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Georges Urbain

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Georges Urbain (12 April 1872 – 5 November 1938) was a French chemist, a professor of the Sorbonne , a member of the Institut de France, and director of the Institute of Chemistry in Paris. Much of his work focused on the rare earths , isolating and separating elements such as europium and gadolinium , and studying their spectra, their magnetic properties and their atomic masses. He discovered the element lutetium (atomic number 71). He also studied the efflorescence of saline hydrates.

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38-525: After attending the Lycée Charlemagne and Lycée Lavoisier, Urbain studied at the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He graduated as the top student in the school's ninth graduating class, in 1894. At that time he also earned his licence ès sciences physique et chimie at the Sorbonne. Urbain served in teaching positions at

76-662: A lycée , the building originally served as the home of the Order of the Jesuits . The lycée itself was founded by Napoléon Bonaparte and celebrated its bicentennial in 2004. The lycée is directly connected to the Collège Charlemagne (formerly known as le petit lycée ) which is located directly across from it, on the Rue Charlemagne . Also the lycée offers two-year courses preparing students for entry to

114-409: A rare earth . George de Hevesy and Dirk Coster also characterized it, placing it more accurately, and called it "hafnium". A decades-long controversy over credit and naming was eventually decided in favor of hafnium . Although Urbain was right in detecting the presence of a new element, the spectra and the chemical behavior he described were not a good match to the element later isolated. In part,

152-512: A comeback since the 1990s. Public notices announce Jewish events, bookshops specialize in Jewish books, and numerous restaurants and other outlets sell kosher food. The synagogue on 10 rue Pavée is adjacent to the rue des Rosiers. It was designed in 1913 by Art Nouveau architect Hector Guimard , who designed many Paris Metro stations. The Marais houses the Museum of Jewish Art and History ,

190-586: A first and last ES, 1st five and six terminal S. The current headmaster is Pierrette Floc'h, succeeding Alberto Munoz in 2011. In 2024, Lycée Charlemagne stands out as one of the top educational institutions in France, ranking 1st in Paris and 2nd nationally according to Le Parisien. This ranking highlights several factors: an exceptional graduation rate, a high percentage of students earning honors (Sufficient, Good, or Very Good), and an excellent rate of progression from

228-659: Is now once again amongst the more fashionable areas of Paris, known for its art galleries, upscale restaurants and museums. In 1240, the Knights Templar built a fortified church just outside the walls of Paris, in the northern part of the Marais. Later on, The Temple (also known as the Temple Quarter) had many religious institutions built nearby. These include: the convents des Blancs-Manteaux, de Sainte-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie and des Carmes-Billettes, as well as

266-537: The French Revolution and was then abandoned by the nobility completely. It was to remain unfashionable until the late 20th century. After the French Revolution, the district was no longer the aristocratic district it had been during the 17th and 18th centuries. Because of this, the district became a popular and active commercial area, hosting one of Paris' main Jewish communities. At the end of

304-568: The Grandes écoles , divided into seven classes: The school is associated with Charlemagne Middle School that is located just opposite it, on Rue Charlemagne, and is alongside the walls of Philippe Auguste, of which only the exterior cladding still exists. In 1580, The Cardinal de Bourbon bought the Duchess of Montmorency's Hotel of Rochepot and Damville. He gave it to the Jesuits, who demolished

342-857: The Hôtel Carnavalet the Paris Historical Museum, the Hôtel Donon the Cognacq-Jay Museum , and the Hôtel de Saint-Aignan hosts the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme . The site of Beaubourg, the western part of Marais, was chosen for the Centre Georges Pompidou , France's national Museum of Modern Art, which is widely considered one of the world's most important cultural institutions. The building

380-495: The Hôtel de Guénégaud and the Hôtel de Soubise . During the late 18th century, the district was no longer considered the most fashionable district by the nobility, yet it still kept its reputation of being an aristocratic area. By that time, only minor nobles and a few higher ranking nobles, such as the Prince de Soubise , lived there. The Place des Vosges remained a place for nobles to meet. The district fell into disrepair after

418-481: The Seine . Having once been an aristocratic district, it is home to many buildings of historic and architectural importance. It lost its status as a fashionable district in the late 18th century, with only minor nobles calling the area home. After the French Revolution , the district fell into disrepair and was abandoned by nobility. After a long period of decay, the district has undergone transformation in recent years and

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456-428: The 10th grade to the baccalaureate. Additionally, the school shows remarkable added value (calculated from the social background of students, their age and their results at national certificate), reflecting the effectiveness of its teaching and support in improving student performance compared to initial expectations. Le Figaro ranks Lycée Charlemagne 7th nationally and 6th in Paris, based on graduation and honors rates for

494-571: The 17th century and especially after the Royal Square ( Place Royale , current place des Vosges ) was designed under King Henri IV of France in 1605, the Marais was the favoured place of residence of the French nobility. Among the many urban mansions— hôtels particuliers , in French—they built there were the Hôtel de Sens , the Hôtel de Sully , the Hôtel de Beauvais , the Hôtel Carnavalet ,

