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113-629: The Centre Pompidou ( French pronunciation: [sɑ̃tʁ pɔ̃pidu] ), more fully the Centre national d'art et de culture Georges-Pompidou ( lit.   ' National Georges Pompidou Centre of Art and Culture ' ), also known as the Pompidou Centre in English, is a complex building in the Beaubourg area of the 4th arrondissement of Paris , near Les Halles , rue Montorgueil , and

226-455: A conductor 's surface, since otherwise there would be a force along the surface of the conductor that would move the charge carriers to even the potential across the surface. The electric field was formally defined as the force exerted per unit charge, but the concept of potential allows for a more useful and equivalent definition: the electric field is the local gradient of the electric potential. Usually expressed in volts per metre,

339-461: A force on each other, an effect that was known, though not understood, in antiquity. A lightweight ball suspended by a fine thread can be charged by touching it with a glass rod that has itself been charged by rubbing with a cloth. If a similar ball is charged by the same glass rod, it is found to repel the first: the charge acts to force the two balls apart. Two balls that are charged with a rubbed amber rod also repel each other. However, if one ball

452-409: A steady state current, but instead blocks it. The inductor is a conductor, usually a coil of wire, that stores energy in a magnetic field in response to the current through it. When the current changes, the magnetic field does too, inducing a voltage between the ends of the conductor. The induced voltage is proportional to the time rate of change of the current. The constant of proportionality

565-571: A 2,000 square metres (22,000 square feet) subterranean glass-and-steel structure called The Cube ( El Cubo ) in Málaga . According to the Spanish newspaper El País , the annual €1 million cost of the five-year project were funded by the city council. The partnership with Málaga was announced by the city's mayor but was not confirmed by Pompidou Centre president Alain Seban until 24 April 2014. Under

678-645: A Pompidou branch housed in a former military base called Esog. In 2019, the Centre Pompidou announced plans to open a 22,000 m (240,000 sq ft) conservation, exhibition and storage space in Massy (Essonne) by 2025. Project backers include the Région Ile-de-France and the French state. Málaga In 2015, approximately 70 works from the Centre Pompidou's collection went on show in

791-456: A central role in many modern technologies, serving in electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment, and in electronics dealing with electrical circuits involving active components such as vacuum tubes , transistors , diodes and integrated circuits , and associated passive interconnection technologies. The study of electrical phenomena dates back to antiquity, with theoretical understanding progressing slowly until

904-432: A charge of Q coulombs every t seconds passing through an electric potential ( voltage ) difference of V is where Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry . Electricity is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3.6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure power using electricity meters , which keep

1017-516: A common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared is useful. While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the Earth itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere. This reference point naturally takes the name earth or ground . Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable. Electric potential

1130-472: A current of one amp. The capacitor is a development of the Leyden jar and is a device that can store charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating dielectric layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the capacitance . The unit of capacitance

1243-494: A dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky . A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges. In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported

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1356-425: A large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have discharge energies as great as 250 kWh. The field strength is greatly affected by nearby conducting objects, and it is particularly intense when it is forced to curve around sharply pointed objects. This principle is exploited in the lightning conductor , the sharp spike of which acts to encourage the lightning strike to develop there, rather than to

1469-515: A large-scale installation within El Cubo . Following the original five-year agreement that was signed in September 2014, the terms were renewed early 2018 and again in 2024. Under the most recent renewal, Málaga city council agreed to pay the Centre Pompidou an annual fee of €2.7 million over five years (2025–29), rising to €3.1 million in the latter period (2030–34). Brussels In March 2018,

1582-402: A millimetre per second, the electric field that drives them itself propagates at close to the speed of light , enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires. Current causes several observable effects, which historically were the means of recognising its presence. That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800,

1695-553: A more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism , the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell , in particular in his " On Physical Lines of Force " in 1861 and 1862. While

1808-425: A positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part. Current defined in this manner is called conventional current . The motion of negatively charged electrons around an electric circuit , one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the opposite direction to that of

1921-420: A positive or negative electric charge produces an electric field . The motion of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field . In most applications, Coulomb's law determines the force acting on an electric charge. Electric potential is the work done to move an electric charge from one point to another within an electric field, typically measured in volts . Electricity plays

