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78-696: GMAC is based in Reston, Virginia . In 2007, the organization opened an office in London , its first international location. GMAC also has offices based in Shanghai, China and Gurgaon, India . The Graduate Management Admission Council has 227 member schools from 34 countries, including Australia, Canada, China, France, Great Britain, India and the United Kingdom. In 2007, the organization embarked on an effort to increase its membership outside North America. GMAC

156-614: A Cooperative Sanctuary on the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The Hidden Creek Country Club was purchased in 2017 by Wheelock Communities, a real estate development company. The Washington and Old Dominion (W&OD) trail , which runs through Reston, is a 45-mile-long (72 km) pathway built solely for pedestrian and bicycle traffic along the former W&OD train line. Reston contains four manmade lakes: Lake Anne, Lake Audubon, Lake Newport, and Lake Thoreau. Also within Reston's area

234-453: A case-by-case basis and may lead to unreasonably harsh penalties for crimes. Within the field of healthcare, quality of life is often regarded in terms of how a certain ailment affects a patient on an individual level. This may be a debilitating weakness that is not life-threatening; life-threatening illness that is not terminal; terminal illness; the predictable, natural decline in the health of an elder; an unforeseen mental/physical decline of

312-696: A fire in the barn area, killing Waffles the giraffe and his unnamed giraffe companion. Reston has an assortment of pools, including a year-round indoor pool at the Reston Community Center. Ice skating is available year-round at SkateQuest, a privately run indoor rink, and during the winter on an outdoor rink at Reston Town Center's Pavilion. Reston is an unincorporated area in Fairfax County , and its schools, roads, and law enforcement services are provided by Fairfax County. Parks, recreation facilities, and common grounds, as well as

390-548: A given city or nation. Two widely known measures of livability are the Economist Intelligence Unit 's Where-to-be-born Index and Mercer's Quality of Living Reports . These two measures calculate the livability of countries and cities around the world, respectively, through a combination of subjective life-satisfaction surveys and objective determinants of quality of life such as divorce rates, safety, and infrastructure. Such measures relate more broadly to

468-600: A given society. The HDI is used by the United Nations Development Programme in their Human Development Report . However, since 2010, The Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the original HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality ), while the original HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or

546-463: A guide for the use of subjective well-being metrics in 2013. In the U.S., cities and communities are using a GNH metric at a grassroots level. The Social Progress Index measures the extent to which countries provide for the social and environmental needs of their citizens. Fifty-two indicators in the areas of basic human needs, foundations of wellbeing, and opportunity show the relative performance of nations. The index uses outcome measures when there

624-516: A handful of homes before his death in 1901. Wiehle's heirs eventually sold the land, which changed hands several times before being purchased by the A. Smith Bowman family, who built a bourbon distillery on the site. By 1947, the Bowmans had acquired the former Dunn tract south of the railroad, for total holdings of over 7,000 acres (2,800 ha). In 1961, Robert E. Simon used funds from his family's recent sale of Carnegie Hall to buy most of

702-807: A loved one; or chronic, end-stage disease processes. Researchers at the University of Toronto's Quality of Life Research Unit define quality of life as "The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life" (UofT). Their Quality of Life Model is based on the categories "being", "belonging", and "becoming"; respectively who one is, how one is connected to one's environment, and whether one achieves one's personal goals, hopes, and aspirations. Experience sampling studies show substantial between-person variability in within-person associations between somatic symptoms and quality of life. Hecht and Shiel measure quality of life as "the patient's ability to enjoy normal life activities" since life quality

780-642: A manmade lake featuring a large jet fountain. Close by were the cubist townhouses at Hickory Cluster, designed by modernist architect Charles M. Goodman in the International Style . Lake Anne also included an elementary school, a gasoline station, two churches, an art gallery, and several restaurants. The first section of a senior citizens' residence facility, the Lake Anne Fellowship House, was completed several years later. Reston welcomed its first residents in late 1964. During

