Misplaced Pages

#408591

83-497: In addition to the other islands of the Central Group, Graciosa was explored by Portuguese navigators during the first quarter of the 15th century, although there exist no accounts of the first sighting of the island. May 2, 1450 has frequently been referred to as the date of the island's "discovery", although there exists no documentation to support this date. Paradoxically, it is clear that in 1440, by order of Prince Henry

166-522: A Lorraine 18 Kd 650 hp engine and Amiot 126 prototypes with a Lorraine 18 Gad 700 hp engine were also built. The Amiot 120 was a family of single-engine biplane bomber aircraft. In terms of its configuration, it was a largely conventional aircraft, although its construction made use of a relatively high level of metal amongst its contemporaries. The fuselage consisted of a frame of duralumin tubing. All structural elements were designed to withstand excessive loading, having been calculated with

249-479: A commercial port and the 1980 construction of the Graciosa Aerodrome has retained the island's links to the archipelago while strengthening exports and importing goods and services. In addition to this, the island has benefited from infrastructural investments that have included the re-qualification of the secondary school, the construction of a new milk factory and fishing port. As well, improvements to

332-640: A current world map from Venice. In 1431, Henry donated houses for the Estudo Geral to teach all the sciences—grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, music, and astronomy—in what would later become the University of Lisbon . For other subjects like medicine or philosophy, he ordered that each room should be decorated according to the subject taught. Henry also had other resources. When John I died in 1433, Henry's eldest brother Edward of Portugal became king. He granted Henry all profits from trading within

415-407: A high safety factor. These tubes were intentionally standarised, making them relatively ease to repair and replace locally. Stamped sheet metal, typically composed of duralumin, was used as a covering for key areas, such in the immediate vicinity of the engine, although much of the aircraft actually had a fabric covering. The aircraft was equipped with a fixed conventional undercarriage along with

498-560: A long-distance variant, being equipped with enlarged fuel tanks (first had Lorraine 18 Kdrs 710 hp engine, the second Lorraine 18 Kdrs 785 hp engine). The last two variants, the Amiot 124 BP3 and Amiot 125 BP3 were bomber prototypes in 1931, fitted with Hispano-Suiza 18Sbr 1000 hp and Renault 18Jbr 700 hp engines respectively, but not ordered by the French Air Force. Some sources claim, that Amiot 121 with

581-679: A maximum distance of roughly 1,700 km (1,056 miles). The Amiot 122 was first used as a long-distance sports aircraft. From 13 September 1927, the prototype carried out a 10,800 km tour around the Mediterranean Sea , from Paris , through Vienna , Beirut , Cairo , Benghazi , Tunis , Casablanca to Paris. From 3–5 April 1928, Lieutenant Girardot flew it across the Sahara , on the Paris- Timbuktu - Dakar -Paris 10,100 km route. A total of 80 Amiot 122 BP3s were used by

664-476: A naval arsenal and an observatory, etc., although repeated in popular culture, has never been established. Henry did possess geographical curiosity, and employed cartographers. Jehuda Cresques , a noted cartographer , has been said to have accepted an invitation to come to Portugal to make maps for the infante. Prestage makes the argument that the presence of the latter at the Prince's court "probably accounts for

747-492: A new and much lighter ship was developed, the caravel , which could sail farther and faster. Above all, it was highly maneuverable and could sail " into the wind ", making it largely independent of the prevailing winds. The caravel used the lateen sail , the prevailing rig in Christian Mediterranean navigation since late antiquity. With this ship, Portuguese mariners freely explored uncharted waters around

830-406: A rear skid. The wheels of the main landing gear could be adjusted, such as to compensate for deformations sustained during hard landings; stronger wheels could also be fitted for situations such as taking off from very soft ground while heavily loaded. A crew of three (typically comprising a pilot, gunner, and bombardier ) were seated in tandem in open cockpits . The bombardier was seated within

