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53-622: By 1613, when Michael Romanov , the first Tsar of the Romanov Dynasty , was crowned, the Russian regalia included a pectoral cross, a golden chain, a barmas (wide ceremonial collar), the Crown of Monomakh , sceptre, and orb. Over the centuries, various Tsars had fashioned their own private crowns, modeled for the most part after the Crown of Monomakh, but these were for personal use and not for

106-484: A progressive leg injury (a consequence of a horse accident early in his life), which resulted in his not being able to walk towards the end of his life. He was a gentle and pious prince who gave little trouble to anyone and effaced himself behind his counsellors. Sometimes they were relatively honest and capable men like his father; sometimes they were corrupted and bigoted, like the Saltykov relatives of his mother. He

159-519: A replica in miniature of the imperial regalia (the great imperial crown, the lesser imperial crown, the imperial orb and sceptre) out of silver, gold, diamonds, sapphires, and rubies, the whole set on a marble pedestal. The work is now in the collection of the Hermitage Museum . In 1913, Agathon Fabergé, son of Peter Carl Fabergé of the House of Fabergé , the crown jewellers, recommended that

212-623: Is surmounted by a cross of five diamonds, representing the Christian faith of the Sovereign, the God-given power of the monarchy and the supremacy of the divine order over earthly power. Except for the two rows of large white pearls the entire surface of the crown is covered with 4936 diamonds and weighs approximately nine pounds (by contrast, the Crown of Monomakh weighs only two pounds). It was unfinished in time for Catherine's coronation and

265-416: Is the coat of arms of Saint Petersburg , which not only depicts the crown on top of it but two imperial sceptres in saltire behind it, and a third on it. Michael Romanov Michael I ( Russian : Михаил Фёдорович Романов , romanized :  Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov ; 22 July [ O.S. 12 July] 1596 – 23 July [ O.S. 13 July] 1645)

318-569: Is the title of a female autocratic ruler ( monarch ) of Bulgaria , Serbia or Russia , or the title of a tsar 's wife. The English spelling is derived from the German czarin or zarin , in the same way as the French tsarine / czarine , and the Spanish and Italian czarina / zarina . (A tsar's daughter is a tsarevna .) "Tsarina" or "tsaritsa" was the title of the female supreme ruler in

371-646: The Streletsky Prikaz (in charge of the streltsy , regiments who served as Moscow's garrison), the Prikaz bolshoy kazny , minister of the treasury, and the Aptekarsky Prikaz ("Pharmacy Office", a de facto ministry of health, most particularly the tsar's health). After Filaret's arrival, their former heads were sent away from Moscow, and all three given to Ivan Cherkassky (Filaret's nephew), who proved to be an able and competent administrator and

424-593: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until it was recovered with the conclusion of another war under Michael's son and successor Alexis in 1667 . Michael's reign saw some of the greatest territorial expansion in Russian history. During his reign, the conquest of Siberia continued, largely accomplished by the Cossacks and financed by the Stroganov merchant family . Tsar Michael suffered from

477-595: The Posolsky Prikaz ("Foreign Office") and the Razryadny Prikaz (a Duma chancellery and a personnel department for both central and provincial administration including military command). Those offices could be pivotal in struggles between boyar factions, so they were traditionally headed not by boyars but by dyaki (professional clerks). The first head of the Posolsky Prikaz under Michael

530-608: The Treaty of Polyanovka in 1634. To the east, Cossacks made unprecedented advances in the conquest of Siberia , and Russian explorers had reached the Pacific Ocean ( Sea of Okhotsk ) by the end of Michael's reign. Michael's grandfather, Nikita , was brother to the first Russian Tsaritsa Anastasia and a central advisor to Ivan the Terrible . As a young boy, Michael and his mother had been exiled to Beloozero in 1600. This

583-548: The Troitsa monastery , 75 miles (121 km) off, before decent accommodation could be provided for him at Moscow . He was crowned on 21 July 1613, on his seventeenth birthday. The first task of the new tsar was to clear the land of the countries occupying it. Sweden and Poland were then dealt with respectively by the peace of Stolbovo (17 February 1617) and the Truce of Deulino (1 December 1618). The most important result of

