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70-574: Timofey Nikolayevich Granovsky (Russian: Тимофей Николаевич Грановский ; 9 March 1813 – 4 October 1855) was a founder of medieval studies in the Russian Empire . Granovsky was born in Oryol , Russia. He studied at the universities of Moscow and Berlin, where he was profoundly influenced by Hegelian ideas of Leopold von Ranke and Friedrich Carl von Savigny . He felt that the Western history

140-613: A royal charter in 1920 but was unsuccessful at that time. However a second petition, in 1925, was successful, and the charter was officially granted on 17 March 1926. With the charter, the college became the University of Reading, the only new university to be created in the United Kingdom between the two world wars. It was added to the Combined English Universities constituency in 1928 in time for

210-645: A Medieval Studies section. Medieval studies is buoyed by a number of annual international conferences which bring together thousands of professional medievalists, including the International Congress on Medieval Studies , at Kalamazoo MI , U.S. , and the International Medieval Congress at the University of Leeds . There are a number of journals devoted to medieval studies, including: Speculum (an organ of

280-404: A character, Stepan Trofimovich Verkhovensky, that is partly based on Granovsky. According to Cole, this "liberal who unwittingly inspired a generation of nihilists is unfair to Granovsky but is nevertheless another tribute to his importance as an inspiring teacher and a man of his age." Medieval studies The term 'medieval studies' began to be adopted by academics in the opening decades of

350-680: A cost of £30 million. The London Road site also plays host to the university graduation ceremonies twice a year, in the Great Hall. The Greenlands Campus , on the banks of the River Thames in Buckinghamshire. Once the home of William Henry Smith , son of the founder of WH Smith , and latterly the site of the Henley Management College , this campus became part of the university on 1 August 2008, with

420-703: A debate in Parliament over the closure which prompted heated discussion of higher education issues in general. On 10 October, the Senate voted to close the Department of Physics, a move confirmed by the council on 20 November. Other departments closed in recent years include Music, Sociology, Geology, and Mechanical Engineering. The university council decided in March 2009 to close the School of Health and Social Care,

490-410: A free advice service to students, and facilitates over 160 different activities for students to get involved in. The Students' Union building on Whiteknights Campus contains a 2500 capacity venue called 3sixty (recently renovated in 2018), with seven bars, and a number of retail outlets. The retail outlets include an Asian supermarket, a Starbucks and a hairdressers. Student accommodation is provided in

560-631: A history stretching back into the Middle Ages, and that understanding their medieval history was important to understanding their character in the twentieth century. Twentieth-century Medieval Studies were influenced by approaches associated with the rise of social sciences such as economic history and anthropology , epitomised by the influential Annales School . In place of what the Annalistes called histoire événementielle , this work favoured study of large questions over long periods . In

630-758: A location on Whiteknights Campus to a site nearer the town centre next to the London Road Campus. The Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology , the Cole Museum of Zoology , the University of Reading Herbarium and the Harris Garden are all on the Whiteknights Campus. The Department of Typography and Graphic Communication holds a number of lettering, printing and graphic design collections including those of Isotype, Ephemera, printing presses, Twentieth-century posters, non-Latin typefaces and

700-418: A number of halls of residence offering a mix of partially catered (19 meals per week) and self-catering accommodation, along with other self-catering accommodation. Following a major review the university is now proceeding with the integrated Halls and Catering Strategy, that will see several halls replaced as well as new ones created with social, catering & welfare facilities provided in hub areas. Most of

770-472: A school whose courses have consistently been oversubscribed. In January 2008, the university announced its merger with the Henley Management College to create the university's new Henley Business School , bringing together Henley College's expertise in MBAs with the university's existing Business School and ICMA Centre . The merger took formal effect on 1 August 2008, with the new business school split across

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840-547: A variety of disciplines including archaeology, art history, architecture, history, literature and linguistics. The Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto became the first centre of this type in 1929; it is now the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies (PIMS) and is part of the University of Toronto . It was soon followed by the Medieval Institute at