913-658: A storm while making the volta do mar westward swing to return to Portugal. They found shelter at an island they named Porto Santo . Henry directed that Porto Santo be colonized. The move to claim the Madeiran islands was probably a response to Castile 's efforts to claim the Canary Islands. In 1420, settlers then moved to the nearby island of Madeira . A chart drawn by the Catalan cartographer, Gabriel de Vallseca of Mallorca , has been interpreted to indicate that

SECTION 10

#1732772045409

996-462: A transatlantic flight on 3 August 1928, taking off at 4:45 a.m. from Paris Le Bourget airfield. However, after flying some 3,200 km away, above the ocean, they noticed that the engine's oil level was lowering, which was caused by a cracked oil tank. They decided to return to Europe, since it was more than a halfway to America, against the wind. After 31 hours of flight, when the oil in engine had depleted, Idzikowski decided to land on water, by

1079-523: A twin-seat prototype bomber, which was powered with a Renault 12Ma 580 hp inline engine (registration F-AHCR ). It was not ordered by the French Air Force and only one example was built. More successful was the next slightly enlarged variant, the Amiot 122, of 1927, powered by a single Lorraine 18 Kd engine. While the initial production variant was the Amiot 122 BP2 twin-seat bomber (registration F-AIUQ ), quantity production did not truly proceed until

1162-611: A visit to the island, which included the inauguration of the new Furna do Enxofre Visitor's Center and the signing of agreements for the construction of a new Medical Center on Graciosa. Graciosa Island is situated in the northwest tectonic structure called the Terceira Rift , oriented southeast to northwest and coincident with the orientation of the archipelago. The presence of the Rift has deformed Graciosa into an elongated oval form 12.5 km long by 7.5 km wide. The coast

1245-597: Is also one of the driest islands of the Azores owing it to its relatively low topography. The territory of Graciosa Island consists of one municipality, Santa Cruz da Graciosa (4,780 inhabitants in 2001), divided into four civil parishes: Owing to the concentration of agriculture, animal husbandry and dairy industries, the island has maintained a relatively rural and tranquil character. The island's fields produce various fruits, wines, grass-fed beef and dairy cattle as well as cheese and other dairy products. The construction of

1328-922: Is depicted in the Monument of the Discoveries located in Lisbon, featured in the front of the monument. In 1994, the Prince Henry Society in conjunction with the Portuguese government gifted Prince Henry the Navigator Park in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Amiot 120 The Amiot 120 was a family of single-engine biplane bomber aircraft designed and produced by the French aircraft manufacturer SECM-Amiot . The Amiot 120

1411-499: Is regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discovery . Henry was the fourth child of King John I of Portugal , who founded the House of Aviz . After procuring the new caravel ship, Henry was responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of

1494-515: Is rough and rocky but generally low, except in the northwest along the Serra Branca (where the cliffs are 200 meters high). There are two shallow bays, situated in the southeast and southwest corresponding to fishing ports in Vila da Praia and Folga, respectively. Along the northeast coast there are several smaller coves near Santa Cruz da Graciosa that were used as ports but are now abandoned, and

1577-524: Is serviced by the Graciosa Airport ( IATA : GRW , ICAO : LPGR ), which is located along the northern coast, as well as daily ferry service by Atlanticoline , the Azores' passenger and cargo service. The island of Graciosa is dotted by historical buildings and structures that have made the island's history, through its early discovery to the middle of the Estado Novo era. In addition to

1660-575: Is that he was born at the Monastery of Leça do Balio, in Leça da Palmeira , during the same period of the royal couple's residence in the city of Porto. Henry was 21 when he, his father and brothers captured the Moorish port of Ceuta in northern Morocco . Ceuta had long been a base for Barbary pirates who raided the Portuguese coast, depopulating villages by capturing their inhabitants to be sold in