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636-457: The Crown of Monomakh and other crowns used by earlier Russian Tsars and Grand Princes of Muscovy , as a symbol of the adoption of the new title of Emperor (1721). The court jeweller Ekart and Jérémie Pauzié made the great imperial crown for the coronation of Catherine the Great in 1762. It is adorned with 4936 diamonds arranged in patterns across the entire surface of the crown. Bordering

689-542: The Imperial regalia be re-catalogued and overhauled. The tsar gave his approval and by July 1914, work on the Imperial orb and sceptre had been completed, and work was about to commence on the crowns. Rising tensions and the outbreak of the First World War put a stop to further work, and the regalia items were loaded into nine strong-boxes and sent from Saint Petersburg to Moscow for safekeeping. They were stored in

742-731: The Kremlin Armoury. The crown remained there with the rest of the regalia during and after the February and October Revolutions in 1917. In 1922, they were re-catalogued and transferred to the State Treasury. The crown and other pieces of jewellery and regalia were collected into the State Depository of Treasures, later the Diamond Fund , and discussions were carried out with French and British experts as to

795-670: The Medium Coat of Arms (Средний государственный герб Российской Империи), and the Lesser Coat of Arms (Малый государственный герб Российской Империи) of Imperial Russia. The great imperial crown was placed above the Imperial Cypher (monogram) — but only after the coronation. Between ascending the throne and the coronation, the Imperial Cypher would bear the princely crown, but not the imperial crown. The crown

848-792: The Poles during the Time of Troubles. Michael's youth also contributed to his election as he was seen as easily manipulated. On 21 February 1613, 700 delegates reached a consensus for Michael to be chosen as a compromise candidate as Tsar of Russia by the Zemsky Sobor of 1613 . The delegates of the council did not discover the young Tsar and his mother at the Ipatiev Monastery near Kostroma until 24 March. He had been chosen after several other options had been removed, including Polish prince Vladislav , Austrian Archduke Maximilian III and

901-559: The Swedish prince Carl Philip . Initially, Martha protested, believing and stating that her son was too young and tender for so difficult an office, and in such a troublesome time. According to Dunning, "The sixteen-year-old boy did not impress the boyars at all; he was poorly educated and not particularly intelligent. Nonetheless, those great lords consoled themselves with the knowledge that Trubetskoi would not become tsar and that Mikhail's ambitious and highly intelligent father, Filaret,

954-567: The Truce of Deulino was the return from Polish captivity of the Tsar's father, Patriarch Filaret . Filaret became the effective ruler of Russia until his death in 1633. In the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617) that ended the Ingrian War with Sweden , Russia gave up Ingria and parts of Karelia as well as claims on the duchies of Estonia and Livonia , but in return Sweden recognised Michael as

1007-652: The Western term " Emperor " for the ruler of Russia, Peter the Great also adopted Western imperial symbols, including the form of the private crowns ( Hauskrone ) used by the Holy Roman Emperors (of which the only surviving example is the Austrian imperial crown of Rudolf II, the Imperial Crown of Austria ), in which a circlet with eight fleur-de-lis surrounds a mitre with a high arch extending from

1060-439: The arch between them is made up of oaks leaves and acorns in small diamonds surrounding a number of large diamonds of various shapes and tints running from the front pair of crossed palms to the back pair of crossed palms, while the basketwork pattern of the two hemispheres are divided by two strips of similar oak leaves and acorns from the two side pairs of palm branches stretching up to the rows of large pearls on their borders. At

1113-640: The box with hands that tremble ever so little despite his air of unconcern, 'is the crown of the Emperor, 32,800 carats of diamonds.' 'Is it heavy?' 'No', said one of the workmen, '5 pounds at most - try it,' and placed it straight away on my head. The imperial crown appeared on the National emblems of the Russian Empire — the Great Coat of arms (Большой государственный герб Российской Империи),

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1166-487: The center and apex of the central arch is a diamond rosette of twelve petals from which rises a large red spinel , weighing 398.72 carats (79.744 grams), one of the seven historic stones of the Russian Diamond Collection, which was brought to Russia by Nicholas Spafary, the Russian envoy to China from 1675 to 1678. It is believed to be the second largest spinel in the world. This spinel, in turn,