910-517: A vote of no confidence in the vice chancellor Sir David Bell . Eighty-eight per cent of those who voted backed the no confidence motion. In 2019, The Guardian reported the university was in "a financial and governance crisis" after recently reporting itself to regulators over a £121 million loan. The university is sole trustee of the charitable National Institute for Research in Dairying trust, and after selling trust land had then borrowed

980-487: A year and advises on areas such as student entry, assessment and awards. Membership includes deans, heads and elected representatives of schools, as well as professional staff and students. The Senate in turn reports to the Council, which is the supreme governing body of the university, setting strategic direction, ensuring compliance with statutory requirements and approving constitutional changes. The Council meets four times

1050-459: A year and comprises a broad representation of lay members drawn from commercial, community and professional organisations. On 24 March 2016, it was announced that William Waldegrave was to be the new chancellor of Reading University. Lord Waldegrave is the fourth Conservative politician to be appointed chancellor of the university, following Austen Chamberlain , Sir Samuel Hoare and Lord Carrington . Waldegrave's predecessor, Sir John Madejski

1120-411: Is a faculty providing training and a range of support for doctoral researchers and related staff across the other four faculties. The university is nominally led by a chancellor , who is the titular head of the university and is normally a well-known public figure. The day-to-day chief executive role is the responsibility of the vice-chancellor , a full-time academic post. The senior management board of

1190-547: Is also a supporter of, and contributor to, the Conservative Party. New students entering the university in 2020 had an average of 129 points (the equivalent of ABB at A Level). According to the 2023 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 13% of Reading's undergraduates come from independent schools. Departments in the university have been awarded the biannual Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education five times: in 1998, in

1260-497: Is labelled as 'internationally recognised', 78% as 'internationally excellent and 27% as 'world leading'. Its School of Agriculture Policy and Development was ranked top in the UK and 11th in the world, according to the QS classification of universities by subject. Reading has been highly ranked in meteorology and atmospheric science . In the 2023 Global Ranking of Academic Subjects , it

1330-502: Is the affiliated student organisation which represents the students' interests. The university also has a number of Junior Common Rooms that are linked to the Students' Union. The Students' Union has been the launchpad for many successful careers including Penny Mordaunt (Former MP for Portsmouth North), who was the 1994–5 president of the Students' Union. The Students' Union runs the student radio station. It broadcasts locally from

1400-532: Is the largest and includes Whiteknights Lake, conservation meadows and woodlands as well as most of the university's departments. Though within the Reading urban area, most of the campus actually falls within Wokingham District (parish of Earley ). The campus takes its name from the nickname of the 13th century knight John De Erleigh IV or the 'White Knight', and was landscaped in the 18th century by

1470-673: The Henley Business School MBA . First announced in October 2012, it is the university's first overseas campus. The project was overseen by Tony Downes . Professor Wing Lam took over as Provost in May 2018 after the retirement of Tony Downes and restructured the campus to enable it to focus on core professional disciplines that were aligned with the region's need for talent. The former Bulmershe Court Campus in Woodley

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1540-784: The Journal of Medieval History . Another part of the infrastructure of the field is the International Medieval Bibliography . The term "Middle Ages" first began to be common in English-language history-writing in the early nineteenth century. Henry Hallam 's 1818 View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages has been seen as a key stage in the promotion of the term, along with Ruskin 's 1853 Lectures on Architecture . The term medievalist was, correspondingly, coined by English-speakers in

1610-461: The Marquis of Blandford . The main university library, in the middle of the campus, holds nearly a million books and subscribes to around 4,000 periodicals. The URS building, designed by Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis in concrete brutalist style in the 1970s is Grade II listed. The Whiteknights campus was voted one of the best green spaces in the United Kingdom for the seventh year running in

1680-466: The University of Notre Dame in Indiana, which was founded in 1946 but whose roots go back to the establishment of a Program of Medieval Studies in 1933. As with many of the early programs at Roman Catholic institutions, it drew its strengths from the revival of medieval scholastic philosophy by such scholars as Étienne Gilson and Jacques Maritain , both of whom made regular visits to the university in