2034-891: A practical generator, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, a possibility that would be taken up by those that followed on from his work. An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task. The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as resistors , capacitors , switches , transformers and electronics . Electronic circuits contain active components , usually semiconductors , and typically exhibit non-linear behaviour, requiring complex analysis. The simplest electric components are those that are termed passive and linear : while they may temporarily store energy, they contain no sources of it, and exhibit linear responses to stimuli. The resistor

2147-406: A process now known as electrolysis . Their work was greatly expanded upon by Michael Faraday in 1833. Current through a resistance causes localised heating, an effect James Prescott Joule studied mathematically in 1840. One of the most important discoveries relating to current was made accidentally by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, when, while preparing a lecture, he witnessed the current in

2260-471: A rapidly changing one. Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit . The SI unit of power is the watt , one joule per second . Electric power, like mechanical power , is the rate of doing work , measured in watts , and represented by the letter P . The term wattage is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in watts produced by an electric current I consisting of

2373-489: A resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. The resistance of most materials is relatively constant over a range of temperatures and currents; materials under these conditions are known as 'ohmic'. The ohm , the unit of resistance, was named in honour of Georg Ohm , and is symbolised by the Greek letter Ω. 1 Ω is the resistance that will produce a potential difference of one volt in response to

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2486-595: A running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer. Unlike fossil fuels , electricity is a low entropy form of energy and can be converted into motion or many other forms of energy with high efficiency. Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes , transistors , diodes , sensors and integrated circuits , and associated passive interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes digital switching possible, and electronics

2599-431: A scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to

2712-575: A series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel ; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs . In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics , demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta 's battery, or voltaic pile , of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with

2825-515: A series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic , in contrast to minerals such as magnetite , which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating , based on

2938-477: A solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons , and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes . These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material

3051-805: A spire and punctured by upper galleries. The 77-metre central spire is a nod to the year the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris was built – 1977. The Centre Pompidou-Metz displays unique, temporary exhibitions from the collection of the Musée National d'Art Moderne , which is not on display at the main Parisian museum. Since its inauguration, the institution has become the most visited cultural venue in France outside Paris, accommodating 550,000 visitors/year. Launched in 2011 in Chaumont ,

3164-531: A temporary satellite of the Centre Pompidou in the northern French town of Maubeuge close to the Belgian border. The 3,000-square-metre outpost, to be designed by the architects Pierre Hebbelinck and Pierre de Wit, is said to be located at the 17th-century Maubeuge Arsenal for four years. The cost of the project is €5.8 million. In 2015, the city authorities in Libourne , a town in south-western France, proposed

3277-644: A wide variety of attractions: bands, caricature and sketch artists , tables set up for evening dining, and even skateboarding competitions. In 2021 artists duo Arotin & Serghei realized for the re-inaugaration of the Place Georges Pompidou after years of works, and in the context of IRCAM 's festival Manifeste the intermedial large-scale installation Infinite Light Columns / Constellations of The Future 1-4, Tribute to Constantin Brancusi , installed along Renzo Piano 's IRCAM Tower, on

3390-511: A wire disturbing the needle of a magnetic compass. He had discovered electromagnetism , a fundamental interaction between electricity and magnetics. The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by electric arcing is high enough to produce electromagnetic interference , which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment. In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). These terms refer to how

3503-448: A wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury. The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained. Experimentation by Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends. Further analysis of this process, known as electromagnetic induction , enabled him to state

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3616-402: A wire. The informal term static electricity refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other. Charge can be measured by a number of means, an early instrument being the gold-leaf electroscope , which although still in use for classroom demonstrations, has been superseded by

3729-584: Is a scalar quantity . That is, it has only magnitude and not direction. It may be viewed as analogous to height : just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field. As relief maps show contour lines marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as equipotentials ) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object. The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles. They must also lie parallel to

3842-411: Is a vector field . The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics . The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday, whose term ' lines of force ' still sometimes sees use. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to make as it

3955-452: Is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker. An electric field generally varies in space, and its strength at any one point

4068-401: Is charged by the glass rod, and the other by an amber rod, the two balls are found to attract each other. These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb , who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms. This discovery led to the well-known axiom: like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract . The force acts on

4181-473: Is defined as negative, and that by protons is positive. Before these particles were discovered, Benjamin Franklin had defined a positive charge as being the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with a silk cloth. A proton by definition carries a charge of exactly 1.602 176 634 × 10  coulombs . This value is also defined as the elementary charge . No object can have a charge smaller than