1743-535: The Sargassum seaweed growing there ( sargaço / sargasso in Portuguese). In 1424 Cape Bojador was the most southerly point known to Europeans on the west coast of Africa. For centuries, superstitious seafarers held that beyond the cape lay sea monsters and the edge of the world. However, Prince Henry was determined to know the truth. He was persistent and sent 15 expeditions over a ten-year period to pass

SECTION 20

#1732772045409

1826-626: The African slave trade . Following this success, Henry began to explore the coast of Africa, most of which was unknown to Europeans. His objectives included finding the source of the West African gold trade and the legendary Christian kingdom of Prester John , and stopping the pirate attacks on the Portuguese coast. At that time, the cargo ships of the Mediterranean were too slow and heavy to undertake such voyages. Under Henry's direction,

1909-830: The Atlantic Ocean , and the search for new routes. He encouraged his father to conquer Ceuta (1415), the Muslim port on the North African coast across the Straits of Gibraltar from the Iberian Peninsula . He learned of the opportunity offered by the Saharan trade routes that terminated there, and became fascinated with Africa in general; he was most intrigued by the Christian legend of Prester John and

1992-523: The Bay of Arguin in 1443 and built an important "forte-feitoria" (a fort protecting a trading post) on the island of Arguin around the year 1448. Dinis Dias soon came across the Senegal River and rounded the peninsula of Cap-Vert in 1444. By this stage the explorers had passed the southern boundary of the desert, and from then on Henry had one of his wishes fulfilled: the Portuguese had circumvented

2075-713: The Atlantic, from rivers and shallow waters to transoceanic voyages. In 1419, Henry's father appointed him governor of the province of the Algarve . On May 25, 1420, Henry gained appointment as the Governor of the Military Order of Christ , the Portuguese successor to the Knights Templar , which had its headquarters at Tomar in central Portugal. Henry held this position for the remainder of his life, and

2158-564: The Azores were first discovered by Diogo de Silves in 1427. In 1431, Gonçalo Velho was dispatched with orders to determine the location of "islands" first identified by de Silves. Velho apparently got as far as the Formigas , in the eastern archipelago, before having to return to Sagres, probably due to bad weather. By this time the Portuguese navigators had also reached the Sargasso Sea (western North Atlantic region), naming it after

2241-529: The French Air Force as reconnaissance bombers, starting in 1930. They were used in the 11th Aviation Regiment, based in Metz . They were nicknamed by pilots La Grosse Julie (Big Julie). During 1931, Brazil ordered five aircraft (four, according to Brazilian publications). One aircraft was used on the government side during a coup d'etat in July 1932. They were lasted recorded as being used during 1936. Paul Teste

2324-668: The German merchant ship Samos , about 70 km away from the Spanish coast. The sailors rescued the crew and pulled the aircraft out of the water, but it was damaged. Idzikowski and Kubala repeated this trial the next year. The second Amiot 123 was bought, initially built for the French pilot (according to some sources, it was still the first aircraft). It was named Orzeł Biały (the White Eagle , although according to some sources, it

2407-532: The Muslim land-based trade routes across the western Sahara Desert , and slaves and gold began arriving in Portugal. This rerouting of trade devastated Algiers and Tunis, but made Portugal rich. By 1452, the influx of gold permitted the minting of Portugal's first gold cruzado coins. A cruzado was equal to 400 reis at the time. From 1444 to 1446, as many as forty vessels sailed from Lagos on Henry's behalf, and

2490-487: The Navigator , cattle and swine were settled on the island in order to facilitate colonization. Similarly, it is unclear the names of the first settlers to colonize the island because around 1450 formal registries did not exist. The first group of settlers of note to be mentioned were led by Vasco Gil Sodré , a former resident of Montemor-o-Velho , who arrived from Terceira accompanied by his family and servants around

