Theological Seminary . Richmond High School includes the Richmond Art Museum and Civic Hall Performing Arts Center . Seton Catholic High School , a junior and senior high school, is a religious high school. It is based in the former home of St. Andrew High School (1899–1936) and, more recently, St. Andrew Elementary School, adjacent to St. Andrew Church of

2408-457: The Sons of Confucius or Guiasticutus but always styled Ancient and Honorable and Mirth-Provoking . Walter L. Fleming stated in a footnote to Lester's text that the contemporary (early twentieth century) Southern college fraternity that most nearly mirrored the early Klan was "known as Alpha Sigma Sigma" and the institution of snipe hunting . The original prescript of the Ku Klux Klan

2494-673: The " kid hack ", a precursor of the motorized school bus . From the early 1930s through the 1940s, Richmond had several automobile designers and manufacturers. Among the automobiles locally manufactured were the Richmond , built by the Wayne Works; the "Rodefeld"; the Davis ; the Pilot ; the Westcott ; and the Crosley . In the 1950s Wayne Works changed its name to Wayne Corporation , by then

2580-653: The 1893 Wayne County Court House designed by James W. McLaughlin of Cincinnati . Local architects of note include John A. Hasecoster , William S. Kaufman and Stephen O. Yates . The significance of the architecture has been recognized. Five large districts, such as the Depot District, and several individual buildings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places , the Historic American Buildings Survey and

2666-677: The 1920s, the Manhattan studio saw artists such as Bailey's Lucky Seven, the Original Memphis Five under the pseudonym Ladd's Black Aces, and in November 1924, Louis Armstrong and the Red Onion Jazz Babies . In 1921, the label set up a second studio on the grounds of the piano factory in Richmond under the supervision of Ezra C.A. Wickemeyer, who would manage the studio from August 1921 to mid-1927. The bulk of

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2752-678: The General Electric process was quite good, there were many customer complaints about poor wear characteristics of the electric process records. The composition of the Gennett biscuit (record material) was of insufficient hardness to withstand the increased wear that resulted when the new recordings with their greatly increased frequency range were played on obsolete phonographs with mica diaphragm reproducers. The company discontinued recording by this process in August 1926, and did not return to electric recording until February 1927, after signing

2838-524: The Genii, Squires, and Furies). Trials of Den officers would be conducted at the provincial headquarters and include five judges, and ordinary ghouls to be tried at their dens with seven judges. As before a trial of the Grand Wizard would be conducted by the most senior Grand Dragon, this time with a quorum of seven dragons. All defendants had the right of appeal to the next higher court, and the proceeding

2924-477: The Grand Wizard would be held by a meeting of all the Grand Dragons, the most senior Grand Dragon presiding It is unclear if these tribunals were ever functional. The second prescript presented an entirely different judiciary, with officers of the first three levels tried by three judges, appointed by the chief officer of the given jurisdiction, and the officers and attaches of the headquarters (presumably

3010-637: The Imperial Wizard or five Geniis petitioned him to do so. The Kloncilium was also the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of the organization with appellate jurisdiction and the right to finally determine disputes between Realms, Provinces, Klans and members in unorganized states Giant was adopted as an emeritus title: Imperial Giant for an ex-Imperial Wizard, Grand Giant for an ex-Grand Dragon, Great Giant for ex-Great Titan, and Klan Giant for an ex-Exalted Cyclops. A Kleagle

3096-574: The Ku Klux Klan." These private pressings never appeared in Gennett catalogs and were shipped directly to Klan headquarters in Indianapolis after the Klan paid for the records. Some of D.C. Stephenson 's speeches were recorded by the label. Ironically, Richmond had a large gathering of Ku Klux Klan members in Glen Miller Park followed by a parade on October 5, 1923, the same day King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, with Louis Armstrong, recorded

3182-484: The Province level, and the Kladd was not included on the Realm level. The Klazik , second vice-president, and Klonsul , attorney, positions only existed at the Imperial level. The Klazik's duties included being head of the department of Realms and organizing new Realms and Provinces. At the Province level there were three Klaliffs that served as an advisory board. A Klokann of three members, each one named