4294-483: Is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point. The conceptual charge, termed a ' test charge ', must be vanishingly small to prevent its own electric field disturbing the main field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of magnetic fields . As the electric field is defined in terms of force , and force is a vector , having both magnitude and direction , it follows that an electric field

4407-531: Is integral to applications spanning transport , heating , lighting , communications , and computation , making it the foundation of modern industrial society. Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish . Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek , Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians . Several ancient writers, such as Pliny

4520-406: Is mediated by the magnetic field each current produces and forms the basis for the international definition of the ampere . This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to Michael Faraday's invention of the electric motor in 1821. Faraday's homopolar motor consisted of a permanent magnet sitting in a pool of mercury . A current was allowed through

4633-415: Is most often a crystalline semiconductor . Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium -based point-contact transistor , was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948. By modern convention, the charge carried by electrons

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4746-768: Is nevertheless independent, as Etablissement public à caractère administratif since its creation. In 2011, the museum earned $ 1.9 million from travelling exhibitions . Established in 1977 as the institution's US philanthropic arm, the Georges Pompidou Art and Culture Foundation acquires and encourages major gifts of art and design for exhibition at the museum. Since 2006, the non-profit support group has brought in donations of 28 works, collectively valued at more than $ 14 million, and purchased many others. In 2013, New York-based art collectors Thea Westreich Wagner and Ethan Wagner announced their intention to donate about 300 works by 27 European and international artists to

4859-403: Is perhaps the simplest of passive circuit elements: as its name suggests, it resists the current through it, dissipating its energy as heat. The resistance is a consequence of the motion of charge through a conductor: in metals, for example, resistance is primarily due to collisions between electrons and ions. Ohm's law is a basic law of circuit theory , stating that the current passing through

4972-587: Is situated on the right bank of the River Seine . It contains the Renaissance -era Paris City Hall , rebuilt between 1874 and 1882. It also contains the Renaissance square of Place des Vosges , the overtly modern Pompidou Centre , and the lively southern part of the medieval district of Le Marais , which today is known for being the gay district of Paris. (The quieter northern part of Le Marais

5085-531: Is subjected to transients , such as when first energised. The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday . An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses , and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However, there

5198-406: Is termed the inductance . The unit of inductance is the henry , named after Joseph Henry , a contemporary of Faraday. One henry is the inductance that will induce a potential difference of one volt if the current through it changes at a rate of one ampere per second. The inductor's behaviour is in some regards converse to that of the capacitor: it will freely allow an unchanging current, but opposes

5311-415: Is the farad , named after Michael Faraday , and given the symbol F : one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit

5424-529: Is therefore 0 at all places inside the body. This is the operating principal of the Faraday cage , a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects. The principles of electrostatics are important when designing items of high-voltage equipment. There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that may be withstood by any medium. Beyond this point, electrical breakdown occurs and an electric arc causes flashover between

5537-409: Is usually measured in volts , and one volt is the potential for which one joule of work must be expended to bring a charge of one coulomb from infinity. This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference , and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points. An electric field has

5650-536: Is widely used in information processing , telecommunications , and signal processing . Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards , electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working system . Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The underlying principles that explain how semiconductors work are studied in solid state physics , whereas

5763-454: Is within the 3rd arrondissement ). The eastern part of the Île de la Cité (including Notre-Dame de Paris ) and all of the Île Saint-Louis are also included within the 4th arrondissement. The 4th arrondissement is known for its little streets, cafés, and shops but is often regarded by Parisians as expensive and congested. It has old buildings and a mix of many cultures. With a land area of 1.601 km (0.618 sq mi; 396 acres),

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5876-503: The COVID pandemic . It has had more than 180 million visitors since 1977 and more than 5,209,678 visitors in 2013, including 3,746,899 for the museum. The sculpture Horizontal by Alexander Calder , a free-standing mobile that is 7.6 m (25 ft) tall, was placed in front of the Centre Pompidou in 2012. The idea for a multicultural complex, bringing together different forms of art and literature in one place, developed, in part, from

5989-688: The Marais . It was designed in the style of high-tech architecture by the architectural team of Richard Rogers , Su Rogers , Renzo Piano , along with Gianfranco Franchini . It houses the Bibliothèque publique d'information (Public Information Library), a vast public library; the Musée National d'Art Moderne , which is the largest museum for modern art in Europe; and IRCAM , a centre for music and acoustic research. Because of its location,