532-544: The 19th century and during the first half of the 20th, the district around the rue des Rosiers , referred to as the " Pletzl ", welcomed many Eastern European Jews ( Ashkenazi ) who reinforced the district's clothing specialization. During World War II the Jewish community was targeted by the Nazis who were occupying France. As of today, the rue des Rosiers remains a major center of the Paris Jewish community, which has made

570-740: The Compagnie Générale d’Electricité from 1899 to 1904. Among the topics he studied was the use of rare earth oxides to manufacture arc lamps . Next he became a teacher at the École de Physique et Chimie (1905-1906) and the Sorbonne (1906, 1908). In 1907 Urbain joined the Commission Internationale des Poids Atomiques. During World War I Urbain served in the Ministry of War as a laboratory director and technical advisor for artillery and explosives. Following

608-479: The Marais, Chez Jo Goldenberg , an attack which evidenced ties to the Abu Nidal Organization . By 2019 much Jewish business activity left The Marais, and it had fewer Jewish residents. By the 1950s, the district had become a working-class area and most of its architectural masterpieces were in a state of neglect. In 1964, General de Gaulle's Culture Minister, Andre Malraux , made the Marais

646-654: The Préparateur at the École de Physique et Chimie Industrielle (1894-1895), in Charles Friedel ' s organic chemistry laboratory (1832-1899), in the Faculté des Science P.C.N. (1895-1898), and at the École Alsacienne (1897-1899). He completed a thesis on Recherches sur la Séparation des Terres Rares (Research into the Separation of Rare Earth Elements) in 1899. Urbain led the laboratories of

684-491: The ancient Jesuit novitiate, which they called Royal Priory of St. Louis of Couture (or culture). They rented the large library gallery to the city of Paris. It was established from 1773 until the year 1790, the public library in the city of Paris. At the French Revolution, the Constituent Assembly having suppressed the monastic orders, on 17 March 1795 (27 Ventose Year III) an order of the management board put

722-520: The central school of Saint-Antoine street, which became the Lycee Charlemagne. The imperial decree of 24 Brumaire year XIII showed the willingness to install the high school near the Place des Vosges, in the house of Minimes; but the decree of 21 March 1812 confirmed its presence and authorised the expansion of the high school that receives then four hundred residents (external). In 1815, it

760-528: The church in 1634, to whom he offered the beautiful oak doors carved with the initials of the Society of Jesus. Bourdaloue made her debut in 1669 and there, pronounced the funeral oration of the Grand Condé in 1687. Bossuet and Fléchier also preached. In the original chapel, was baptized in 1626 Marie-Chantal of Rabutin, the future Ms. de Sevigne. The school welcomes seven second classes, a first and last L,

798-547: The church of Sainte-Catherine-du-Val-des-Écoliers  [ fr ] . During the mid-13th century, Charles I of Anjou , King of Naples and Sicily, and brother of King Louis IX of France built his residence near the current n°7 rue de Sévigné. In 1361, King Charles V built a mansion known as the Hôtel Saint-Pol , in which the Royal Court settled during his reign (as well as his son's). From that time to

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836-424: The controversy resulted from the different techniques used by chemists like Urbain, who favored chemical reduction techniques, and physicists who increasingly relied on new X-ray spectroscopy methods. As of 1919, Urbain had completed an extensive study of phosphorescence spectra, and demonstrated that trace impurities could dramatically alter results. By introducing impurities into artificially prepared mixtures, he

874-527: The first secteur sauvegardé (literally translated as safeguarded sector ). That was meant to protect and conserve places deemed to be of special cultural significance. In the following decades, the government and the city led an active restoration and Rehabilitation Policy . The main hôtels particuliers have since been restored and turned into museums: the Hôtel Salé hosts the Picasso Museum,

912-523: The following ranking for competitions in 2014: 48°51′14″N 2°21′36″E  /  48.85389°N 2.36000°E  / 48.85389; 2.36000 Le Marais The Marais ( Le Marais French: [lə maʁɛ] ; "the marsh") is a historic district in Paris , France . It spreads across parts of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements on the Rive Droite , or Right Bank, of

950-485: The general baccalaureate in 2023 and the school’s support of students from the 10th grade to graduation. These rankings are based on data provided by the Ministry of National Education and Youth, confirming the institution’s quality and effectiveness. It also hosts preparatory classes for schools, namely two classes of MPSI, a class of HPIC for the first year, an MP, and a PC for the second year. In 2015, L'Étudiant gave

988-431: The home front to perform the duties previously filled by men who were now soldiers on the front lines. China sent a few thousand of its citizens, on the condition that they would not actually take part in the war. Following the 1918 Allied victory, some of them stayed in Paris, living around the current rue au Maire. Today, most work in jewellery and leather-related products. The Marais' Chinese community has mainly settled in