1750-567: The 1929 general election. In 1947, the university purchased Whiteknights Park , which was to become its principal campus. In 1984, the university started a merger with Bulmershe College of Higher Education, which was completed in 1989. In October 2006, the Senior Management Board proposed the closure of its Physics Department to future undergraduate application. This was ascribed to financial reasons and lack of alternative ideas and caused considerable controversy, not least

1820-549: The 1930s and 1940s. These institutions were preceded in the United Kingdom, in 1927, by the establishment of the idiosyncratic Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic , at the University of Cambridge . Although Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic was limited geographically (to the British Isles and Scandinavia ) and chronologically (mostly the early Middle Ages ), it promoted the interdisciplinarity characteristic of Medieval Studies and many of its graduates were involved in

1890-425: The 1980s onwards medieval studies increasingly responded to intellectual agendas set by postmodern critical theory and cultural studies , with empiricism and philology being challenged by or harnessed to topics like the history of the body . This movement tended to challenge the progressivist account of the Middle Ages as belonging to a continuum of social development that begat modernity and instead to see

1960-537: The 2017 Green Flag People's Choice awards . The smaller London Road Campus is the original university site and is closer to the town centre of Reading, sited across from the Royal Berkshire Hospital . The London Road site is home to The Institute of Education – a major provider of teacher training in the UK. The Institute moved to its new home in January 2012 after the campus was refurbished at

2030-594: The Fédération Internationale des Instituts d’Etudes Médiévales (FIDEM) (founded 1987) and Co-operative for Advancement of Research through Medieval European Network (CARMEN). Some notable ones include: University of Reading The University of Reading is a public research university in Reading, Berkshire , England. It was founded in 1892 as University College, Reading , a University of Oxford extension college. The institution received

2100-636: The Humanities, Social Sciences and Law category, for work on Shakespeare ; in 2005, in the Environment category; in 2008, again in Humanities, Social Sciences and Law; in 2011, for "teaching and design applications in typography, through print and new technologies" in Typography & Graphic Communication; and in 2021, again in the category of Environment And Conservation, for "connecting communities with climate change" through "new modelling work on

2170-774: The Medieval Academy of America founded in 1925 and based in Cambridge, Massachusetts ), Medium Ævum (the journal of the Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, founded in 1932), Mediaeval Studies (based in the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies and founded in 1939), the Bulletin de Philosophie Médiévale , Mediaevalia , Comitatus , Viator , Traditio , Medieval Worlds , and

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2240-446: The Middle Ages as an anti-modernist utopia —whether a place nostalgically to fantasise about a more conservative, religious, and hierarchical past or a more egalitarian, beautiful, and innocent one. European study of the medieval past was characterised in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by romantic nationalism , as emergent nation-states sought to legitimise new political formations by claiming that they were rooted in

2310-485: The Middle Ages as radically different from the present. Its recognition that scholars' views are shaped by their own time led to the study of medievalism —the post-medieval use and abuse of the Middle Ages—becoming an integral part of Medieval Studies. In the twenty-first century, globalisation led to arguments that post-war Europeanisation had drawn too tight a boundary around medieval studies, this time at

2380-436: The Middle Ages. In this context, researchers tended to resist the idea that the Middle Ages were distinctively different from modernity. Instead they argued the so-called ' continuity thesis ' that institutions conventionally associated with modernity in Western historiography like nationalism, the emergence of states, colonialism, scientific thought, art for its own sake, or people's conception of themselves as individuals all had

2450-543: The Reading Student Village (renamed Benyon) are leased back to the university from UPP . The cost of leasing back the Student Village to the university, according to the university accounts, was £1.3 million in 2002–03 and £1.5 million for 2003–04. In 2011 the management of the mature and international halls, Hillside and Martindale, was taken over by the "Estates management team", as