6102-666: The Neo-Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον, elektron , the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne 's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Isaac Newton made early investigations into electricity, with an idea of his written down in his book Opticks arguably

6215-423: The electromagnetic force , one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Experiment has shown charge to be a conserved quantity , that is, the net charge within an electrically isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system. Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as

6328-522: The quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels . The first solid-state device was the " cat's-whisker detector " first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with

6441-452: The strong interaction , but unlike that force it operates over all distances. In comparison with the much weaker gravitational force , the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 10 times that of the gravitational attraction pulling them together. Charge originates from certain types of subatomic particles , the most familiar carriers of which are the electron and proton . Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with

6554-566: The 16,000 sq ft (1,500 m) Art Deco -style building in October 2015 — is the main funder project, with the conversion costing €122 million. In a joint proposal with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum presented in 2005, the Centre Pompidou planned to build a museum of modern and contemporary art, design and the media arts in Hong Kong's West Kowloon Cultural District . In 2007,

6667-541: The 17th and 18th centuries. The development of the theory of electromagnetism in the 19th century marked significant progress, leading to electricity's industrial and residential application by electrical engineers by the century's end. This rapid expansion in electrical technology at the time was the driving force behind the Second Industrial Revolution , with electricity's versatility driving transformations in both industry and society. Electricity

6780-545: The 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery , which resembles a galvanic cell , though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete , in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined

6893-482: The 4th arrondissement is the third smallest arrondissement in the city. It is bordered to the west by the 1st arrondissement , to the north by the 3rd , to the east by the 11th and 12th , and to the south by the Seine and the 5th . The peak of population of the 4th arrondissement occurred before 1861, though the arrondissement was defined in its current shape only since the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999,

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7006-493: The 4th arrondissement: Electrical Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter possessing an electric charge . Electricity is related to magnetism , both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism , as described by Maxwell's equations . Common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning , static electricity , electric heating , electric discharges and many others. The presence of either

7119-598: The Centre Pompidou announced plans to open an offshoot branch in Brussels, under the name KANAL - Centre Pompidou . Housed in a former Citroën garage which was transformed by a team comprising ces noAarchitecten (Brussels), EM2N (Zurich) and Sergison Bates architects (London), the new centre brings together the 12,200 sq ft (1,130 m) Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, an architecture centre (CIVA Foundation) and public spaces devoted to culture, education and leisure. The Brussels-Capital region — which acquired

7232-628: The Centre Pompidou x West Bund Museum opened to the public, based in a wing of the 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m) West Bund Art Museum designed by David Chipperfield . The inaugural exhibitions The Shape of Time, Highlights of the Centre Pompidou Collection and Observations, Highlights of the New Media Collection were curated by Marcella Lista . Other projects include the Pompidou's joint venture with

7345-453: The Centre Pompidou, thereby making one of the largest gifts in the institution's history. In 1999, the heirs of Alphonse Kann requested the return of Georges Braque's The Guitar Player , which the Centre Pompidou had acquired from Heinz Berggruen in 1981. In 2011, Centre Pompidou admitted that it held three paintings, Les Peupliers (Poplars) , Arbres (Trees) , and Composition by the artist Fédor Löwenstein that had been looted during

7458-600: The Centre de Création Industrielle was incorporated into the Musée National d'Art Moderne , henceforth called "MNAM/CCI". The CCI, as an organisation with its own design-oriented programme, ceased to exist, while the MNAM started to develop a design and architecture collection in addition to its modern and contemporary art collection. The Centre Pompidou was intended to handle 8,000 visitors a day. In its first two decades it attracted more than 145 million visitors, more than five times

7571-656: The Elder and Scribonius Largus , attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays , and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber , could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made

7684-537: The Guggenheim on 24 April 2014, Alain Seban suggested that Brazil may be the third country to host a temporary satellite museum, after Spain and Mexico. As a national museum, the Centre Pompidou is government-owned and subsidised by the Ministry of Culture (64.2% of its budget in 2012 : 82.8 on 129 million €), essentially for its staff. The Culture Ministry appoints its directors and controls its gestion, which