2573-583: The Order was an important source of funds for Henry's ambitious plans, especially his persistent attempts to conquer the Canary Islands , which the Portuguese had claimed to have discovered before the year 1346. In 1425, his second brother the Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra , made a diplomatic tour of Europe, with an additional charge from Henry to seek out geographic material. Peter returned with

Graciosa - Misplaced Pages Continue

2656-665: The Serra Dormida and Serra das Fontes region. The type of volcanism altered radically around 350,000 years ago with the formation of the central volcano (and later caldera) associated with a different magma chamber, resulting in greater explosivity and giving rise to thick sheets of pumice that layered Serra Branca. The formation of the Santa Cruz Platform comes from the more recent geological volcanism associated with lower explosive basaltic eruptions resulting in numerous cones and sub-aerial deposits that cover

2739-573: The United States during the 1950s to 1970s, Graciosa has undergone a general decrease in demographics that has affected the socio-economic stability of the island community. In 2010, the island of Graciosa joined the international network for verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty through the installation of monitoring station. This was announced by Regional President Carlos César during

2822-500: The aircraft had been designed to be furnished with virtually any engine in the 650-1000 hp range, including both French-built engines by Farman and Renault as well as foreign engines from Rolls-Royce , Fiat , and BMW . When powered by the Lorraine engine, the aircraft could achieve a relatively high cruising speed for the era of 190 kmh (118 mph) at 70 percent of the engine's power. To permit ground crew to more easily service

2905-438: The aircraft's documented minimum flight speed, which facilitated short landings as well as being particularly beneficial when approaching stall conditions. The aircraft was equipped with various defensive armaments. In addition to a pair of pilot-operated forward-facing machine guns that fired through the propeller arc, the gunner's position had a flexibly-mounted twin- Lewis guns that could be fired at almost any area above

2988-472: The aircraft. In addition to these upper machine guns, the gunner had a further two machine guns, one forward-facing and the other aft-facing, which were intended to cover the dead angles underneath the aircraft that were not covered by the upper guns. When equipped with supplementary fuel tanks, for which the aircraft had been designed from the onset to be attached when applicable, the aircraft could perform bombardments while carrying 590 kg (1,300 lb.) of bombs at

3071-408: The areas he discovered as well as the sole right to authorize expeditions beyond Cape Bojador . Henry also held a monopoly on tuna fishing in the Algarve . When Edward died eight years later, Henry supported his brother Peter, Duke of Coimbra for the regency during the minority of Edward's son Afonso V , and in return received a confirmation of this levy. Henry functioned as a primary organizer of

3154-479: The arrival of the Amiot 122 BP3 , a three-seat bomber. A total of 80 aircraft were built for the French Air Force and five for Brazil. Further variants were developed. The Amiot 123 had been designed as a bomber, designated the Amiot 123 BP3 (one was built) but the French Air Force showed no interest in it. At that time, Polish authorities were looking for a long-distance record aircraft for transatlantic flights. In 1928 and 1929, two modified Amiot 123s were built as

3237-583: The capture of Ceuta in 1415. Henry was interested in locating the source of the caravans that brought gold to the city. During the reign of his father, John I, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira were sent to explore along the African coast. Zarco, a knight in service to Prince Henry, had commanded the caravels guarding the coast of Algarve from the incursions of the Moors . He had also been at Ceuta. In 1418, Zarco and Teixeira were blown off-course by

3320-543: The center and northern portions of the island. This phase evolved towards the southeast forming the Caldera Massif and many of the islets and submarine mounts along the coast. The last phase of the geological history of Graciosa occurred 2,000 years ago, forming Pico Timão and the basaltic flows that are located in the surrounding areas. Graciosa has a mixed humid subtropical - Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Cfa - Csa ) with mild to warm temperatures year-round, it

3403-462: The center of the Caldeira, and was the first to remark that the area should be given adequate installations to provide tourist access to the geological site. On a tragic note, it was during the dusk of July 13, 1929 during an emergency landing around the fields of Brasileira, that an Amiot 123 biplane piloted by two Polish pilots crashed. The plane had departed Paris-Le Bourget in an attempt at

