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34-599: The city of Yining is a county-level administrative unit located along Ili River . As of 2015, it has an estimated population of 542,507, with a total land area of 629 km (243 sq mi). It is the most populous city in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture . The land area and population of the City of Yining saw an increase in 2003; the increase resulted from the transfer of two villages with some 100 km (39 sq mi) of land from

68-490: Is 4486 km², with the population of 360,000 people as of 2004. A larger area (around 4580 km²) and population (400,000) was reported for the county 2000; this decrease and the corresponding increase of area and population for the City of Yining resulted from the transfer of the villages of Dadamtu ( Uyghur : دادامتۇ , Дадамту ; 达达木图 ; Dádámùtú ) and Penjim ( Uyghur : پەنجىم , Пәнҗим ; 潘津 ; Pānjīn ), with 100.45 km (38.78 sq mi) of land, from

102-878: Is a river in Northwest China and Southeastern Kazakhstan . It flows from the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region to the Almaty Region in Kazakhstan. It is 1,439 kilometres (894 mi) long (including its source river the Tekes), 815 kilometres (506 mi) of which is in Kazakhstan. The river originates from the Tekes and Künes rivers in Eastern Tian Shan . The Ili drains

136-568: Is all due to the Chinese, who transplanted the taste for art, assiduity and skilfulness of their pigtailed race, even to these western outskirts of "the celestial flowery dominion of the Middle." Had the Taranjis and Kalmuks been left to themselves, or had they remained in a preponderating majority, Kulja would not be a bit farther advanced than either Yarkand or Aksu . The principal trades are

170-606: Is also another smaller dam at 43°23′41″N 82°29′20″E  /  43.39472°N 82.48889°E  / 43.39472; 82.48889 , on the border of Tokkuztara and Künes Counties. The Ili is the main watercourse of the Balkhash-Alakol Basin . The region of Kazakhstan partially drained by the Ili and its tributaries is known in Kazakh as Zhetysu ('Seven Rivers'). In Russian it is known as Semirechye (meaning

204-470: Is one of Xinjiang's most important museums. In fact, at the time it opened it became, in the words of a Western scholar, the "only modern museum" in Xinjiang. (Xinjiang of course also has the provincial museum in Ürümqi ; but at that time point, its old building had been demolished, while its replacement was still under construction). The museum houses archaeological and ethnological artefacts from throughout

238-920: Is the Asiatic wild ass . The Ili River treaty of 638 AD formalized the division of the Western Turkic Kaganate (552–638 AD) into the Nushibi and the Dulu . It also established the Ili River as the border between the two states. In the 21st century, increasing need for water in both China and Kazakhstan makes the management of the cross-border Ili River a topic of concern for environmentalists and politicians in Kazakhstan (who feel that their country may not get enough water flowing in from China any more). The amount of precipitation in summer reaches 150–250 cubic metres (5,300–8,800 cu ft). On

272-558: The Irtysh river and the Ural river in terms of water content. The Government of Kazakhstan plans to join the three sanctuaries Balkash, Karoy and Kukan (situated in the delta) into one National Park. Until 1948, the delta was a refuge of the extinct Caspian tiger . An introduction of the Siberian tiger to the delta has been proposed on account that it is a genetically close relative of

306-582: The Qing administration in Xinjiang in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was occupied by Russia from 1871 to 1881 (from the Yaqub Beg rebellion until the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) ). Presently, the region forms part of Xinjiang's Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture . The main city of the region, Yining (Kulja), is located on the northern side of the river (about 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream from

340-571: The 19th and early 20th century, the word Kuldja (from Russian : Кульджа ) or Ghulja was often used in Russia and in the West as the name for the entire Chinese part of the Ili River basin as well as for its two main cities. The usage of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica is fairly characteristic; it defines Kulja as a "territory in north-west China" bounded by the Russian border and the mountains that surround

374-551: The Caspian tiger. A large population of wild boar , the main prey base of the Caspian tiger, can be still found in the delta. There is also a small population of roe deer. In the drier steppes to the south of the delta live saiga antelopes and goitered gazelles . Reintroduction of the Bactrian deer , another prey of the Caspian tiger, is currently under consideration. Another potential prey species considered to be reintroduced

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408-561: The County to the City in 2004. Yining County is divided into 8 towns , 9 townships , 1 ethnic township . Other: Central Farm of 70th Regiment (兵团七十团中心团场) The territories were inhabited by Turkic tribes from early history. The name Kuldga was first mentioned at the period of Turkik Khanate. When the Uyghur tribes, led by Pen Tekin, left to the west, part of the Yaglakar tribe, which