3268-592: The Rhythm Kings, and Oliver's band were popular at the Lincoln Gardens and the Friar's Inn nightclubs and had been sent by train to rural Richmond by Chicago, Illinois Starr Piano store manager and talent scout Fred Wiggins. Gennett notably was among the first to record people of color and racially integrated sessions, despite over twenty percent of Wayne County 's white male population being members of

3354-833: The Richmond Catholic Community. The Richmond Japanese Language School (リッチモンド（IN）補習授業校 Ritchimondo(IN)Hoshū Jugyō Kō ) a part-time Japanese school , holds its classes at the Highland Heights School. The town has a lending library, the Morrisson Reeves Library . Richmond is the headquarters of Friends United Meeting , and hosts the Quaker Hill Conference Center , of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). The daily newspaper

3440-454: The Richmond, Indiana Disaster, April 6, 1968 , compiled by Esther Kellner. According to the 2010 census, Richmond has a total area of 24.067 square miles (62.33 km ), of which 23.91 square miles (61.93 km ) (or 99.35%) is land and 0.157 square miles (0.41 km ) (or 0.65%) is water. Richmond is located about 12 miles S of Hoosier Hill , the highest point in Indiana. Richmond

3526-519: The Starr Piano Company sold some Gennett masters, and the Gennett and Champion trademarks to Decca Records . Jack Kapp of Decca was primarily interested in jazz, blues and old time music items in the Gennett catalog which he thought would add depth to the selections offered by the newly organized Decca. Kapp attempted to revive the Gennett and Champion labels between 1935 and 1937 specializing in bargain pressings of race and old-time music with but little success. The Starr record plant soldiered on under

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3612-404: The average family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males. The median income for a household in the city

3698-735: The body politic of the dens, identified as Ghouls . In the second prescript the Grand Ensign is dispensed with, while the Grand Exchequer was appointed by the Grand Cyclops, who was now appointed by the Grand Giant. Only the Grand Magi and Grand Monk were elected by the Ghouls. The exact function of these officers and the meaning of the titles varied. The two Nighthawks have been identified as couriers. The Grand Sentinel

3784-413: The budget Champion label until halting activities altogether in 1934. Throughout the 1930s, Fred Wiggins sold thousands of metal discs, which would be worth millions after Gennett's rise to fame, for scrap money, likely to make payroll for Starr Piano employess. At this time, the only product Gennett Records produced under its own name was a series of recorded sound effects for use by radio stations. In 1935,

3870-697: The candidate must answer satisfactorily in order to proceed with the final oath. The questions asked included: "are you now or have ever been a member of the Radical Republican Party , Loyal Leagues or Grand Army of the Republic ? Did you fight with the Union Army during the Civil War ? Do you believe in Negro equality ?" A system of "judiciary" organs was created in each prescript. In

3956-428: The city. The population density was 1,685.3 inhabitants per square mile (650.7/km ). There were 17,647 housing units at an average density of 760.2 per square mile (293.5/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 86.78% White , 8.87% African American , 0.27% Native American , 0.80% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 1.09% from other races , and 2.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.03% of

4042-541: The coming of the Second World War, the War Production Board in March 1942 declared shellac a rationed commodity, limiting record manufacturers to 70% of their 1939 shellac usage. Newly organized record labels were forced to purchase their shellac from existing companies. Joe Davis purchased the Gennett shellac allocation, some of which he used for his own labels, and some of which he sold to

4128-740: The curtain on American cinema. Joseph E. Maddy is credited with founding the country's first complete high school orchestra at Richmond, and later founded the National High School Orchestra Camp, which became the Interlochen Center for the Arts in Michigan. Hoagy Carmichael recorded " Stardust " for the first time in Richmond at the Gennett recording studio. Famed trumpeter and singer Louis Armstrong

4214-434: The extant Madonna of the Trail monuments was dedicated at Richmond on October 28, 1928. It sits in a corner of Glen Miller Park adjacent to US 40 . Richmond's cultural resources include two of Indiana's three Egyptian mummies . One is held by the Wayne County Historical Museum and the other by Earlham College's Joseph Moore Museum, leading to the local nickname "Mummy capital of Indiana". The arts were supported by

4300-413: The first 10 inductees. The inductees are selected from: classic jazz , old-time country , blues , gospel (African-American and Southern), American popular song, ethnic, historic/spoken, and classical, giving preference to the first five categories. The consensus selection for the first inductee in the Gennett Walk of Fame was Louis Armstrong. The first ten inductees were: A second set of ten nominees