858-437: A national or international scale, but rather attempt to improve the quality of life for individuals or communities. One example would be sponsorship programs that provide material aid for specific individuals. Although many organizations of this type may still talk about fighting poverty, the methods are significantly different. Improving quality of life involves action not only by NGOs but also by governments . Global health has

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936-503: A particular society. The different ways that quality of life is defined by institutions, therefore, shape how these organizations work for its improvement as a whole. Organisations such as the World Bank , for example, declare a goal of "working for a world free of poverty", with poverty defined as a lack of basic human needs, such as food, water, shelter, freedom, access to education, healthcare, or employment. In other words, poverty

1014-402: A picnic pavilion, campfire ring, and other facilities that support its outreach programs. Its LEED gold-certified Nature House offers exhibits, an on-site naturalist, and various programs for children; it may also be rented for community or private meetings. Two golf courses are located in Reston. The 166-acre Reston National Golf Course in south Reston is certified by Audubon International as

1092-488: A range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred renewed interest. Perhaps the most commonly used international measure of development is the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines measures of life expectancy, education, and standard of living, in an attempt to quantify the options available to individuals within

1170-446: A referendum to incorporate Reston as a town, but the referendum failed in 1980 by a 2–1 margin. A similar initiative in 2005, which was publicly supported by Robert Simon, also failed. As a part of Fairfax County, Reston is served by Fairfax County Public Schools and a number of private schools. Reston has one high school within its boundaries, South Lakes High School , which serves most of Reston. Adjacent to South Lakes High School

1248-409: A regional library and homeless shelter. Reston Land also broke ground on the 460-acre Reston Town Center which formed part of Simon's original master plan for Reston. The first four-block development of this multi-phase mixed-use project were opened in 1996 and included a hotel, several restaurants, a cinema, and office buildings. By 1996, Mobil had decided to follow Gulf Oil's steps and pull out of

1326-686: A reliable predictor of academic performance in business school, especially when used in combination with an applicant's undergraduate grade point average. In June 2012, a new section was added to the GMAT Exam called Integrated Reasoning. GMAC's other products include the Graduate Management Admission Search Service (GMASS), a searchable database of more than 350,000 GMAT Exam and mba.com registrants. Admissions professionals can also use GMATCH, GMAC's two-day online global recruiting event. In 2013, GMAC launched

1404-595: A result, European and North American nations do not dominate this measure. The 2012 list is instead topped by Costa Rica , Vietnam and Colombia . In 2010, Gallup researchers trying to find the world's happiest countries found Denmark to be at the top of the list. For the period 2014–2016, Norway surpasses Denmark to be at the top of the list. A 2010 study by two Princeton University professors looked at 1,000 randomly selected U.S. residents over an extended period. It concludes that their life evaluations – that is, their considered evaluations of their life against

1482-412: A scale. Such and other systems and scales of measurement have been in use for some time. Research has attempted to examine the relationship between quality of life and productivity. There are many different methods of measuring quality of life in terms of health care, wealth, and materialistic goods. However, it is much more difficult to measure meaningful expression of one's desires. One way to do so

1560-525: A stated scale of one to ten – rise steadily with income. On the other hand, their reported quality of emotional daily experiences (their reported experiences of joy , affection , stress , sadness , or anger ) levels off after a certain income level (approximately $ 75,000 per year in 2010); income above $ 75,000 does not lead to more experiences of happiness nor to further relief of unhappiness or stress. Below this income level, respondents reported decreasing happiness and increasing sadness and stress, implying

1638-410: A stronger sense of community ties. The initial motto of the community, as articulated by Simon, was "Work, Play, Live" or often was memorialized onto Reston merchandise as, "Live, Work, Play." Simon envisioned Reston as a model for clustered residential development, also known as conservation development, which puts a premium on the preservation of open space, landscapes, and wildlife habitats. Reston

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1716-490: A total area of 15.7 square miles (40.6 km ), of which 15.3 square miles (39.7 km ) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.9 km ), or 2.10%, is water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Reston has a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Reston

1794-473: A wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development , healthcare , politics and employment. Health related QOL (HRQOL) is an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health. One approach, called the engaged theory , outlined in the journal of Applied Research in the Quality of Life , posits four domains in assessing quality of life: ecology, economics, politics and culture. In