Graciosa - Misplaced Pages Continue

3486-477: The colonization of the Azores during Peter's regency (1439–1448). For most of the latter part of his life, Henry concentrated on his maritime activities and court politics. According to João de Barros , in Algarve , Prince Henry the Navigator repopulated a village that he called Terçanabal (from terça nabal or tercena nabal ). This village was situated in a strategic position for his maritime enterprises and

3569-474: The conditions on the island, along with a strong storm on the night of August 20. The island has also suffered many seismic events, many of which caused destruction of homes and deaths. It was the case on June 13, 1730, when an earthquake near Luz caused damage to many homes and severely damaged the parochial church. Further earthquakes occurred in March 1787 and in 1817 without causing considerable damage. But it

3652-479: The construction of the Santa Cruz lighthouse in 1486). With low costs that permitted easy offloading in multiple ports and with a small population to the island prospered, and becoming the target of attacks by pirates and privateers during the 16th and 17th centuries. In addition to several sackings and general destruction of buildings, the local population were regularly captured. Even under these circumstances,

3735-514: The credit. By 1462, the Portuguese had explored the coast of Africa as far as present-day Sierra Leone . Twenty-eight years later, Bartolomeu Dias proved that Africa could be circumnavigated when he reached the southern tip of the continent, now known as the Cape of Good Hope . In 1498, Vasco da Gama became the first European sailor to reach India by sea. No one used the nickname "Henry the Navigator" to refer to Prince Henry during his lifetime or in

3818-563: The disastrous expedition to Tangier in 1437 against Çala Ben Çala, which ended in Henry's younger brother Ferdinand being given as hostage to guarantee Portuguese promises in the peace agreement. The Portuguese Cortes refused to return Ceuta as ransom for Ferdinand, who remained in captivity until his death six years later. Prince Regent Peter supported Portuguese maritime expansion in the Atlantic Ocean and Africa, and Henry promoted

3901-425: The dreaded Cape. Each returned unsuccessful. The captains gave various excuses for having failed. Finally, in 1434 Gil Eanes , the commander of one of Henry's expeditions, became the first known European to pass Cape Bojador since Hanno almost two millennium before. Using the new ship type, the expeditions then pushed onwards. Nuno Tristão and Antão Gonçalves reached Cape Blanco in 1441. The Portuguese sighted

3984-399: The engine, the hood contained a total of six removable panels that could be quickly replaced if damaged. Somewhat unusually, the engine could be accessed mid-flight via a door in the firewall ; this arrangement permitted a general inspection of the engine, including the various pipes carrying water, fuel, and oil , as well as slight repairs such as plugging in a spark plug . The Amiot 120

4067-419: The era, it made use of metal construction. To support the aircraft's development, a three year period of in-depth studies into metal construction was conducted along with two years of practical testing; the results were overseen by numerous French official committees. These practical tests led to various refinements and alterations being made to the aircraft's design. The first of the series was Amiot 120 BN2 ,

4150-478: The expansion of Portuguese trade. He is regarded as the patron of Portuguese exploration . Henry was the third surviving son of King John I and his wife Philippa , sister of King Henry IV of England . He was baptized in Porto , and may have been born there, probably when the royal couple was living in the city's old mint , now called Casa do Infante (Prince's House), or in the region nearby. Another possibility

4233-445: The first Polish trans-Atlantic crossing to New York. While co-pilot Kazimierz Kubala survived with only slight injuries, Ludwik Idzikowski died in the accident, while the plane was engulfed in flames by careless fire-fighters (burning the deceased body of Idzikowski). A cross was raised to mark the site of the accident. Along its history the island has experienced many natural crises resulting in general suffering and some deaths. In