1026-514: The largest French museum of Jewish art and history. The museum conveys the extensive history and culture of Jews in Europe and North Africa from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Cnaan Lipshiz of Times of Israel wrote that in previous eras the district was "the beating heart of French Jewry". In 1982, Palestinian extremists murdered six people and injured 22 at a Jewish restaurant in

1064-729: The library of the Commune at the disposal of the National Institute of Sciences and Arts, who plundered the bottom (20-30 000 books). In 1797, the former Professed House of the Jesuits became the Central School of the Saint-Antoine Street. Under the Empire, Joseph Lakanal accepted the chair of ancient languages at the Central School of the Saint-Antoine Street. The Law of 11 Floreal (1 May 1802) rechristened

1102-566: The main building located along the Rue Saint Antoine and replaced it with a chapel dedicated to St. Louis, in 1582. Between 1627 and 1647, the Jesuits built a building destined to become their home on the grounds of Philippe-Auguste. This home became one of the most famous of the order. It is the home of the confessors of Kings, whose father La Chaise confessors of Louis XIV with Father Michel Le Tellier and renowned preachers such as Bourdaloue or Ménestrier and Father Pierre Cotton, which

1140-757: The north of the district, particularly in the vicinity of Place de la République . Next to it, on the Rue du Temple, is the Chinese Church of Paris. Other features of the neighborhood include the Musée Picasso , the house of Nicolas Flamel , the Musée Cognacq-Jay , and the Musée Carnavalet . The Marais became a center of LGBT culture, beginning in the 1980s. Florence Tamagne, author of "Paris: 'Resting on its Laurels'?", wrote that

1178-541: The separation of rare earths. By taking advantage of the weights of rare earths, he was able to design procedures to separate light from heavy fractions, using magnesium and bismuth nitrates. This enabled him to test and refute a number of inaccurate rare earth "discoveries" claimed by other scientists. Urbain discovered the element lutetium (atomic number 71) independently in 1907 when he demonstrated that Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ' s ytterbia contained two substances. Through spectral analysis of both, he

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1216-741: The war he taught at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures . In 1928 he accepted the chair of general chemistry at the Sorbonne, in addition to serving as Director of Chemistry at the Institute of Biologie. Urbain was also appointed head of the Chemistry Section of the Palais de la Découverte, director of the Chemical Treatment laboratory of Thiais, and president of the École Pratique des Hautes Etudes (2nd section). Urbain developed new and more efficient techniques for

1254-457: Was able to characterize them and prove that they were distinct elements. Urbain called his two components "neoytterbia" and "lutecia". These components of ytterbia were independently isolated around the same time by Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach and the American chemist Charles James . Urbain and Welsbach accused each other of publishing results based on the other party. The dispute

1292-474: Was able to duplicate the results reported by other researchers, again testing claims about possible new elements. Urbain was also a composer and sculptor. Lyc%C3%A9e Charlemagne The Lycée Charlemagne ( French pronunciation: [lise ʃaʁləmaɲ] ) is located in the Marais quarter of the 4th arrondissement of Paris , the capital city of France . Constructed many centuries before it became

1330-487: Was completed in 1977 with advanced modern architectural features by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers . The Marais is now one of Paris' most frequented localities for art galleries. Following its restoration, the Marais has now become a popular and culture-defining district, home to many upscale restaurants, museums, fashion houses, and galleries. The Marais is also known for its Chinese community, which first formed during World War I . At that time, France needed workers on

1368-632: Was officially settled in 1909 by the Commission on Atomic Mass, which granted priority to Urbain as the first to describe the separation of lutetium from ytterbium. Urbain's "lutecia" was adapted to "lutetium". Urbain's name "neoytterbium" was temporarily adopted, but later Marignac's name was restored to the element ytterbium . In 1911 Urbain isolated another new element which he called "celtium", but his studies were interrupted by World War I . In 1922, he announced his new element, fully characterizing its emission spectrum, but mistakenly identifying it as

1406-528: Was rechristened, and became the College Royal de Charlemagne. The chapel of St. Louis, in 1582, was replaced by the present church in 1627. King Louis XIII laid the first stone, and it was known as the Saint-Louis des Jesuits. The church was designed by two Jesuit architects, Étienne Martellange and François Derand . The first mass was celebrated on 9 May 1641 by Cardinal Richelieu, benefactor of

1444-623: Was that of Henri IV and Louis XIII. From 1762 to 1767, the buildings were deserted after the expulsion of the Society of Jesus under the ministry of the Duke of Choiseul . On 23 May 1767 the Génovéfains of Sainte-Catherine-du-Val-des-Écoliers  [ fr ] bought the House of the Jesuits for 400,000 pounds; the regular canons of the reform of Saint Genevieve left their priory of Saint Catherine of Couture (that fell into ruins) and occupied

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