2520-521: The Schools of Art and Science established in Reading in 1860 and 1870. In 1892, the College at Reading was founded as an extension college by Christ Church , a college of the University of Oxford . The first president was the geographer Sir Halford John Mackinder , and the college's first home was the old hospitium building behind Reading Town Hall . The Schools of Art and Science were transferred to

2590-543: The Whiteknights campus in university retail outlets and over an internet live stream on a full-time basis. The station was formed in 1997 and started broadcasting in 2001 on 1287AM and transferred to solely online in 2007. It also publishes the Spark , a newspaper aimed at the student population of the university, which is published fortnightly during term-time only and student television station RU:ON. The union provides

2660-570: The Whiteknights site. The university also announced its intention to site some functions on the London Road site, and proposed a complete withdrawal from Bulmershe Court by 2012, which was accomplished. Reading University maintains four museums, the main campus library, a range of inter-departmental libraries, and a botanical garden . The largest and best known of these museums is the Museum of English Rural Life , which has recently relocated from

2730-525: The appeal of interdisciplinarity grew. Accordingly, medieval studies turned increasingly away from producing national histories, towards more complex mosaics of regional approaches that worked towards a European scope, partly correlating with post-War Europeanisation . An example from the apogee of this process was the large European Science Foundation project The Transformation of the Roman World that ran from 1993 to 1998. Amidst this process, from

2800-399: The archive of partners Banks and Miles. The University Library at Whiteknights makes available over 1 million physical resources, as well as a range of electronic online resources, from 14,000 square metres of space across seven floors. The secondary site library at the university's Bulmershe campus closed in 2011 and its operative collections were transferred. There is also a library in

2870-481: The borders of Europe, with Muslim Iberia and the Orthodox Christian east seen in western European historiography as having an ambivalent relevance to medieval studies. Thus a range of medievalists have begun working on writing global histories of the Middle Ages —while, however, navigating, the risk of imposing Eurocentric terminologies and agendas on the rest of the world. By 2020, this movement

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2940-491: The distant past. The most important example of this use of the Middle Ages was the nation-building that surrounded the unification of Germany . Narratives which presented the nations of Europe as modernizing by building on, yet also developing beyond, their medieval heritage, were also important facets underpinning justifications of European colonialism and imperialism during the New Imperialism era. Scholars of

3010-559: The dynamism brought to the field by its embracing of postmodernist thought and the associated rise of neo-medievalism in popular culture . This included centres at King's College London (1988), the University of Bristol (1994), the University of Sydney (1997) and Bangor University (2005), and the merging of the Medieval History and Medieval Language and Literature sections of the British Academy to create

3080-730: The great abbot as the architect of royal centralization." His master's thesis of 1845, "Volin, Yumsberg, i Vineta" ( Wolin , Jomsborg , and Vineta ), attempted to disprove the historicity of Vineta and was very controversial, offending the Slavophiles . His readings in the Moscow University were immensely popular and brought him in touch with other Westernizers . One of these, Alexander Herzen , described Granovsky's lectures as "a draught of freedom in Nicholas I 's Russia". Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's novel The Possessed features

3150-494: The halls of residence lie close to the northern campus periphery and in residential areas close by. Wantage Hall is the second oldest purpose-built hall in England outside of Oxford and Cambridge, opening a year after Hulme Hall at the University of Manchester , and is built in the style of an 'Oxbridge' college. St. Andrews Hall closed in 2001 and is now the home of the Museum of English Rural Life . St. George's Hall and

3220-458: The interaction between the Earth’s climate and local weather systems, enabling the development of risk assessment, community preparedness and action to tackle climate change." Reading was ranked 35th in the UK amongst multi-faculty institutions for the quality (GPA) of its research and 28th for its Research Power in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework . In total, 98% of the university's research

3290-592: The late 1960s and early 1970s encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, centres similar to (and partly inspired by) the Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies were established in England at University of Reading (1965), at University of Leeds (1967) and the University of York (1968), and in the United States at Fordham University (1971). The 1990s saw a further wave of Medieval-Studies foundations, partly prompted by

