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45-526: Joseph Diez Gergonne (19 June 1771 at Nancy , France – 4 May 1859 at Montpellier , France) was a French mathematician and logician . In 1791, Gergonne enlisted in the French army as a captain. That army was undergoing rapid expansion because the French government feared a foreign invasion intended to undo the French Revolution and restore Louis XVI to the throne of France. He saw action in

90-555: A Gaulish personal name. A small fortified town named Nanciacum ( Nancy ) was built by Gérard, Duke of Lorraine around 1050. Nancy was burned in 1218 at the end of the War of Succession of Champagne , and conquered by Emperor Frederick II . It was rebuilt in stone over the next few centuries as it grew in importance as the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine . Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy ,

135-528: A building that does not conform to safety codes, or modify vehicular traffic regulations (speed limit, construction permits). The governing body of the department is the departmental council ( French : Conseil départemental ), which is elected through a system of cantons . It is in charge of the building and maintenance of middle schools ( collèges ) and departmental roads, financial assistance to dependent people (disabled and elderly), as well as promotion of local economic development, amongst other matters. In

180-636: A full-scale mutiny, known as the Nancy affair , took place in Nancy in the latter part of summer 1790. A few units loyal to the government laid siege to the town and shot or imprisoned the mutineers. In 1871, Nancy remained French when Germany annexed Alsace-Lorraine . In 1909 it hosted the Exposition Internationale de l'Est de la France between May and November. Nancy was occupied by German forces beginning in 1940 and renamed Nanzig. During

225-650: A large number of institutions of higher learning: Nancy is home to two of the three professional sport clubs in Lorraine: AS Nancy-Lorraine in football and SLUC Nancy in basketball. AS Nancy-Lorraine's Hall of Fame includes triple-Ballon d'Or and UEFA President Michel Platini, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger, 1998 World Champion Aimé Jacquet, 2000 European Champion Roger Lemerre, 1998 African Ballon d'Or Mustapha Hadji, Irish legend Tony Cascarino, 1986 European Cup winner Sacha Zavarov and 1958 World Cup Semi-finalist Roger Piantoni. AS Nancy-Lorraine won

270-702: A newer part of the city. On the south side of the Place Stanislaus is the Hôtel de Ville , which was completed in 1755. Upon Stanislaus' death in February 1766, Lorraine and Barrois became a regular government of the Kingdom of France . A parlement for Lorraine and Barrois was established in Nancy in 1776. As unrest surfaced within the French Armed Forces during the French Revolution ,

315-522: A period of 22 years, the Annales de Gergonne published about 200 articles by Gergonne himself, and other articles by many distinguished mathematicians, including Poncelet , Servois , Bobillier , Steiner , Plücker , Chasles , Brianchon , Dupin , Lamé , even Galois . Gergonne was appointed to the chair of astronomy at the University of Montpellier in 1816. In 1830, he was appointed Rector of

360-512: A population of 511,257 inhabitants at the 2018 census, making it the 16th-largest functional urban area in France and Lorraine 's largest. The population of the city of Nancy proper is 104,885. The motto of the city is Non inultus premor ( Latin for 'I am not injured unavenged') —a reference to the thistle, which is a symbol of Lorraine . Place Stanislas , a large square built between 1752 and 1756 by architect Emmanuel Héré under

405-486: A summary. The essay is very revealing of Gergonne's philosophical ideas. He called for the abandonment of the words analysis and synthesis , claiming they lacked clear meanings. Surprisingly for a geometer, he suggested that algebra is more important than geometry at a time when algebra consisted almost entirely of the elementary algebra of the real field . He predicted that one day quasi-mechanical methods would be used to discover new results. In 1815, Gergonne wrote

450-611: A unique and interesting Musée de l'École de Nancy (School of Nancy Museum) with artworks by Émile Gallé , Louis Majorelle , Daum , Caravaggio , and others. Nancy also has other museums: The city is also the seat of the Diocese of Nancy and the home of the Opéra national de Lorraine . There is a network of libraries, the central of which is Bibliothèque municipale de Nancy . Nancy is known for its macarons and bergamotes , candies flavored with bergamot essential oil . Nancy has