1219-589: The consort of Paul I, and used for the coronation of the Tsarina . At the coronation of Nicholas II in 1896, the smaller crown was worn by Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna. A second identical lesser imperial crown was made for the young Empress Alexandra Feodorovna to wear. Dowager Empresses outranked reigning Empress Consorts at the Russian Court. In 1900, the workshop of Peter Carl Fabergé in St. Petersburg made

1272-598: The coronation. In 1719, Tsar Peter the Great founded the earliest version of what is now known as the Russian Federation's State Diamond Fund . Peter had visited other European nations, and introduced many innovations to Russia, one of which was the creation of a permanent fund (фонд) to house a collection of jewels that belonged not to the Romanov family , but to the Russian State. Peter placed all of

1325-416: The edges of both the hemispheres bordered with a row of 37 very fine, large, white pearls. They rest on a circlet of nineteen diamonds, all averaging over 5 carats (1.0 g) in weight, the largest being the large Indian pear-shaped stone of 12 + 5 ⁄ 8 in front, set between two bands of diamonds above and below. Posier replaced the eight fleur-de-lis with four pairs of crossed palm branches, while

1378-671: The edges of the "mitre" are a number of large white pearls. The crown is also decorated with one of the seven historic stones of the Russian Diamond Collection: a large precious red spinel weighing 398.72 carats (79.744 g), known as the Menshikov Ruby , which was bought in China in 1702 by the Nerchinsk merchant Yan Istopnikov. It is believed to be the second largest spinel in the world. In formally adopting

1431-399: The following states: Since 1721, the official titles of the Russian male and female monarchs were emperor ( император , imperator ) and empress ( императрица , imperatritsa ) or empress consort, respectively. Officially the last Russian tsarina was Eudoxia Lopukhina , Peter the Great 's first wife. Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse) , the wife of Nicholas II of Russia , was

1484-566: The front to the back fleur-de-lis. Already in Austria some baroque representations of this type of crown found on statues of the saints had transformed the two halves of the mitre into two half-spheres, and this is the type of imperial crown used in Russia. Peter's widow and successor, Catherine I, was the first Russian ruler to wear this form of imperial crown. In the imperial crown, these hemispheres are in open metalwork resembling basketwork with

1537-560: The impostor False Dmitry I and later to False Dmitry II . Many wives were chosen by bride-show (the custom of beauty pageant, borrowed from the Byzantine Empire), when hundreds of poor but handsome noblewomen gathered in Moscow from all the regions of Russia and the tsar chose the most beautiful. This deprived Russia of the benefits of royal intermarriage with European monarchs, but protected from inbreeding , as well as from

1590-401: The last Russian empress. Eudoxia Lopukhina was sent to a monastery in 1698 (which was the usual way the emperor "divorced" his wife), and she died in 1731. In 1712 Peter married in church Catherine I of Russia . The Russian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1721, and Catherine became empress by marriage. After Peter's death she became ruling empress by her own right. In following centuries,

1643-466: The latter to accept Orthodoxy , so deeply afflicted him as to contribute to bringing about his death. Tsar Michael fell ill in April 1645, with scurvy , dropsy , and probably depression. His doctors prescribed purgatives which did not improve his condition; and after fainting in church on 12 July, he died on 23 July 1645. The two government offices ( prikazes ) that were most important politically were

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1696-467: The marriage. In 1626, he married Eudoxia Streshneva (1608–1645), who bore him 10 children, of whom four reached adulthood: the future Tsar Alexis and the Tsarevnas Irina , Anna , and Tatyana . Michael's failure to wed his eldest daughter, Irina, with Count Valdemar Christian of Schleswig-Holstein , a morganatic son of King Christian IV of Denmark , in consequence of the refusal of

1749-476: The most famous tsarinas of this period were six or seven wives of Ivan the Terrible , who were poisoned by his enemies, killed or imprisoned by him in monasteries. However, only the first four of them were crowned tsarinas, as the later marriages were not blessed by the Orthodox Church and were considered as cohabitation . Polish noblewoman Marina Mnishek also became tsarina of Russia by her marriage to