3360-566: The later development of Medieval Studies programmes elsewhere in the UK. Around the same time as the first North American Medieval Studies institutions were founded, the UK saw the development of some scholarly societies with a similar remit, including the Oxford Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature (1932) and its offshoot the Manchester Medieval Society (1933). With university expansion in

3430-436: The loss of some jobs, especially in the film, theatre and television department, which has since moved into a brand new £ 11.5 million building on Whiteknights Campus. In late 2009 it was announced that the London Road Campus was to undergo a £ 30 million renovation, preparatory to becoming the new home of the university's Institute of Education. The Institute moved to its new home in January 2012. The refurbishment

3500-530: The medieval era in the United States also used these concepts to justify their westward expansion across the North American continent. These colonialist and imperialist connections meant that medieval studies during the 19th and 20th centuries played a role in the emergence of white supremacism . However, the early twentieth century also saw the increasing professionalisation of research on

3570-584: The merger of that college with the university's Business School to form the Henley Business School . The school's MBA and corporate learning offerings will be based at Greenlands, with undergraduate and other postgraduate courses being based at Whiteknights. An Asian campus at Iskandar , Malaysia was formally opened in February 2016. It offers a range of professional programmes at foundation, undergraduate and postgraduate levels including

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3640-459: The mid-nineteenth century. The concept of the Middle Ages was first developed by Renaissance humanists as a means for them to define their own era as new and different from what came before—whether a renewal of Classical Antiquity (the Renaissance ) or what came to be called modernity . This gave nineteenth-century Romantic scholars, in particular, the intellectual freedom to imagine

3710-538: The nearby villages of Arborfield , Sonning and Shinfield . These support a mixed farming system including dairy cows, ewes and beef animals, and host research centres of which the flagship is the Centre for Dairy Research. As part of the proposed Whiteknights Development Plan in Autumn 2007, the university proposed spending up to £250 million on its estates over 30 years, principally to focus academic activities onto

3780-549: The new college by Reading Town Council in the same year. The new college received its first treasury grant in 1901. Three years later it was given a site, now the university's London Road Campus , by the Palmer family (connected with the firm of Huntley & Palmers ). The same family supported the opening of Wantage Hall in 1908 and of the Research Institute in Dairying in 1912. The college first applied for

3850-410: The power to grant its own degrees in 1926 by royal charter from King George V and was the only university to receive such a charter between the two world wars . The university is usually categorised as a red brick university , reflecting its original foundation in the 19th century. Reading has four major campuses. In the United Kingdom, the campuses on London Road and Whiteknights are based in

3920-527: The refurbishment programme. Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Social Science Faculty of Life Sciences Faculty of Science Henley Business School is a highly selective, top-ranking business school, among only 58 institutions worldwide to be granted Triple accreditation by the three largest and most influential business school accreditation associations: EQUIS , AMBA and the AACSB. It includes several academic areas: The university-wide Graduate School

3990-520: The town of Reading itself, and Greenlands is based on the banks of the River Thames in Buckinghamshire. It also has a campus in Iskandar Puteri , Malaysia. The university has been arranged into 16 academic schools since 2016. The annual income of the institution for 2022–23 was £322 million of which £34 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £325.7 million. The university owes its first origins to

4060-500: The twentieth century, initially in the titles of books like G. G. Coulton 's Ten Medieval Studies (1906), to emphasize a more interdisciplinary approach to a historical subject. A major step in institutionalising this field was the foundation of the Mediaeval (now Medieval) Academy of America in 1925. In American and European universities the term medieval studies provided a coherent identity to centres composed of academics from

4130-450: The university has been beset by controversy, with the closure of departments and job losses among staff. The university lost 7.7% of its HEFCE funding in fiscal year 2010–2011. In 2016 a move to reorganise the structure of Reading University provoked protests. The Gyosei International College in the U.K. was established on property acquired from the University of Reading in 1989. The college, later renamed Witan International College,