442-426: The Ili basin. It also talks about two major cities of the region: Until the 1860s, Huiyuan to the south of Suiding was the regional capital. The fort of Ningyuan ( 寧遠城 ) was built in 1762 to accommodate new settlers from southern Xinjiang . The forts of Huining ( 惠寧城 ) and Xichun ( 熙春城 ) built later in 1765 and 1780 were also located within the modern Yining City. The Sino-Russian Treaty of Kulja 1851 opened

476-887: The Kash River ( 喀什河 ), in Nilka County , at 43°51′40″N 82°50′52″E  /  43.86111°N 82.84778°E  / 43.86111; 82.84778 and 43°51′14″N 82°48′08″E  /  43.85389°N 82.80222°E  / 43.85389; 82.80222 . At least two dams have been constructed on the Ili's left tributary, the Tekes River, and the Qiapuqihai Hydropower Station ( 恰甫其海水电站 ) in Tokkuztara County ( 43°18′14″N 82°29′05″E  /  43.30389°N 82.48472°E  / 43.30389; 82.48472 ). There

510-710: The Ningyuan County was renamed Yining County to avoid confusion with other places in China named Ningyuan . Yining became a separate city from Yining County in 1952. In 1962, major Sino-Soviet clashes took place along the Ili River . In 1997, in what came to be known as the Gulja Incident or massacre, the city was rocked by two days of demonstrations or riots followed by a Chinese Communist Party government crackdown resulting in at least 9 deaths following

544-736: The Taranjis being notoriously very fond of dried farinaceous food. In Eastern Turkistan there still exist many similar trades, and although their products are not equal to European articles of the same kind—I mean here the fabrics of the formerly western Chinese provinces— they are still said to be profitable. Finally among the tradesmen we may mention millers, vinegar manufacturers and potters. The number of factories amount to-day at Kulja to 38, wherein over 131 hands are occupied. To this of course other tradespeople have to be added, such as 169 boot-makers, 50 blacksmiths, 48 carpenters, 11 brass-founders, 3 silversmiths, 26 stone-cutters, and 2 tailors. In 1914,

578-476: The adjacent Yining County , which is a separate administrative unit from the city. Yining's population is primarily Uyghur , Han , Hui , and Kazakh , along with smaller numbers of people of Mongolian , Xibe , Uzbek , Russian , or other ethnicity. From the 13 to 15th century it was under the control of Chagatai Khanate . Another Mongol empire—the Zunghar Khanate —established around Ili area. In

612-609: The area for trade. In 1864–66, the city suffered severely from fighting during the Dungan Revolt . The city and the rest of the Ili River basin were seized by the Russians in 1871 during Yakub Beg 's independent rule of Kashgaria . It was restored to the Chinese under the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) . In 1888, the Ningyuan County was established. The Geographical Magazine in 1875 by Sir Clements Robert Markham stated: What little industry Kulja possesses

646-569: The basin between the Tian Shan and the Borohoro Mountains . Flowing into Lake Balkhash , the Ili forms a large delta with vast wetland regions of lakes, marshes and vegetation. The river's name is usually taken to derive from Mongolian il ( ил , "open, clear, obvious") in reference to its wide central valley. It is also variously derived from Persian or Iranian terms meaning "big river" or "murky" in reference to

680-666: The book, the author defines it in the following way: "Ili, the name of a river. Turkic tribes of Yaghma , Tokhsi and Chiglig live on its banks. Turkish countries regard the river as their Jayhoun ( Amu Darya )." The upper Ili Valley is separated from the Dzungarian Basin in the north by the Borohoro Mountains, and from the Tarim Basin in the south by the Tian Shan . This region was the stronghold of

714-462: The city receives 2,834 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −40.4 °C (−40.7 °F) on 29 January 1969 to 39.2 °C (102.6 °F) on 30 July 2024. The administrative divisions of Yining include eight subdistricts , 4 towns , and 5 townships : (thousand) km2 The city's nominal GDP was approximately 20.9 billion RMB (US$ 3.1 billion) as of 2015 with an annual increase of 7.6%.The nominal GDP per capita

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748-492: The east; across the river in the south is Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County . Yining (Gulja) has a semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSk ), without the strong variation in seasonal precipitation seen across most of China. Dry and sunny weather dominates year-round. Winters are cold, with a January average of −8.8 °C (16.2 °F). Yet the influence of the Dzungarian Alatau to the northwest and Borohoro Mountains to

782-540: The execution of 30 Uyghur activists. Yining is located on the northern side of the Ili River in the Dzungarian basin, about 70 km (43 mi) east of the border with Kazakhstan and about 710 km (440 mi) west of Ürümqi . The Ili River valley is far wetter than most of Xinjiang and has rich grazing land. The City of Yining borders on Huocheng County in the west and the Yining County in