4386-427: The first the judiciary was divided into a Grand Council of Yahoos , to try officers of the Klan, and a Grand Council of Centaurs to try regular Ghouls. In Art. IV Sec. 4, the Grand Giant is charged with conducting the Council of Yahoo, but Art. VI Sec. 2 states that the Council will be composed of officers of the equivalent rank as the accused and presided over by an officer of the next higher rank. A trial of

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4472-453: The first time in front of an audience. The motion picture was of a vaudeville entertainer performing a butterfly dance, which Jenkins had filmed himself. Jenkins filed for a patent for the Phantoscope projector in November 1894 and it was issued in March 1895. A modified version of the Phantoscope was later sold to Thomas Edison , who named it Edison's Vitascope and began projecting motion pictures in New York City vaudeville theaters, raising

4558-416: The label from its parent company and widen distribution beyond Starr piano stores. Early record pressings were outsourced but by October 1917, Starr Valley - home to the Starr Piano manufacturing campus along the Whitewater River - had a six-story phonograph and manufacturing and record-pressing facility. The early issues were vertically cut in the phonograph record grooves, using the hill-and-dale method of

4644-577: The labels productions came out of the Richmond studio, which was 125 feet (38 m) long and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide with a control room separated by a double pane of glass. For sound proofing, a Mohawk rug was placed on the floor and drapes and towels were hung on the wall. Gennett was one of the few companies to have a recording facility outside of New York, a move which allowed the label to capture Midwestern and Southern artists. Their locality also led to their recordings being appealing to Black individuals and other rural peoples who were largely neglected by

4730-407: The late 1970s David Duke 's Knights of the Ku Klux Klan dropped the Imperial Wizard title, and the leader was called national director. That organization, now known as the Knights Party, no longer uses most of the traditional Klan titles, and the only fraternal titles used are Page , Squire , and Knight for levels of membership. Aside from titles and geographical designations,

4816-453: The leader of a Klan organization and for state (realm) leaders. Exceptions included cases of one state Klans, such as the Association of Georgia Klans , whose leader, Samuel Green , kept the title Grand Dragon until shortly before his death. The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan created some innovations in their organization including a bicameral Klongress with an upper house Klonvokation and lower Klanburgess . In

4902-527: The leading New York labels. Some call the Richmond studio the "cradle of recorded jazz." Gennett recorded early jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton , Bix Beiderbecke , The New Orleans Rhythm Kings , King Oliver 's band with Louis Armstrong , Lois Deppe's Serenaders with Earl Hines , Hoagy Carmichael , Duke Ellington , The Red Onion Jazz Babies , The State Street Ramblers, Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels, Alphonse Trent and his Orchestra and many others. Many of these jazz artists, such as Morton,

4988-496: The lower officer with the approval of his superior. The Dens were the basic level of organization for the Reconstruction Klan. In the original prescript, its chief officer was the Grand Cyclops , who appointed two Nighthawks , a Grand Turk , a Grand Sentinel , Grand Magi and a Grand Ensign in addition to his Grand Scribe. The Grand Cyclops, Grand Exchequer, Grand Magi (second officer) and Grand Monk (third officer) were elected by

5074-408: The newly formed Capitol Records . Harry Gennett intended to use the funds from the sale of his shellac ration to modernize this pressing plant after Victory, but there is no indication that he did so. Gennett sold decreasing numbers of special purpose records (mostly sound effects, skating rink, and church tower chimes) until 1947 or 1948, and the business then faded away. Brunswick Records acquired

5160-420: The old Gennett pressing plant for Decca. After Decca opened a new pressing plant in Pinckneyville, Illinois , in 1956, the old Gennett plant in Richmond, Indiana, was sold to Mercury Records in 1958. Mercury operated the historic plant until 1969 when it moved to a nearby modern plant later operated by Cinram . In September 2007, the Starr-Gennett Foundation began to honor the most important Gennett artists on

5246-419: The original prescript in its Kloran and in the constitution and by-laws adopted in 1922. Some titles and jurisdictional designations were carried over from the Reconstruction prescripts intact or slightly modified, and others were original with Imperial Wizard Simmons. There was a nearly identical set of subordinate officers at each level: The officers at each level above the local Klan unit were designated by