7797-618: The King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture, an arts complex incorporating a museum in Dhahran , the building of which has stalled. In April 2014, Pompidou president Alain Seban confirmed that after Malaga (Spain), Mexico will be the next site for a pop-up Pompidou Centre. A 58,000-square-foot satellite museum Centre Pompidou x Jersey City in Jersey City, New Jersey , was scheduled to open in 2024, which would have made it

7910-614: The Nazi occupation of France. In 2021, after the French government restituted a looted Max Pechtstein painting to the heirs of Hugo Simon , the Centre Pompidou held an exhibition in a tribute to the persecuted art collector. Touche pas à la Femme Blanche Catherine Deneuve (Actor), Marcello Mastroianni (Actor), Marco Ferreri (Director) 48°51′38.311″N 2°21′8.082″E  /  48.86064194°N 2.35224500°E  / 48.86064194; 2.35224500 4th arrondissement of Paris The arrondissement, also known as Hôtel-de-Ville,

8023-407: The Pompidou "revolutionised museums, transforming what had once been elite monuments into popular places of social and cultural exchange, woven into the heart of the city." The centre was built by GTM and completed in 1977. The building cost 993 million French francs . Renovation work conducted from October 1996 to January 2000 was completed on a budget of 576 million francs. The principal engineer

8136-707: The Pompidou's first satellite museum in North America; by 2024, however, the New Jersey Economic Development Authority and the Jersey City Redevelopment Authority decided they would no longer fund the museum. There have been rumours of a pop-up Pompidou satellite museum in Brazil since Alain Seban announced the plan for these temporary locations back in 2012. At a talk on satellite museums at

8249-482: The Rue des Rosiers being at the heart of its community. There are a handful of kosher restaurants, and Jewish institutions. Since the 1990s, gay culture has influenced the arrondissement, with new residents opening a number of bars and cafés in the area by the town hall. Lycée Charlemagne is located in the arrondissement, as well as Haredi Jewish institutions Yad Mordekhai. Metro stations within, partially or fully,

8362-637: The agreement, approximately 100 works from the Pompidou's 20th and 21st century collection were put on display, while a smaller area is being used for temporary exhibitions. Portraiture and the influence of Picasso will be among the subjects explored in the permanent display, organised by the Pompidou's deputy director Brigitte Leal. Highlights will include works by Alberto Giacometti , René Magritte , Alexander Calder and Constantin Brâncuși , and contemporary works by Sophie Calle , Bruce Nauman and Orlan . The city of Málaga also commissioned Daniel Buren to create

8475-408: The beginning of the field theory of the electric force. Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke , Robert Boyle , Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay . Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of

8588-419: The building it serves to protect. The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires work . The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point. It

8701-456: The centre is known locally as Beaubourg ( IPA: [bobuʁ] ). It is named after Georges Pompidou , the President of France from 1969 to 1974 who commissioned the building, and was officially opened on 31 January 1977 by President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing . The centre had 3.1 million visitors in 2022, a large increase from 2021 but still below 2019 levels, due to closings caused by

8814-426: The charged particles themselves, hence charge has a tendency to spread itself as evenly as possible over a conducting surface. The magnitude of the electromagnetic force, whether attractive or repulsive, is given by Coulomb's law , which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an inverse-square relation to the distance between them. The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to

8927-450: The charged parts. Air, for example, tends to arc across small gaps at electric field strengths which exceed 30 kV per centimetre. Over larger gaps, its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre. The most visible natural occurrence of this is lightning , caused when charge becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand. The voltage of

9040-517: The coloured works by de Saint-Phalle. The fountain opened in 1983. Video footage of the fountain appeared frequently throughout the French language telecourse, French in Action . The Place Georges Pompidou in front of the museum is noted for the presence of street performers , such as mimes and jugglers . In the spring, miniature carnivals are installed temporarily into the place in front with

9153-411: The current varies in time. Direct current, as produced by example from a battery and required by most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative. If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction. Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes

9266-516: The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems are part of electronics engineering . Faraday's and Ampère's work showed that a time-varying magnetic field created an electric field, and a time-varying electric field created a magnetic field. Thus, when either field is changing in time, a field of the other is always induced. These variations are an electromagnetic wave . Electromagnetic waves were analysed theoretically by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864. Maxwell developed

9379-560: The design was meant to be "not a building but a town where you find everything – lunch, great art, a library, great music". The Centre Pompidou, initially met with dismay akin to the Eiffel Tower's reception in its time, is now widely regarded as an artwork in its own merit. National Geographic described the reaction to the design as "love at second sight." An article in Le Figaro declared: "Paris has its own monster, just like