4200-443: The university is headed by the vice-chancellor, assisted by a deputy-vice-chancellor, three pro-vice-chancellors, four deans and five heads of directorate. It is responsible for the day-to-day management of the university and meets fortnightly throughout most of the year. The senior management board reports to the university's Senate, the main academic administrative body. The senate has around 100 members and meets at least four times

4270-502: The university's Meteorology department. The library underwent refurbishment costing £40 million starting in 2016 and was re-opened in autumn 2019. The redevelopment aimed to improve the energy efficiency of the building with the installation of new windows, cladding and roofing. New lifts, additional study seating capacity, a larger Library cafe with an outside seating area, more toilets (including disabled and gender-neutral provision) and card-access security barriers were also part of

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4340-533: The university's existing Whiteknights Campus and its new Greenlands Campus that formerly housed Henley Management College. A restructuring of the university was announced in September 2009, which would bring together all the academic schools into three faculties, these being the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Humanities, Arts and Social sciences, and Henley Business School. The move was predicted to result in

4410-681: The wake of the Second World War , the role of medievalism in European nationalism led to greatly diminished enthusiasm for medieval studies within the academy—though nationalist deployments of the Middle Ages still existed and remained powerful. The proportion of medievalists in history and language departments fell, encouraging staff to collaborate across different departments; state funding of and university support for archaeology expanded, bringing new evidence but also new methods, disciplinary perspectives, and research questions forward; and

4480-577: The £121 million proceeds from the trust, despite the potential conflict of interest in the decision making. Including this loan, the university has debts of £300 million, as well as having an operating deficit of over £40 million for the past two years. In 2021, the university declared, in a statement reply to the student's union, that it would not refund tuition fees for its students. The university maintains over 1.6 square kilometres (395 acres) of grounds, in four distinct campuses: Whiteknights Campus , at 1.3 square kilometres (321 acres),

4550-591: Was acquired by the University of Reading in 2004. Witan College closed in 2008. In 2009 the university partnered with the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology to offer Chinese students courses taught by the department of chemistry. In 2015 this was expanded to form the NUIST Reading Academy which currently offers six degree programs and enrolls nearly 400 students annually. Reading University Students' Union (RUSU)

4620-400: Was being characterised as the 'global turn' in Medieval Studies. Correspondingly, the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, founded in 1963, changed its name in 2021 to UCLA Center for Early Global Studies. Many Centres / Centers for Medieval Studies exist, usually as part of a university or other research and teaching facility. Umberella organisations for these bodies include

4690-430: Was partially funded by the sale of the adjoining site of Mansfield Hall , a former hall of residence, for demolition and replacement by private sector student accommodation. The university is a lead sponsor of UTC Reading , a new university technical college which opened in September 2013. In 2016, a move to reorganise the structure of Reading University provoked student protests. On 21 March 2016, staff announced

4760-473: Was ranked 5th in the world for atmospheric science. It was ranked 15th in the world for Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences by U.S. News & World Report in 2024 and 13th among global universities in atmospheric science in the 2024 SCImago Institutions Rankings . It was ranked 2nd in the world in meteorology and atmospheric sciences by the Center for World University Rankings in 2017 (the most recent year subject rankings were published). In recent years

4830-409: Was superior to that of his own country and became the first Russian to deliver courses on the medieval history of Western Europe (1839). Due to the strict censorship of the period, Granovsky assumed that lecturing provided a surer way of disseminating Western ideals in Russia than writing. His major printed work was his doctoral dissertation of 1849, Abbat Sugerii ( Abbot Suger ), in which he "portrayed

4900-447: Was the site of the former Bulmershe Teaching College, which merged with The University of Reading in 1989. The campus was sold in January 2014 as the university decided to concentrate its activity on its three other campuses. It had previously moved all teaching and research at Bulmershe either to Whiteknights or to London Road, and closed the student accommodation. The university also owns 8.5 square kilometres (2,100 acres) of farmland in

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