1802-586: The original colored stones (e.g., emeralds in the palm branches and laurel leaves) were replaced with diamonds for the coronation of Paul I in 1797. It was used at every subsequent coronation until that of Nicholas II in 1896 and was last worn in the imperial period at the State Opening of the Duma in 1906. There was also a lesser imperial crown , very similar in style and workmanship, only smaller and entirely set with diamonds, made for Empress Maria Feodorovna,

1855-403: The political influence of foreign princesses (Catholic or Protestant). The only foreign wife of a Russian tsar in this early era (except Mnishek ) was Maria Temryukovna , a Circassian princess, who converted to Orthodoxy. The first Bulgarian ruler to use the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria , and his consort (her name is uncertain, reportedly Maria Sursuvul) used the title tsarina. The title

1908-427: The position to which he was previously controversially named by the pretender False Dmitriy II . Filaret subsequently began to play a large role in the ruling of Russia, lasting until his death in 1633. Russia failed to recover Smolensk from the Poles in a later war from 1632 to 1634 , but did achieve Władysław Vasa's renunciation of his long-standing claims to the Russian throne. Smolensk would officially remain part of

1961-476: The possibility of selling off some of the crown jewels to raise foreign currency. The experts advised against selling such pieces as the crown, orb and sceptre, arguing that they were unlikely to attract their historic worth. Nevertheless, the crown jewels were exhibited in 1922 for two journalists of the New York Times , who later wrote: 'Here', says Begasheff [head of the jewellery commission], opening

2014-473: The regalia in this fund and declared that the state holdings were inviolate and could not be altered, sold, or given away — and he also decreed that each subsequent Emperor or Empress should leave a certain number of pieces acquired during their reign to the State, for the permanent glory of the Russian Empire. From this collection came a new set of regalia, including eventually the great imperial crown, to replace

2067-469: The rightful ruler of Russia. The Truce of Deulino of 1618 (which ended the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) in which Polish forces had once entered Moscow in 1610 and declared Władysław Vasa as Tsar of Russia) saw the loss of Smolensk in exchange for the release of Michael's father Feodor from Polish captivity. A year later, Feodor became Patriarch Filaret of Moscow , or rather was confirmed in

2120-404: The title "tsarina" was in unofficial informal use – a kind of "pet name" for empresses, whether ruling queens or queen consorts . ("Mother dear-tsaritsa" ( матушка-царица ) was used only for Catherine the Great , the most popular empress.) For a list of Russian empresses in the 18th and 19th centuries, see empress of Russia . De jure tsarinas in Russia existed from 1547 until 1721. Among

2173-519: The title tsar after he proclaimed Bulgaria's Independence in 1908, and his wife, Eleonore Reuss of Köstritz , previously knyaginya , became tsaritsa . The last Bulgarian tsaritsa was Giovanna of Italy , the wife of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria . Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela , the wife of Simeon II of Bulgaria , is also sometimes referred as a tsaritsa. The first Serbian tsarina was Helena of Bulgaria , sister of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander and wife of Tsar Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia . She

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2226-403: Was Pyotr Tretyakov until his death in 1618; he conducted a policy of allying with Sweden against Poland. The next, Ivan Gramotin had a reputation for being a Polonophile ; this appointment was necessary to bring forth Filaret's release from captivity. In the mid-1620s Filaret began preparations for war with Poland; Gramotin fell into disfavour and was dismissed and exiled in 1626. The same fate

2279-483: Was Tsar of all Russia from 1613 until his death in 1645. He was elected by the Zemsky Sobor and was the first tsar of the House of Romanov , which succeeded the House of Rurik . He was the son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov (later known as Patriarch Filaret) and of Xenia Shestova . He was also a first cousin once removed of Feodor I , the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty, through his great-aunt Anastasia Romanovna , who