9492-478: The early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering . Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell , Ottó Bláthy , Thomas Edison , Galileo Ferraris , Oliver Heaviside , Ányos Jedlik , William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin , Charles Algernon Parsons , Werner von Siemens , Joseph Swan , Reginald Fessenden , Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse , electricity turned from

9605-427: The effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current. The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère , who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart. The interaction

9718-448: The electronic electrometer . The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current , the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes . Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current. Electric current can flow through some things, electrical conductors , but will not flow through an electrical insulator . By historical convention,

9831-416: The electrons. However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction, or even in both directions at once. The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation. The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical conduction , and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and

9944-428: The elementary charge, and any amount of charge an object may carry is a multiple of the elementary charge. An electron has an equal negative charge, i.e. −1.602 176 634 × 10  coulombs . Charge is possessed not just by matter , but also by antimatter , each antiparticle bearing an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding particle. The presence of charge gives rise to an electrostatic force: charges exert

10057-548: The escalators if they enter, though entrance to the building is free. Since 2006, the global attendance of the centre is no longer calculated at the main entrance, but only the one of the Musée National d'Art Moderne and of the public library (5,209,678 visitors for both in 2013), but without the other visitors of the building (929,431 in 2004 or 928,380 in 2006, for only the panorama tickets or cinemas, festivals, lectures, bookshops, workshops, restaurants, etc.). In 2017,

10170-614: The first major example of an 'inside-out' building with its structural system, mechanical systems, and circulation exposed on the exterior of the building, reflecting their belief that they had no chance of winning the commission. This daring design increased the efficiency of interior space utilization. Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes are plumbing , blue ducts are for climate control , electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements and devices for safety (e.g., fire extinguishers ) are red. According to Piano,

10283-558: The first or sixth floors. Among them, many monographs : In 2010, the Centre Georges Pompidou opened a regional branch, the Centre Pompidou-Metz , in Metz a city 250 kilometres east of Paris . The new museum is part of an effort to expand the display of contemporary arts beyond Paris's large museums. The new museum's building was designed by the architect Shigeru Ban with a curving and asymmetrical pagoda-like roof topped by

10396-495: The form of a sine wave . Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time. The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse. Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under steady state direct current, such as inductance and capacitance . These properties however can become important when circuitry

10509-546: The idea of Paris as a leading city of culture and art, it was proposed to move the Musée d'Art Moderne to this new location. Paris also needed a large, free public library, as one did not exist at this time. At first the debate concerned Les Halles, but as the controversy settled, in 1968, President Charles de Gaulle announced the Plateau Beaubourg as the new site for the library. A year later in 1969, Georges Pompidou,

10622-407: The ideas of France's first Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux , a proponent of the decentralisation of art and culture by impulse of the political power. In the 1960s, city planners decided to move the food markets of Les Halles , historically significant structures long prized by Parisians, with the idea that some of the cultural institutes be built in the former market area. Hoping to renew

10735-422: The jury. It was the first time in France that international architects were allowed to participate. The selection was announced in 1971 at a "memorable press conference" where the contrast between the sharply-dressed Pompidou and "hairy young crew" of architects represented a "grand bargain between radical architecture and establishment politics." Rogers and Piano, two emerging architects in their thirties, designed

10848-444: The living heart of creation" . By the mid-1980s, the Centre Pompidou was becoming the victim of its huge and unexpected popularity, its many activities, and a complex administrative structure. When Dominique Bozo returned to the Centre in 1981 as Director of the Musée National d'Art Moderne , he re-installed the museum, bringing out the full range of its collections and displaying the many major acquisitions that had been made. By 1992,

10961-400: The material through which they are travelling. Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor such as metal, and electrolysis , where ions (charged atoms ) flow through liquids, or through plasmas such as electrical sparks. While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average drift velocity only fractions of

11074-419: The museum for the first time went on the road to the French regions with a selection of works from the permanent collection. To do this, it designed and constructed a mobile gallery, which, in the spirit of a circus, will make camp for a few months at a time in towns throughout the country. However, in 2013, the Centre Pompidou halted its mobile-museum project because of the cost. In 2014, plans were released for