495-540: Is Gare de Nancy-Ville , with direct connections to Paris (high-speed rail line), Metz , Lyon , Strasbourg and several regional destinations. The motorway A31 connects Nancy with Metz, Luxembourg and Langres . A nearby regional airport Lorraine Airfield provides scheduled air service to several cities within France. Public transport within Nancy is provided by Service de Transport de l'Agglomération Nancéienne (STAN), operated by Veolia Transport , operating around 20 conventional bus routes and, until early 2023,

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540-592: Is also a large university city; with the Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brabois, the conurbation is home to one of the main health centres in Europe, renowned for its innovations in surgical robotics. The earliest signs of human settlement in the area date to 800 BC. Early settlers were likely attracted by easily mined iron ore and a ford in the river Meurthe . Its name is first attested as Nanciaco , possibly from

585-754: Is situated on the left bank of the river Meurthe , about 10 km upstream from its confluence with the Moselle . The Marne–Rhine Canal runs through the city, parallel to the Meurthe. Nancy is surrounded by hills that are about 150 m higher than the city center, which is situated at 200 m above mean sea level. The area of Nancy proper is relatively small: 15 km . Its built-up area is continuous with those of its adjacent suburbs. The neighboring communes of Nancy are: Jarville-la-Malgrange , Laxou , Malzéville , Maxéville , Saint-Max , Tomblaine , Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy and Villers-lès-Nancy . The oldest part of Nancy

630-477: Is the prefecture of the northeastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle . It was the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine , which was annexed by France under King Louis XV in 1766 and replaced by a province , with Nancy maintained as capital. Following its rise to prominence in the Age of Enlightenment , it was nicknamed the "capital of Eastern France" in the late 19th century. The metropolitan area of Nancy had

675-652: Is the quarter Vieille Ville – Léopold , which contains the 14th century Porte de la Craffe , the Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine , the Porte Désilles and the 19th century St-Epvre basilica . Adjacent to its south is the quarter Charles III – Centre Ville , which is the 16th–18th century "new town". This quarter contains the famous Place Stanislas , the Nancy Cathedral , the Opéra national de Lorraine and

720-604: The Tram by STAN , a guided busway based on Bombardier Transportation 's Guided Light Transit (GLT) technology and using articulated trolleybuses that was running for approximately 10 km on the East-West axis. The coat of arms of Nancy displays a thistle , originally considered to be a symbol of Virgin Mary , and adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou and later by his descendant René II, Duke of Lorraine . Contrary to

765-465: The Art Nouveau style at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century. It was principally their work which made Nancy a center of art and architecture that rivaled Paris and helped give the city the nickname "Capitale de l'Est". The city still possesses many Art Nouveau buildings (mostly banks or private homes). Furniture, glassware , and other pieces of the decorative arts are conserved at

810-632: The Basilica of Saint-Epvre , which have historical ties to the ducal House of Lorraine . The Place Stanislas named after king of Poland , Grand Duke of Lithuania and duke of Lorraine Stanislaus I , Place de la Carrière, and Place d'Alliance were added on the World Heritage Sites list by the UNESCO in 1983. The " École de Nancy ", a group of artists and architects founded by the glassmaster and furniture maker Émile Gallé , worked in

855-616: The Duchy of Guelders , the Duchy of Jülich and the County of Bar . The inescutcheon is the coat of arms of Lorraine itself. The coat of arms displays the motto, which appeared in the end of the 16th century. It was initially " Nul ne s'y frotte " ("no one attacks it"), but it was changed to Latin " Non inultus premor " in 1616. The motto has a similar meaning to the Scottish one, " Nemo me impune lacessit ", usually translated as "No one attacks me with impunity", which also makes reference to

900-529: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany . The exiled Polish king Stanislaus I ( Stanisław Leszczyński in Polish), father-in-law of the French king Louis XV , was then given the vacant duchy of Lorraine. Under his nominal rule, Nancy experienced growth and a flowering of Baroque culture and architecture. Stanislaus oversaw the construction of Place Stanislaus, a major square and development connecting the old medieval with

945-584: The Köppen classification , since generally the whole country has a predominant mechanism favored by the West winds ). The temperatures have a distinct variation of the temperate zone , both during the day and between seasons but without being very different. Winters are cold and dry in freezing climates. Summers are not always sunny, but warm enough. Mists are frequent in autumn and the winds are light and not too violent. Precipitation tends to be less abundant than in