SECTION 50

#1732772045409

4316-621: The first private mercantile expeditions began. Alvise Cadamosto explored the Atlantic coast of Africa and discovered several islands of the Cape Verde archipelago between 1453 and 1456. In his first voyage, which started on 22 March 1455, he visited the Madeira Islands and the Canary Islands. On the second voyage, in 1456, Cadamosto became the first European to reach the Cape Verde Islands. António Noli later claimed

4399-417: The following three centuries. The term was coined by two nineteenth-century German historians: Heinrich Schaefer and Gustave de Veer. Later on it was made popular by two British authors who included it in the titles of their biographies of the prince: Henry Major in 1868 and Raymond Beazley in 1895. Contrary to his brothers, Prince Henry was not praised for his intellectual gifts by his contemporaries. It

4482-537: The formation of a shield volcano , which is still visible in the Volcanic Complex of Serra Branca (the oldest part of the island). It is a triple junction plate boundary where the North American Plate , Eurasian Plate and Nubian Plate meet. This was followed by periods of explosivity, related to the faults that traverse the zone, forming numerous cones that constitute a major part of

4565-705: The island is football/soccer and is part of the Associação de Futebol de Angra do Heroísmo . Sources Henry the Navigator Dom Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator ( Portuguese : Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador ), was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion. Through his administrative direction, he

4648-438: The island was able to continue to support a considerable population, which included original settlers tied to the nobility (specifically from the island of Terceira ). From the earliest settlement, the island survived on agriculture and the wine industry. Given the fertility of the soils and favourable climate, the locals were able to export wheat, barley, wine and local spirits, maintaining an active commerce with Terceira, then

4731-481: The island, while his brother-in-law Duarte Barreto do Couto was able to coopt the southern part of the island into a second captaincy around the village of Praia . After 1485 the Captaincy of Graciosa was unified under the administration of Pedro Correia da Cunha , Second Captain of Porto Santo ( Madeira ) and brother-in-law of Christopher Columbus . Taking his family to Graciosa, he settled in Santa Cruz, moving

4814-481: The largest port, center of commerce and the administration of the archipelago. The island's position in the Central Group and its proximity to Terceira made Graciosa, deliberately or not, an important point along trans-Atlantic navigation. Several historical figures passed through the waters of Santa Cruz including the Father António Vieira , a victim of a shipwreck near Corvo who was deposited in

4897-484: The late 1920s; it was this model that was purchased by the Polish Air Force , seeking to conduct its first westbound transatlantic flight . However, both aircraft were lost during the two attempts made. The Brazilian Air Force also operated the type. The aircraft was designed from the onset to be operated a medium-sized single-engine biplane bomber; while otherwise conforming to the prevailing conventions of

4980-466: The latter half of the 1920s. During this time, the prototype Amiot 122 was used as a long-distance sports aircraft, carrying out a 10,800 km tour around the Mediterranean Sea . The only series-built variant was Amiot 122 BP3 medium bomber, the majority being acquired by the French Air Force . The Amiot 123 was a long-distance variant that achieved record-breaking performance during

5063-513: The legend of the School of Sagres, which is now discredited." Henry sponsored voyages, collecting a 20% tax ( o quinto ) on profits, the usual practice in the Iberian states at the time. The nearby port of Lagos provided a convenient home port for these expeditions. The voyages were made in very small ships, mostly the caravel , a light and maneuverable vessel equipped by lateen sails. Most of

SECTION 60

#1732772045409

5146-463: The middle of the 1450s. It was this pioneer who inaugurated the official phase of continuous settlement on the island. The first population center was in Carapacho, a zone in the southeast of the island where it is likely that settlers made landfall. Owing to the area's poor fertility and lack of shelter from the sea, the settlers moved farther into the interior. In a few years a nucleus formed in

5229-411: The modern sense of the word, nor was there an organized navigational center. Referring to Sagres, sixteenth-century Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes remarked, "from it our sailors went out well taught and provided with instruments and rules which all map makers and navigators should know." The view that Henry's court rapidly grew into the technological base for exploration, with