11187-437: The museum had 3.37 million visitors. The public library had 1.37 million. The Musée National d'Art Moderne itself saw an increase in attendance from 3.1 million (2010) to 3.6 million visitors in 2011 and 3.75 million in 2013. The 2013 retrospective "Dalí" broke the museum's daily attendance record: 7,364 people a day went to see the artist's work (790,000 in total). Several major exhibitions are organised each year on either

11300-501: The new president, adopted the Beaubourg project and decided it to be the location of both the new library and a centre for the contemporary arts. In the process of developing the project, the IRCAM (Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique) was also housed in the complex. The Rogers and Piano design was chosen among 681 competition entries. World-renowned architects Oscar Niemeyer , Jean Prouvé and Philip Johnson made up

11413-475: The number first predicted. As of 2006, more than 180 million people have visited the centre since its opening in 1977. However, until the 1997–2000 renovation, 20 percent of the centre's eight million annual visitors—predominantly foreign tourists—rode the escalators up the outside of the building to the platform for the sights. Since re-opening in 2000 after a three-year renovation, the Centre Pompidou has improved accessibility for visitors. Now they can only access

11526-551: The one in Loch Ness ." But two decades later, while reporting on Rogers' winning the Pritzker Prize in 2007, The New York Times noted that the design of the Centre "turned the architecture world upside down" and that "Mr. Rogers earned a reputation as a high-tech iconoclast with the completion of the 1977 Pompidou Centre, with its exposed skeleton of brightly coloured tubes for mechanical systems". The Pritzker jury said

11639-526: The opposite site of Brancusi's studio, visible from both, the Place Igor Stravinsky and Place Georges Pompidou. The president of the Centre Pompidou, Serge Lasvignes, highlighted in his inauguration speech: "The installation symbolizes what the Centre Pompidou wants to be, ... a multidisciplinary ensemble, ... it is the resurrection of the initial spirit of the Centre Pompidou with the Piazza,

11752-512: The other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants. The Île de la Cité has been inhabited since the 1st century BC, when it was occupied by the Parisii tribe of the Gauls . The Right Bank was first settled in the 5th century. Since the end of the 19th century, le Marais has been populated by a significant Jewish population,

11865-456: The population was 30,675, and the arrondissement hosted 41,424 jobs. ¹ The peak of population in this area occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so there are not accurate figures before 1861. An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On

11978-428: The principle, now known as Faraday's law of induction , that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop. Exploitation of this discovery enabled him to invent the first electrical generator in 1831, in which he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper disc to electrical energy. Faraday's disc was inefficient and of no use as

12091-454: The special property that it is conservative , which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated. The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term voltage sees greater everyday usage. For practical purposes, defining

12204-601: The then president Bruno Racine announced plans to open a museum carrying the Pompidou's name in Shanghai, with its programming to be determined by the Pompidou. The location chosen for the new museum was a former fire station in the Luwan district's Huaihai Park. However, the scheme did not materialize for several years, reportedly due to the lack of a legal framework for a non-profit foreign institution to operate in China. In 2019,

12317-418: The two forces of nature then known. The force on the compass needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it. Ørsted's words were that "the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner." The force also depended on the direction of the current, for if the flow was reversed, then the force did too. Ørsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed

12430-560: The upcoming renovations is $ 235 million. In January 2021 Roselyne Bachelot , France's culture minister, announced that the centre would close completely in 2023 for four years. The nearby Stravinsky Fountain (also called the Fontaine des automates ), on Place Stravinsky, features 16 whimsical moving and water-spraying sculptures by Jean Tinguely and Niki de Saint-Phalle , which represent themes and works by composer Igor Stravinsky . The black-painted mechanical sculptures are by Tinguely,

12543-417: The vector direction of the field is the line of greatest slope of potential, and where the equipotentials lie closest together. Ørsted's discovery in 1821 that a magnetic field existed around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current indicated that there was a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces,

12656-543: Was forced to move within the field; they are however an imaginary concept with no physical existence, and the field permeates all the intervening space between the lines. Field lines emanating from stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that they may never cross nor close in on themselves. A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface. The field

12769-463: Was the renowned Peter Rice , responsible for, amongst other things, the Gerberette . During the renovation, the centre was closed to the public for 27 months, re-opening on 1 January 2000. In September 2020, it was announced that the Centre Pompidou would begin renovations in 2023, which will require either a partial closure for seven years or a full closure for three years. The projected cost for

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