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990-672: The Lorraine Campaign of World War II, Nancy was liberated from Nazi Germany by the US Third Army in September 1944, at the Battle of Nancy . In 1988, Pope John Paul II visited Nancy. In 2005, French President Jacques Chirac , German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Polish President Aleksander Kwaśniewski inaugurated the renovated Place Stanislas, which was recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. Nancy

1035-753: The Musée de l'École de Nancy , which is housed in the 1909 villa of Eugène Corbin , a Nancy businessman and supporter of the Art Nouveau there. The Musée des Beaux-Arts has further collections of the Art Nouveau movement. A major botanical garden , the Jardin botanique du Montet , is located at Villers-lès-Nancy. Other gardens of interest include the city's earliest botanical garden, the Jardin Dominique Alexandre Godron , and various other public gardens and places of interest including

1080-502: The main railway station . The population of the city proper experienced a small decrease in population since 2007, placing it behind Metz as the second largest city in the Lorraine. However, the urban area of Metz experienced population decline from 1990 to 2010 while the urban area of Nancy grew over the same period, becoming the largest urban area in Lorraine and second largest in the " Grand Est " region of northeastern France. Within

1125-646: The thistle . The coat of arms further displays the Legion of Honour , awarded to the city after the First World War , and the War Crosses 14–18 and 39–45. Prefectures in France Although the administration of departments and regions is distinct, a regional prefect is ex officio prefect of the department in which the regional prefecture is located. The officeholder has authority upon

1170-570: The Director of the new École polytechnique in Paris . In 1810, in response to difficulties he encountered in trying to publish his work, Gergonne founded his own mathematics journal, officially named the Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées but generally referred to as the Annales de Gergonne . The most common subject of articles in his journal was geometry , Gergonne's specialty. Over

1215-620: The French cup 1978 with captain Michel Platini who scored the only goal of the final (Nancy 1–0 Nice). More recently AS Nancy-Lorraine won the "Coupe de la Ligue" (French League Cup) in 2006 and reached fourth place in the French football league in 2007/2008. SLUC Nancy won the last Korac European Cup in 2002, reached the finals of French championship of basketball (Pro A) four consecutive times and finally won his first trophy in 2008. Also winner of "Semaine des As" in 2005 and champion of 2nd league (pro B) in 1994. The main railway station

1260-415: The Nancy metropolitan area in recent years, the city population declined slightly (2009–2014) at the roughly same time as a small increase in the population of its urban area (2006–2012). Nancy has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), although a bit more extreme than most of the larger French cities . By the standards of France it is a "continental" climate with a certain degree of maritime (unrelated to

1305-677: The Prefect of Police of Paris in the Petite Couronne. In 2012, a similar structure was established in Bouches-du-Rhône , the Bouches-du-Rhône Police Prefecture , headed by the Prefect of Police of Bouches-du-Rhône, although it is formally less independent than that of Paris. Departments are divided into arrondissements , themselves divided into cantons . The chef-lieu d'arrondissement is

1350-544: The Pépinière and Parc Sainte-Marie (public gardens). The town also has an aquarium. The surroundings of the train station are a busy commercial area. The city is known for its World Heritage buildings at the Place Stanislas , which was opened April 2005 by Jacques Chirac after refurbishment. At the turn of the 20th century, Nancy was a major center of the Art Nouveau with the École de Nancy . The city possesses

1395-405: The Scottish thistle, the one of Lorraine is always shown with its roots. During the wars against Burgundy , the thistle became an emblem for the people of Lorraine as a whole. It officially became the attribute of the city of Nancy in 1575 when Charles III, Duke of Lorraine granted the city with its own coat of arms. At first, the coat of arms of Nancy had a chief of Lorraine, which meant that

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1440-601: The Triumphal Arch and the "Place de la Carrière" are a fine examples of 18th-century architecture. The Palace of the Dukes of Lorraine is the former princely residence of the rulers. The palace houses the Musée Lorrain . A historic church is the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours, Nancy , final resting place of the last duke Stanislas. Other notable churches are the Church of Saint-François-des-Cordeliers and