816-406: The following:— founders, manufacturing kettles, plates, and other implements of a very primitive form; paper-makers, whose productions do not seem to be superior to the paper manufactured at the present time after Chinese patterns at Khokand and Samarkand . There are, moreover, some confectionaries in which cakes of all shapes are baked of rice and millet, overlaid with sugar; also maccaroni-makers,

850-469: The international border). Until the early 1900s, the city was commonly known under the same name as the river, 伊犁 ( Pinyin : Yīlí ; Wade-Giles : Ili ). Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County in located on the southern side, which is home to many of China's Xibe people (who resettled there in the 18th century as part of the Manchu Garrison). There are at least two dams on the Ili's tributary,

884-520: The northeast helps keep the city warmer than more easterly locales on a similar latitude. Summers are hot, with a July average of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F). Diurnal temperature ranges tend to be large from April to October. The annual mean temperature is 8.98 °C (48.2 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 53% in December to 73% in August and September, sunshine is abundant and

918-526: The official romanized name, also transliterated from Uyghur as Gulja County ( Uyghur : غۇلجا ناھىيىسى ; Chinese : 固勒扎县 ), is a county within the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. The county seat is in the town of Jëlilyüzi. Yining County does not include the adjacent city of Yining , which is a county-level administrative unit in its own right. The county land area

952-420: The prefecture. Batul Mosque (for Uyghur people), Tatar Mosque (for Tatar people) and Shaanxi Grand Mosque (for Hui people) are considered the three main mosques in Ili. Ili River The Ili River ( Uyghur : ئىلى دەرياسى , Или Дәряси , Ili Dəryasi ; Kazakh : Ile ; Russian : Или ; Chinese : 伊犁河 , Yīlí Hé ; Dungan : Йили хә , اِلِ حْ ; Mongolian : Или мөрөн , Ili Mörön )

986-500: The river, the most popular type of fishing is fishing of catfish, one of the largest aquatic predators, which may reach 5 meters (16 ft) in length and weigh up to 300 kilograms (660 lb). Smaller specimens are usually within 50–100 kilograms (110–220 lb). The main tributaries of the Ili are, from source to mouth: 45°24′N 74°08′E  /  45.400°N 74.133°E  / 45.400; 74.133 Yining County Yining County ( Chinese : 伊宁县 ) as

1020-657: The same). The Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant was constructed between 1965 and 1970 near Kapchagay in the middle reaches of the Ili River. This currently comprises the Kapchagay Reservoir , an artificial 110 kilometres (70 mi) long lake north of Almaty . The Tamgaly-Tas, a protected site that comprises rock drawings , is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream along the Ili River. The name Tamgaly in Kazakh means "painted" or "marked place", and Tas means "stone". The Ili River flows into

1054-934: The southeastern edge of Lake Balkhash , where it forms a large delta of about 8,000 square kilometres (3,100 sq mi). The delta is situated between the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert and the Taukum Desert. An area of 9,766 km (3,771 sq mi) within the delta has been designated as a Ramsar Site . This site has 427 species of plants and 345 species of animals, including important populations of rare species ( Dalmatian pelican , goitered gazelle , marbled polecat , white-headed duck , red-breasted goose , ship sturgeon , and others). The delta has also become popular amongst anglers for its wels catfish , which can grow up to over 300 lb (140 kg). The Ili river ranks third in Kazakhstan after

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1088-591: The water's condition at the confluence of the Kunges and Tekes. Some Uyghur scholars derive it from Uyghur il ("hook") after the supposed similarity in the river's shape. Tourist websites sometimes claim the name descends from a Mongolian word meaning "shimmering". Mentions of Ili river can be traced back to the Mahmud al-Kashgari 's dictionary of Turkic languages, the Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk (written in 1072–74). In

1122-756: Was approximately 38,805 RMB (US$ 5976). Yining is the chief city and the agricultural and commercial center of the Ili valley. It is an old commercial center trading in tea and cattle and it is still an agricultural area with extensive livestock raising. It has fruit orchards. Iron, coal and uranium are mined nearby. As of 2014, Yining had a population of 559,700. The city is inhabited by 38 ethnic groups, including 269,700 Uyghur people, 204,000 Han people, 26,200 Kazakhs and 39,600 Hui people, accounting for 48.19%, 36.45%, 4.68% and 7.08% of gross population respectively. Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture Museum, opened in Yining in 2004,

1156-538: Was part of the Uyghur tribal union, left with them. Chagatai Khan , the son of Genghis Khan , placed the capital of his possessions here. These lands were ruled by the Dzungar until they were conquered in the middle of the 18th century by the Qing during the so-called third Oirat-Manchu war. For a long time, Gulja was the de facto administrative and military capital of Qing Xinjiang (literally “New Frontiers”). The county

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