1872-402: A yearly study on digital well-being across 121 countries created by Surfshark . It indexes each country according to five pillars that impact a population's digital quality of life: internet affordability, internet quality, electronic infrastructure, electronic security, and electronic government. The term quality of life is also used by politicians and economists to measure the livability of

1950-541: Is Reston's only middle school, Langston Hughes Middle School . Students who live in the far northern part of Reston attend Herndon High School . Public elementary schools : Private schools : Reston has several higher education resources, including a satellite campus of NVCC ( Northern Virginia Community College ), the University of Phoenix – Northern Virginia campus, and Marymount University – Reston Center. Quality of life Quality of life ( QOL )

2028-563: Is a core element, with its main building in south Reston at Hunters Woods Plaza and featuring a theater, indoor heated swimming pool with jacuzzi , ballroom, meeting rooms, and classroom space. A smaller RCC branch is at Lake Anne Plaza. Reston is home to several performing arts groups. The Reston Community Players (originally known as Reston Players) has been in operation since 1966 and performs at Reston Community Center's Center Stage in Hunters Woods Plaza. The Reston Chorale

2106-411: Is an autumn event in Reston center. The festival, co-founded by Mark Maxey and Brad Russell, offers a juried array of feature films, shorts and documentaries. Building on Robert Simon's emphasis on preserving green space and providing recreational opportunities, Reston features over 55 miles of walking and hiking paths for residents, with currently about 250 acres of woodlands and open space. Reston

2184-485: Is defined as a low quality of life. Using this definition, the World Bank works towards improving quality of life through the stated goal of lowering poverty and helping people afford a better quality of life. Other organizations, however, may also work towards improved global quality of life using a slightly different definition and substantially different methods. Many NGOs do not focus at all on reducing poverty on

2262-582: Is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns". Standard indicators of the quality of life include wealth , employment , the environment , physical and mental health , education , recreation and leisure time , social belonging , religious beliefs , safety , security and freedom . QOL has

2340-615: Is divided into three separate planning areas: the original Planned Residential Community (PRC) area that governs the majority of residential areas in the community; the Reston Town Center (RTC) District, which includes all of the high-density, high-rise portions of Town Center; and the Transit Station Area (TSA) on either side of the Dulles Toll Road. From Reston's inception, planning and zoning in

2418-526: Is governed by Fairfax County; as with the RTC District, no direct oversight from Reston Association is included, while input from and notification to PRC residents is limited. TSA zoning guidance explicitly calls for this area to be designed as an urban center, with 30 million square feet of new and existing office development and 44,000 residential units. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , "professional, scientific, and technical services" are by far

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2496-539: Is governed by a 16-member board of directors that includes representation from business schools and private industry. The GMAT exam, taken more than 230,000 times per year, is designed as an objective predictor of how well a student will perform academically in the first year of a graduate business education program. Through the Validity Study Service (VSS), the GMAT has been shown by GMAC researchers to be

2574-586: Is home-based at Reston Town Center and sponsors the annual Northern Virginia Fine Arts Festival. The privately owned Reston Art Gallery at Lake Anne Plaza includes both regular art exhibits and artist studio spaces. Reston's sole museum, the Reston Historic Trust & Museum, is also located in Lake Anne Plaza. It has maps, photos, and books that provide a detailed look at Reston from the 1960s on. The Washington West Film Festival

2652-606: Is known for its expanses of parks, lakes, golf courses, and bridle paths, and Reston Town Center , a shopping mall with several restaurants. In the early days of Colonial America , the land that is present-day Reston was part of the Northern Neck Proprietary , a vast grant by King Charles II to Lord Thomas Fairfax that extended from the Potomac to the Rappahannock rivers. The property remained in

2730-469: Is located in northern Fairfax County at 38°57′16″N 77°20′47″W  /  38.95444°N 77.34639°W  / 38.95444; -77.34639 . Neighboring communities are Great Falls to the north, Wolf Trap to the east, Franklin Farm , Floris , and McNair to the southwest, the town of Herndon to the west, and Dranesville to the northwest. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Reston has