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5332-508: The original prescripts the register contained twelve designations, thought to correspond to months: The second prescript had a slightly different scheme. Colors were used for the days of the week: Twelve designations were used for the hours of the day: The Kalender developed by W. J. Simmons included codes for days of the week, weeks, months and years. For months: For weeks and days: Years were reckoned according to reigns and cycles . The Reign of Incarnation and Incantation

5418-438: The police captured outlined an organization with a Grand Cyclops, Vice-Grand Cyclops, and Secretary and openly advocated assassination of the "murders and robbers" now ruling the South. Members were bound to participate in the activities of the order, even if it meant leaving the "embraces" of their wife. A Grand Klan , composed of delegates from Spartanburg , York , Union , and Chester counties in South Carolina and

5504-441: The population. There were 15,098 households, of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.0% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

5590-408: The population. There were 16,287 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and

5676-452: The result was only confusion. Additionally a " Grand Tycoon " notified Klansmen in Lebanon, Tennessee to cease night riding and the order was apparently effective in restoring calm to Wilson County, Tennessee . In some early reconstruction Klan units there was also a Lictor , whose role as a guard of the den was later subsumed by the Nighthawks. The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. which existed from 1915 to 1944, elaborated on

5762-629: The supervision of Harry Gennett through the remainder of the decade by offering contract pressing services. For a time the Starr Piano Company was the principal manufacturer of Decca records, but much of this business dried up after Decca purchased its own pressing plant in 1938 (the Newaygo , Michigan, plant that formerly had pressed Brunswick and Vocalion records). In the years remaining before World War II , Gennett did contract pressing for New York-based jazz and folk music labels, including Joe Davis , who briefly produced records on Gennett, Beacon, and Joe Davis labels that were pressed in Starr Valley. With

5848-441: The work of talent scouts Dennis Taylor and, eventually, one of Taylor's recruits the Fiddlin' Doc Roberts , recording more Kentucky musicians than any other state. Taylor brought hundreds of Kentucky musicians to Richmond between 1925 and 1931, including Asa Martin , Marion Underwood, and Charlie Taylor. Many early religious recordings were made by Homer Rodeheaver , early shape note singers and others. Classical ensembles around

5934-455: Was $ 30,210, and the median income for a family was $ 38,346. Males had a median income of $ 30,849 versus $ 21,164 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,096. About 12.1% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.8% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over. Richmond is home to four colleges: Earlham College , Indiana University East , Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana , and

6020-439: Was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in the city was 38.4 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 39,124 people, 16,287 households, and 9,918 families residing in

6106-434: Was a recruiter and was responsible for organizing local Klans. Since the dissolution of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. in 1944, there have been many Klan groups. Details of the nomenclature have varied, somewhat, among the different groups, but some terms have had more currency than others. Over time, the term klavern replaced klan for local groups. Imperial Wizard and Grand Dragon have still been generally used for

6192-470: Was adopted by a convention in Nashville, Tennessee in April 1867. A slightly revised edition appeared the next year. In both prescripts there were four levels or "departments" of organization, above the basic level: In the first prescript each officer is given the power to appoint Deputies to organize Realms, Dominions, Provinces and Dens until the latter can elect their own officers. The Grand Wizard

6278-732: Was all time up to the American Revolutionary War . The First Reign of our Incarnation and Incantation was the period between the Revolution and the establishment of the original Klan, which was reckoned to May 6, 1866 in this scheme. The Reign of our Second Incarnation and Incantation was reckoned between 1866 and Grand Wizard Nathan Bedford Forrest 's dissolution of the Klan, which is reckoned to 1872. The Reign of our Third Incarnation and Incantation began in 1915. The Klan year, Anno Klanslar , began in May of each year, and

6364-430: Was also home to a Chesapeake and Ohio Railway station. Public transit service is provided by city-owned Roseview Transit , operating daily except Sundays and major holidays. Klavern Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nomenclature has evolved over the order's nearly 160 years of existence. The titles and designations were first laid out in the 1920s Kloran , setting out KKK terms and traditions. Like many KKK terms, this

6450-404: Was calculated to, and did provoke, much amusement for most of those, if not all, who were present," according to the 1907 Cyclopedia of Fraternities. J.C. Lester, one of the original members of the group, stated that the Klan rituals were "modeled on and embraced the leading features of the rituals of an order which has long been popular in many colleges and universities under various names" such as