5312-470: The municipal seat and supplanting Praia as the administrative center. The following year Santa Cruz is elevated to "village" and municipality, under the religious parishes of Santa Cruz and São Mateus da Praia. The change caused an influx in settlers from Beiras , Minho and Flanders (in the Habsburg Netherlands ) permitting the installation of the first municipal structures (in this case

5395-408: The northern coast near Barra and Santa Cruz, in order to take advantage of the sheltered coves and access to potable waters from the tidal ponds/wells. From here the colony that would become the village of Santa Cruz da Graciosa would form. The first Captain-Donatário, Vasco Gil Sodré, was diligent in his duties, establishing a customs-house for the more fertile and ample lands in the northern part of

5478-535: The older whale and commercial port in Barra, now used as a recreational zone. The interior of the island is generally flat and dotted by numerous volcanic cones, with a southern portion of the island higher in altitude. The island is divided into four geomorphological zones: Volcanism on Graciosa was predominantly characterized by low explosivity, although there appear some deposits that show indications of elevated explosivity in its geological record. Aerial volcanism had its beginning approximately 600,000 years ago with

5561-459: The pilot's control authority remained active at all times. Favourable visibility was available for both navigation and for bombing purposes, including via the use of various lateral openings that were protected by windshields ; the bombardier could assist with observation when not occupied by their primary bombing role. It was typically powered by a single engine, usually a Lorraine-Dietrich 18Kd , capable of providing up to 650 hp. However,

5644-428: The recreational areas in Praia and refurbishment of the Thermals in Carapacho, the construction of a new hotel and Medical Center have been done in order to improve both the tourist industry and support the local community. The first hotel on Graciosa was inaugurated in June 2009. The new Graciosa Resort & Business Hotel in Santa Cruz da Graciosa is part of a series of investments to build infrastructure connected to

5727-529: The regional capital by a Dutch privateer. In 1791, the French writer François-René de Chateaubriand visited the island while journeying to North America, staying at the Franciscan Convent and who later wrote of the island. The poet Almeida Garrett , also visited his uncle (a judge in Santa Cruz) in 1814 at the age of 15. In 1879, Prince Albert I of Monaco , while visiting the Azores on-board his yacht Hirondelle, made port in Graciosa during his oceanographic studies of marine life. He visited Furna do Enxofre, in

5810-413: The returning westerlies in the mid-Atlantic. This was a major step in the history of navigation , when an understanding of oceanic wind patterns was crucial to Atlantic navigation, from Africa and the open ocean to Europe, and enabled the main route between the New World and Europe in the North Atlantic in future voyages of discovery. Although the lateen sail allowed sailing upwind to some extent, it

5893-481: The same bay at the gunner, the former being directly behind the latter in a lower position that protected their position from the wind so they could better operate the various sighting instruments. In addition to a bombsight and a drift meter , a 3.6 meter trap door was provided so that the bombardier had a generous forward-facing field of view. The bombardier was able to directly control the aircraft's direction for aiming purposes via an auxiliary rudder bar, although

5976-461: The summer of 1844, during a heatwave, wherein agriculture was fatally affected and the risk of death to animals and settlers was grave, José Silvestre Ribeiro (then Administrator General of the District of Angra do Heroísmo ), sent 90 wooden barrels with water and ordered the digging of several tidal wells and trenches to carry water from the mountains. These measures were instrumental in alleviating

6059-499: The tourist economy on Graciosa, such as the Carapacho thermal baths. The new four-star hotel has 120 beds, a restaurant for 100 people, a swimming pool and various services related to its category, having cost seven million Euros. It will be managed by INATEL in a partnership with a group of Azorean business people. The hotel is part of the new Praia fishing port on Graciosa includes a set of floating piers, sea marking, water supply networks and electric grids, houses for fishing The island