2808-506: Is noted for its tree canopy, which currently covers about half of Reston's total area. It is one of only eight localities in the U.S. to be a member of the worldwide Biophilic Cities Organization, which promotes the importance of protecting and promoting nature within urban areas. The centerpiece of Reston's focus on nature is the Vernon J. Walker Nature Education Center. The Nature Center's 72 acres (290,000 m ) of hardwood forest include

2886-575: Is strongly related to wellbeing without suffering from sickness and treatment. There are multiple assessments available that measure Health-Related Quality of Life, e.g., AQoL-8D , EQ5D – Euroqol , 15D , SF-36 , SF-6D , HUI . Quality of life has been deemed an important concept in the field of international development because it allows development to be analyzed on a measure that is generally accepted as more comprehensive than standard of living. Within development theory , however, there are varying ideas concerning what constitutes desirable change for

2964-720: Is sufficient data available or the closest possible proxies. Day-Reconstruction Method was another way of measuring happiness, in which researchers asked their subjects to recall various things they did on the previous day and describe their mood during each activity. Being simple and approachable, this method required memory and the experiments have confirmed that the answers that people give are similar to those who repeatedly recalled each subject. The method eventually declined as it called for more effort and thoughtful responses, which often included interpretations and outcomes that do not occur to people who are asked to record every action in their daily lives. The Digital Quality of Life Index -

3042-602: Is the 476-acre (1.9 km ) Lake Fairfax Park , operated by Fairfax County and which features boat rentals, a large outdoor pool complex called "The Water Mine", overnight campground facilities, and picnic areas. The 30-acre (120,000 m2) Roer's Zoofari is located on the northeast edge of the community. It is dedicated to family-friendly animal interaction with bus rides and feeding stations. Animals include lambs , camels , zebras , antelope , bison , cheetah , emu , camels , goats , reptiles , horses , buffalo , and waterfowl . On 8 March 2021, Roer's Zoofari suffered

3120-580: Is to evaluate the scope of how individuals have fulfilled their own ideals. Quality of life can simply mean happiness , which is the subjective state of mind. By using that mentality, citizens of a developing country appreciate more since they are content with the basic necessities of health care, education and child protection. According to ecological economist Robert Costanza : While Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal, adequate definition and measurement have been elusive. Diverse "objective" and "subjective" indicators across

3198-444: The broken windows theory , which asserts that relatively minor problems left unattended (such as litter, graffiti , or public urination by homeless individuals) send a subliminal message that disorder, in general, is being tolerated, and as a result, more serious crimes will end up being committed (the analogy being that a broken window left broken shows an image of general dilapidation). Wilson's theories have been used to justify

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3276-534: The Fairfax family until they sold it in 1852. Carl A. Wiehle and William Dunn bought 6,449 acres in northern Fairfax County along the Washington and Old Dominion (W&OD) Railroad line in 1886, later dividing the land between them, with Wiehle retaining the acreage north of the railroad line. Wiehle envisioned founding a town on the property, including a hotel, parks, and community center, but completed only

3354-649: The Human Development Index, the PQLI is notable for Morris's attempt to show a "less fatalistic pessimistic picture" by focusing on three areas where global quality of life was generally improving at the time, while ignoring gross national product and other possible indicators that were not improving. The Happy Planet Index , introduced in 2006, is unique among quality of life measures in that, in addition to standard determinants of well-being, it uses each country's ecological footprint as an indicator. As

3432-505: The PRC area has emphasized the inclusion and integration of common grounds, parks, large swaths of wooded areas with picturesque runs (streams), wildflower meadows, golf courses, public swimming pools, bridle paths, a bike path, four lakes, tennis courts, and extensive foot pathways. Reston was built in wooded areas of oak , maple , sycamore , and Virginia pine , and remains heavily wooded. Extensive canopy guidance protects tree cover throughout