6536-638: Was first recorded at Gennett as a member of King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band. Many other internationally famous musicians recorded at Gennett's Richmond facility, including Jelly Roll Morton , Bix Beiderbecke , Duke Ellington , and Fats Waller . Gennett also recorded Klan musicians. A group of artists in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came to be known as the Richmond Group . They included John Elwood Bundy , Charles Conner , George Herbert Baker , Maude Kaufman Eggemeyer and John Albert Seaford . The Richmond Art Museum has

6622-426: Was in charge of the " Grand Guard ", an organization which is not otherwise elaborated upon in the prescripts, but apparently served as the Den's security detail . The Grand Turk was the den's " executive officer " and was charged with informing Klansmen of "all informal or irregular meetings" and helping the Grand Cyclops and the Grand Magi maintain the "control and government" of the Den. The Grand Ensign's job

6708-420: Was inducted in 2008: 2009 Inductees: 2010 Inductees: 2011 Inductees: 2012 Inductees: 2013 Inductee: 2014 Inductee: 2016 Inductee: Richmond, Indiana Richmond ( / ˈ r ɪ tʃ m ə n d / ) is a city in eastern Wayne County, Indiana , United States. Bordering the state of Ohio , it is the county seat of Wayne County. In the 2020 census , the city had a population of 35,720. It

6794-483: Was officially incorporated in 1840, with John Sailor elected the first mayor. Early cinema and television pioneer Charles Francis Jenkins grew up on a farm north of Richmond, where he began inventing useful gadgets. As the Richmond Telegram reported, on June 6, 1894, Jenkins gathered his family, friends and newsmen at his cousin's jewelry store in downtown Richmond and projected a filmed motion picture for

6880-563: Was part of a general westward migration in the early decades after the American Revolution . John Smith was one of the earliest settlers. Richmond is still home to several Quaker institutions, including Friends United Meeting , Richmond Friends School , Earlham College and the Earlham School of Religion . The first post office in Richmond was established in 1818 with Robert Morrison as the first postmaster. The town

6966-469: Was released in 1924. In the 1930s, Harry Gennett, Jr. became involved in the recording business and roamed the country in the Gennett recording truck producing sound effects. The Gennett catalog of sound recordsings would be sold by mail to radio stations and filmmakers. The label was hit severely by the Great Depression in 1930. It cut back on record recording and production and only maintained

7052-616: Was set up in the Hotel Lowry in St. Paul, Minnesota where primarily Swedish, German, and Polish folk music was recorded. Temporary studios were set up in Chicago from November–December 1927 and February–April 1928. By the late 1920s, Gennett was pressing records for more than 25 labels worldwide, including budget disks for the Sears catalog. In 1926, Fred Gennett created Champion Records as

7138-598: Was the first to record such artists as Louis Armstrong , Bix Beiderbecke , Jelly Roll Morton , Hoagy Carmichael , Lawrence Welk , and Gene Autry . The city has twice received the All-America City Award , most recently in 2009. In 1806 the first European Americans in the area, Quaker families from the state of North Carolina , settled along the East Fork of the Whitewater River . This

7224-410: Was to be elected by a majority of Grand Dragons, and each lower level was elected by a majority of the next lower level of officers (Dragons were elected by Titans, Titans were elected by Giants etc.), as soon as three units had been formed at each level (three Dominions within a Realm for Grand Dragon, three Provinces within a Dominion for Grand Titan, etc.). In the second prescript each officer appoints

7310-546: Was to be governed as "ordinary court martials ". In addition to the structure outlined above, there are documented cases of organs of slightly different nomenclature from Reconstruction. For instance, a group of twenty men, who were arrested on April 6, 1868, at their "den" at the corners of Beale Street and Hernando street in Memphis , was called the Supreme Cyclopean Council . The constitution that

7396-499: Was to take care of the Klan's flag. The organ for initiation into the Klan was called the Investigating Committee , composed of the Grand Cyclops, Grand Magi and Grand Monk. Upon the nomination of a new member by a current member, the committee would investigate the candidate's "antecedents and his past and present standings and connections" and would then pronounce the candidate "competent and worthy" to become

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