2332-735: Was a de facto prime minister until his death in 1642. Fyodor Sheremetev , who had succeeded to all of Cherkassky's posts was a rather weak figure; real power lay in the hands of a court marshal, Alexey Lvov . From his marriage to Eudoxia Streshneva, Michael fathered the following 10 children, but according to Samuel Collins (physician, born 1619) Tsar Alexis had an older brother who died young.: Tsarina Philosophers Works Tsarina or tsaritsa (also spelled csarina or csaricsa , tzarina or tzaritza , or czarina or czaricza ; Bulgarian : царица , romanized :  tsaritsa ; Serbian : царица / carica ; Russian : царица , romanized :  tsaritsa )

2385-453: Was a result of the recently elected Tsar Boris Godunov , in 1598, falsely accusing his father, Feodor, of treason. This may have been partly because Feodor had married Ksenia Shestova against Boris's wishes. Michael was eventually chosen for the throne of Muscovy due to his father's martyr-like captivity in Polish detention, as the patriotic mood swept the Russian elite after the expulsion of

2438-497: Was also placed on the arms of Congress Poland , a semi-independent state in a personal union with the Russian Empire (1814–1915), and the Privislinsky Krai which was incorporated into the empire in 1831. Since December 20, 2000, the imperial crown has appeared on the coat of arms of the Russian Federation . Some cities and oblasts of Russia have their coat of arms depicting the imperial crown. The most notable example

2491-550: Was covered up, even the two years Mikhail spent in the Polish-occupied Kremlin with his collaborator uncle Ivan Romanov . Michael's election and accession to the throne form the basis of the Ivan Susanin legend, which Russian composer Mikhail Glinka dramatized in his opera A Life for the Tsar . In so dilapidated a condition was the capital at this time that Michael had to wait for several weeks at

2544-478: Was first headed by Sydavny Vasilyev; Filaret replaced him with his fellow in captivity Tomilo Lugovskoy, but the latter somehow provoked Filaret's anger and was sent into exile. In 1623, Fyodor Likhachov was appointed head of the prikaz until his move to the Posolsky Prikaz, and, in 1630, the Razryad was given to Ivan Gavrenev, an outstanding administrator who held this post for 30 years. Three other key offices were

2597-443: Was married three times. He first became engaged to Maria Ivanovna Khlopova via a brideshow in 1616 , where she changed her name to Anastasia. She quickly grew ill and after six weeks of marriage, was deported to Siberia. Michael maintained a strong affection towards her and vowed to never marry. He was married off to Princess Maria Vladimirovna Dolgorukova in 1624, but she became ill, and died in early 1625, only four months after

2650-455: Was shared by Efim Telepnev in 1630 and Fyodor Likhachov in 1631 – they too tried to mitigate Filaret's belligerent approach. Ivan Gryazev, appointed in 1632, was promoted from the second rank of the bureaucracy to carry out Filaret's orders. After the deaths of Filaret and Gryazev, the post was once again assumed by Gramotin in 1634, and after his retirement in 1635, by Likhachov, who undertook a general course of pacification. The Razryadny Prikaz

2703-501: Was still in Polish captivity. One of the boyars allegedly said at the time, 'Let us have Misha Romanov for he is young and not yet wise; he will suit our purposes.' In fact, under the strong influence of reactionary boyars, even in preparation for his coronation, the deeply conservative new tsar revealed his true feelings about his subjects by snubbing many patriots simply because they were commoners." The tsar's family relationship with False Dmitry I , False Dmitry II , and Prince Wladyslaw

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2756-470: Was the mother of Feodor I and first wife of Ivan the Terrible . His accession marked the end of the Time of Troubles . The Ingrian and Polish–Muscovite Wars were brought to an end in 1617 and 1618 respectively, with continued Russian independence confirmed at the expense of territorial losses in the west. Polish king Władysław IV Vasa finally agreed to formally give up his claim to the Russian throne with

2809-630: Was used by subsequent Bulgarian consorts until the end of the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. The last royal spouse to use the title was Maria , the wife of Ivan Vladislav of Bulgaria . When the Second Bulgarian Empire was created in 1185 the rulers again adopted the title tsar and their consorts were therefore called tsarinas. In the Third Bulgarian State , Ferdinand I of Bulgaria adopted

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