3510-604: The PRC area. Simon envisioned a total of seven village centers, but only five were developed. The village centers and the town center are an important part of Reston. Each village center, all of which (save North Point) predate the Reston Town Center , was intended to be a short walk from most homes and incorporate the daily retail and community service needs of residents. Moderately denser developments, such as apartments and townhouse clusters, as well as some single-family homes, encircle each center. The first to be built

3588-616: The PRC, and homeowners are prohibited from removing trees larger than 4 inches in diameter without written permission from Reston's Design Review Board. Total zoning density throughout the overall PRC area is currently capped at 13 persons per acre. This figure, however, does not include residents in Fairfax County workforce and affordable units (WDUs/ADUs), as well as the "bonus" units developers are allowed to add to their projects in compensation for having included ADUs in their proposals, Reston's five village centers are included in

3666-499: The Reflect Self-Assessment and Development Tool. It is an online assessment and self-directed, soft-skills development program. Reston, Virginia Reston is a census-designated place in Fairfax County, Virginia , United States, and a principal city of both Northern Virginia and the Washington metropolitan area . As of the 2020 U.S. census, Reston's population was 63,226. Founded in 1964, Reston

3744-716: The Reston Land Corporation as a subsidiary to manage its holdings and began developing the remaining residential areas in what would become the South Lakes and North Point villages. Reston Land introduced a wider mix of housing choices, including more townhouses and smaller “starter” homes, and completed the North County Government Center, which houses the Reston District police station, Fairfax County government offices, and

3822-635: The Reston firms, $ 6.9 billion, represents 53% of those top 20 regional venture capital firms. Reston also serves as the headquarters for the North American command of the German armed forces which oversees upwards up 1,500 troops deployed in the United States at any given time. A special tax district within Fairfax County was created to fund various recreational, educational, and cultural activities in Reston. The Reston Community Center (RCC)

3900-406: The Transit Station Area (TSA), consisting of the 12-lane Dulles Toll Road, Metro's heavy rail line, and the office parks on either side—cuts a half-mile wide swath through the community, with four north–south connections. A fifth crossover at Soapstone Drive has been proposed by Fairfax County transportation planners, though funding has not yet been identified. Zoning and planning for TSA development

3978-567: The U.S. Geological Survey headquarters, located on Sunrise Valley Drive. Gulf Reston put a premium on protecting Reston's open spaces and pedestrian-friendly landscape throughout its ownership. The corporation also transferred title for many Reston recreational facilities, including land, parks, lakes, and facilities, to the Reston Homeowners Association, thereby preserving them from overdevelopment. Within ten years of buying Simon out, Gulf opted to begin pulling out of

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4056-445: The comfort that results from increasing income. As a result, standard of living should not be taken to be a measure of happiness. Also, sometimes considered related is the concept of human security , though the latter may be considered at a more basic level and for all people. Unlike per capita GDP or standard of living , both of which can be measured in financial terms, it is harder to make objective or long-term measurements of

4134-461: The community's first year, its continued development was covered in such major media publications as Newsweek , Time , Life , and The New York Times , which featured the new town in a front-page article extolling it as "one of the most striking communities" in the United States. Nikki Hornsby performed an hour-long paid concert, singing with her guitar outside for this new Reston Community. Simon ran into financial difficulties as sales in

4212-623: The community. Gulf retained many of Simon's employees and continued to adhere largely to the spirit of the original Reston master plan as envisioned by Simon. During the 1970s, Gulf built the Reston International Center near the intersection of Sunrise Valley and Reston Parkway and added low- to moderate-income housing to the community's residential mix, including the Cedar Ridge, Laurel Glade, and Fox Mill apartment developments. Gulf also constructed housing for employees of

4290-563: The corporation worked with Fairfax County to create a new Town Center District to govern planning and design for existing and new development in the core Town Center area and to remove it from the oversight of Reston Association's Design Review Board. Review and comment of all RTCD development proposals is limited to members of the RTC District Association, which is overseen by the 9-member Board of Directors, 7 of whom represent commercial property owners. The core portion of

4368-434: The domain of culture, for example, it includes the following subdomains of quality of life: Under this conception, other frequently related concepts include freedom , human rights , and happiness . However, since happiness is subjective and difficult to measure, other measures are generally given priority. It has also been shown that happiness, as much as it can be measured, does not necessarily increase correspondingly with