1485-463: The University of Montpellier, at which time he ceased publishing his journal. He retired in 1844. Gergonne was among the first mathematicians to employ the word polar . In a series of papers beginning in 1810, he contributed to elaborating the principle of duality in projective geometry , by noticing that every theorem in the plane connecting points and lines corresponds to another theorem in which points and lines are interchanged, provided that

1530-463: The department of Marne , for example, has its prefecture at Châlons-en-Champagne despite the city of Reims , near the Aisne border, being four times its size. The prefect represents the national government at the local level and as such exercises the powers that are constitutionally attributed to the national government. The prefect issues ordinances written for the application of local law: to close

1575-471: The direction of Stanislaus I of Poland to link the medieval old town of Nancy and the new city built under Charles III, Duke of Lorraine in the 17th century, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the first square in France to be given this distinction. The city also has many buildings listed as historical monuments and is one of the European centres of Art Nouveau thanks to the École de Nancy . Nancy

1620-465: The first paper on the optimal design of experiments for polynomial regression . According to S. M. Stigler , Gergonne is the pioneer of optimal design as well as response surface methodology . He published his "Essai sur la théorie des définitions" (An essay on the theory of definition) in his Annales in 1818. This essay is generally credited for first recognizing and naming the construct of implicit definition . Nancy, France Nancy

1665-420: The major battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792. He then returned to civilian life but soon was called up again and took part in the French invasion of Spain in 1794. In 1795, Gergonne and his regiment were sent to Nîmes . At this point, he made a definitive transition to civilian life by taking up the chair of "transcendental mathematics" at the new École centrale. He came under the influence of Gaspard Monge ,

1710-473: The management of the National Police and firefighters , although as of 2018, 79% of firefighters in France are part-time volunteers. Prefectures are usually located near the geographic centre of their departments; they were originally chosen for being within a day's travel on horseback from anywhere in the department. Therefore, the largest settlement in a department may not always be its prefecture:

1755-678: The other prefects in the region on a range of matters. There are 101 prefectures in France , one for each department. The official in charge is the prefect ( French : préfet ). The prefecture is an administration that belongs to the Ministry of the Interior ; it is therefore in charge of the delivery of identity cards, driving licenses, passports, residency and work permits for foreigners, vehicle registration, registration of associations (creation, status modification, dissolution), as well as of

1800-535: The past, the prefect was head of the department, but since 1982, the President of the Departmental Council has assumed the role of chief executive of the department. There is an exception in Paris in the Île-de-France region and its three surrounding departments, known as the Petite Couronne ("Small Crown"): Hauts-de-Seine to the west, Seine-Saint-Denis to the northeast and Val-de-Marne to

1845-538: The southeast. These departments are administered by an additional separate unitary prefecture for law enforcement and security purposes, a Prefecture of Police ( French : préfecture de police ), known as the Paris Police Prefecture , a situation inherited from the Paris Commune of 1871. The power of law enforcement is usually vested in the mayor in other communes . This power is held by

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1890-552: The theorem embodied no metrical notions. Gergonne was an early proponent of the techniques of analytical geometry and in 1814, he devised an elegant coordinate solution to the classical problem of Apollonius : to find a circle which touches three given circles, thus demonstrating the power of the new methods. In 1813, Gergonne wrote the prize-winning essay for the Bordeaux Academy, Methods of synthesis and analysis in mathematics , unpublished to this day and known only via

1935-466: The upper part showed the ducal arms, namely three alerions on a red bend. Later, the chief of Lorraine was replaced by a more complex one which gathers the former possessions of the Dukes of Lorraine. The upper row comprises from left to right the arms of the Kingdom of Hungary , the Kingdom of Naples , the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Crown of Aragon , while the lower row comprises the Duchy of Anjou ,

1980-492: The west of the country. Sunshine hours are almost identical to Paris and the snowy days are the same as Strasbourg (most similar weather conditions). Although the lowest recorded temperature is officially −26.8 °C, some sources consider temperatures from −30 °C on 10 December 1879 before continuous data. The old city center's heritage dates from the Middle Ages to the 18th century. The cathedral of Nancy ,

2025-552: Was defeated and killed in the Battle of Nancy in 1477; René II, Duke of Lorraine became the ruler. Following the failure of both Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's next child. This turned out to be a daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria . In 1736, Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Duke François of Lorraine, who reluctantly agreed to exchange his ancestral lands for

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