6142-407: The urban nucleus of Santa Cruz da Graciosa, which was classified by IGESPAR as a Group of Public Interest ( Portuguese : Núcleo urbano da vila de Santa Cruz da Graciosa/Zona Classificada da Vila de Santa Cruz da Graciosa ), there are other buildings, including impérios , windmills and structures used in daily life that were maintained in some form, including the following: The sporting club of

6225-476: The voyages sent out by Henry consisted of one or two ships that navigated by following the coast, stopping at night to tie up along some shore. During Prince Henry's time and after, the Portuguese navigators discovered and perfected the North Atlantic volta do mar (the "turn of the sea" or "return from the sea"): the dependable pattern of trade winds blowing largely from the east near the equator and

6308-505: Was a fairly manoeuvrable aircraft for a bomber, being relatively rapid and precise while also reportedly easy to manage across all altitudes. It was provisioned with quite smooth flight controls, which permitted the pilot fly long-range missions even through inhospitable weather conditions without becoming overly fatigued. Various inspection ports in the wings permitted the control rods to be easily inspected. The use of large tail surfaces allowed for effective control to be maintained even below

6391-422: Was designed during the early to mid-1920s. As a result of a design to incorporate a high proportion of metal in its construction, years of detailed studies and testing, overseen by French officials, were conducted in advance of the detailed design phase. During 1925, the Amiot 120 BN2 performed its maiden flight , however, orders were not immediately forthcoming. Further development of the type proceeded throughout

6474-430: Was killed in an Amiot 120 on the 13 June 1925 as he was training for a transatlantic flight. The first Amiot 123 was bought by the Polish Air Force in order for a first westbound transatlantic flight (in some sources, it is designated Amiot 123.01 ). It was named Marszałek Piłsudski (Marshal Józef Piłsudski ). The crew were pilot Ludwik Idzikowski and navigator Kazimierz Kubala. They commenced their first trial of

6557-474: Was later called Vila do Infante ("Estate or Town of the Prince"). It is traditionally suggested that Henry gathered at his villa on the Sagres peninsula a school of navigators and map-makers . However modern historians hold this to be a misconception. He did employ some cartographers to chart the coast of Mauritania after the voyages he sent there, but there was no center of navigation science or observatory in

6640-541: Was not the case in 1837, when earthquakes, around January 12 and at the end of February, left most homes in Praia with some damage. The church in Luz almost collapsed to the ground and many died. In Luz, and specifically in the area of Carapacho, in addition to areas in the neighbouring parish of Guadalupe, were also affected by the 1980 earthquake , with general destruction in residential areas. Resulting from general emigration to

6723-443: Was only later chroniclers such as João de Barros and Damião de Góis who attributed him a scholarly character and an interest for cosmography . The myth of the " Sagres school " allegedly founded by Prince Henry was created in the 18th century, mainly by Samuel Purchas and Abbé Prévost . In nineteenth-century Portugal, the idealized vision of Prince Henry as a putative pioneer of exploration and science reached its apogee. Henry

6806-434: Was still Marszałek Piłsudski ). They took off on 13 July 1929, at 3:45 a.m. from Le Bourget. After flying 2,140 km, over the ocean, about 5 p.m., the engine started to lose power, becoming noisy. They decided to land on Faial Island of the Azores . However, because of more irregular engine work, at 9 p.m. (7 p.m. local time), Idzikowski decided to make an emergency landing on a closer rocky island Graciosa . During

6889-581: Was worth even major extensions of course to have a faster and calmer following wind for most of a journey. Portuguese mariners who sailed south and southwest towards the Canary Islands and West Africa would afterwards sail far to the northwest—that is, away from continental Portugal, and seemingly in the wrong direction—before turning northeast near the Azores islands and finally east to Europe in order to have largely following winds for their full journey. Christopher Columbus used this on his transatlantic voyages. The first explorations followed not long after

#408591