4446-528: The extensive trail system, are overseen by the Reston Association under the provisions of the Reston Deed, the community's basic governing document. A standard assessment is levied on each apartment or lot (for townhouses and houses). The Deed also allows for reduced assessments for those who "qualify for real estate tax reduction by Fairfax County Ordinance; (ii) their units are subsidized by

4524-455: The federal or state government; or (iii) their units are designed and used primarily for elderly congregate care or assisted living facilities and occupied by low or moderate income residents." Reston's individual clusters or neighborhoods have their own neighborhood associations which also levy assessments to cover grounds upkeep, snow removal, trash pick-up, and other maintenance. Each cluster has its own elected board of directors who report to

4602-482: The final score. Happiness is already recognized as an important concept in global public policy. The World Happiness Report indicates that some regions have in recent years been experiencing progressive inequality of happiness. The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is a measure developed by sociologist M. D. Morris in the 1970s, based on basic literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy. Although not as complex as other measures, and now essentially replaced by

4680-762: The implementation of zero tolerance policies by many prominent American mayors , most notably Oscar Goodman in Las Vegas , Richard Riordan in Los Angeles , Rudolph Giuliani in New York City and Gavin Newsom in San Francisco . Such policies refuse to tolerate even minor crimes; proponents argue that this will improve the quality of life of local residents. However, critics of zero tolerance policies believe that such policies neglect investigation on

4758-498: The land management business. It sold its entire Mobil Land Development subsidiary, including its Reston holdings, to Westbrook Partners, LLC, for $ 324 million. As Reston Town Center continued to develop, Boston Properties emerged as a leading player. The company became the sole owner of the core mixed-use tracts in Reston Town Center when it completed the purchase of the Fountain Square office/retail complex in 2012. Reston

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4836-585: The land, except for 60 acres (240,000 m ) on which the Bowman distillery continued to operate until 1987. Simon officially launched Reston on April 10, 1964 (his 50th birthday) and named the community using his initials. He laid out seven "guiding principles" that would stress quality of life and serve as the foundation for its future development. His goal was for Restonians to live, work, and play in their own community, with common grounds and scenic beauty shared equally regardless of income level, thereby building

4914-573: The largest economic activity in Reston, consisting of 757 different companies employing 21,575 people in 2007. The Information sector follows second with 9,876 employees working at 150 companies in Reston. Reston is part of the Dulles Technology Corridor and is home to the following companies: Of the 20 largest venture capital firms in the Washington, D.C. area, five are in Reston. The amount of capital under management of

4992-537: The maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no inequality." The World Happiness Report is a landmark survey on the state of global happiness. It ranks 156 countries by their happiness levels, reflecting growing global interest in using happiness and substantial well-being as an indicator of the quality of human development. Its growing purpose has allowed governments, communities and organizations to use appropriate data to record happiness in order to enable policies to provide better lives. The reports review

5070-452: The new community flagged. To keep his project going, he accepted a loan of $ 15 million from Gulf Oil that allowed him to pay off his creditors. Even so, sales were sluggish as Simon's reluctance to compromise on his high standards for building designs and materials meant that a townhouse in Reston could cost as much as a single-family house elsewhere in Fairfax County. By 1967, Gulf Oil forced Simon out and formed Gulf Reston, Inc., to manage

5148-433: The outset, Rossant and Conklin's planning conceptualized the new community as a unified, cohesive, and balanced whole, including landscapes, recreational, cultural, and commercial facilities, and housing for what was envisioned to be a town of 75,000. For Lake Anne Plaza, the first of Reston's village centers, the architects combined a small shopping area with a mix of single-family houses, townhouses, and apartments next to

5226-447: The pain of life's misfortunes, including disease , divorce , and being alone , is exacerbated by poverty . Gross national happiness and other subjective measures of happiness are being used by the governments of Bhutan and the United Kingdom. The World Happiness report, issued by Columbia University is a meta-analysis of happiness globally and provides an overview of countries and grassroots activists using GNH. The OECD issued

5304-470: The population of a city, state, or country, not to individual quality of life. Livability has a long history and tradition in urban design , and neighborhoods design standards such as LEED-ND are often used in an attempt to influence livability. Some crimes against property (e.g., graffiti and vandalism ) and some " victimless crimes " have been referred to as "quality-of-life crimes". American sociologist James Q. Wilson encapsulated this argument as

5382-444: The potential to achieve greater political presence if governments were to incorporate aspects of human security into foreign policy . Stressing individuals' basic rights to health, food, shelter, and freedom addresses prominent inter-sectoral problems negatively impacting today's society, and may lead to greater action and resources. Integration of global health concerns into foreign policy may be hampered by approaches that are shaped by

5460-415: The purview of Fairfax County elected officials and staff. Robert Simon initially explored the option of incorporation as a town but was blocked by Fairfax County. Simon asserted to an interviewer that Fairfax officials informed him they would deny Reston access to Fairfax's water and sewer lines if he sought incorporation for his new community. In 1980, a group of Reston residents were successful in pushing for

5538-531: The quality of life experienced by nations or other groups of people. Researchers have begun in recent times to distinguish two aspects of personal well-being: Emotional well-being , in which respondents are asked about the quality of their everyday emotional experiences – the frequency and intensity of their experiences of, for example, joy, stress, sadness, anger and affection – and life evaluation , in which respondents are asked to think about their life in general and evaluate it against

5616-437: The real estate business to focus exclusively on energy. It sold Reston's developed portions, including three completed village centers (Lake Anne, Tall Oaks, and Hunters Woods), the Reston International Center, and Isaac Newton Square, to an investment firm. In 1978, the company finalized the sale of Reston's remaining 3,700 undeveloped acres to Mobil , which pledged to continue respecting the ideals of Robert Simon. Mobil formed

5694-755: The residents of that cluster. The majority of Reston lies within Virginia's 11th congressional district and is currently represented in Congress by Representative Gerry Connolly (D). It is represented by Ken Plum (D) in the Virginia House of Delegates , and by Janet Howell (D) in the State Senate . While Reston has, from its inception, been an unincorporated area, several efforts have been made to achieve town status, primarily to gain more control over zoning and development decisions, which now are

5772-689: The state of happiness in the world today and show how the science of happiness explains personal and national variations in happiness. Developed again by the United Nations and published recently along with the HDI, this report combines both objective and subjective measures to rank countries by happiness, which is deemed as the ultimate outcome of a high quality of life. It uses surveys from Gallup , real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, freedom from corruption, and generosity to derive

5850-421: Was founded in the late 1960s as a mixed-voice chorus comprising both professional and amateur singers. The Reston Community Orchestra, launched in 1988, also offers regular performances throughout the year, generally at the Reston Community Center. In the summer, free public concerts are offered at both Reston Town Center and at Lake Anne Plaza. The Greater Reston Arts Center (GRACE), founded by local artists,

5928-647: Was influenced by the Garden City movement that emphasized planned, self-contained communities that intermingled green space, residential neighborhoods, and commercial development. The intent of Reston's founder, Robert E. Simon , was to build a town that would revolutionize post–World War II concepts of land use and residential/corporate development in suburban America. In 2018, Reston was included in Money magazine's "Best Place to Live in Virginia" ranking. Reston

6006-404: Was the critically acclaimed Lake Anne, followed by (in chronological order) Hunters Woods, Tall Oaks, South Lakes, and North Point. By 2015, however, Tall Oaks had become defunct as a village center and was purchased by a local development firm, Tall Oaks Development Company, with the intent of rezoning the 7.6-acre parcel and converting it to residential housing. During Mobil's ownership period,

6084-490: Was the first 20th-century private community in the U.S. to explicitly incorporate natural preservation in its planning. Simon hired the architectural firm of Whittlesey, Conklin, & Rossant to design his new community. The plans for Reston were designed by architect James Rossant , who studied under Walter Gropius at the Harvard Graduate School of Design , and his partner William J. Conklin . From

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