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100-524: The Greater London Built-up Area , or Greater London Urban Area , is a conurbation in south-east England that constitutes the continuous urban sprawl of London , and includes surrounding adjacent urban towns as defined by the Office for National Statistics . It is the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 9,787,426 in 2011. The Greater London Built-up or Urban Area had

200-492: A cost of £1.3 million. In that year, Myles Fenton , then serving as assistant manager of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway , was appointed as the first manager of the new company. Board of Trade inspections took place in late December 1862 and early January 1863 to approve the railway for opening. After minor signalling changes were made, approval was granted and a few days of operating trials were carried out before

300-629: A few densely populated outliers connected to it by ribbon development . Its outer boundary is constrained by the Metropolitan Green Belt and it is therefore much smaller than the wider metropolitan area of London. As a selective grouping of relatively low- to mid-density (and some high-density) output areas , each consisting of roughly 120 households, it can be compared to the London region, which covers 1,572 square kilometres (607 sq mi) and contained 8,173,194 residents at

400-527: A heavy rainstorm and flooded the excavations. The Met and the Metropolitan Board of Works managed to stem and divert the water and the construction was delayed by only a few months. Trial runs were carried out from November 1861 while construction was still under way. The first trip over the whole line was in May 1862 with William Gladstone among the guests. By the end of 1862, work was complete at

500-593: A hundred years most of southern England would have been subsumed into one gigantic conurbation centred in London. At the time of the 2011 Census, the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components: The London region consists of 33 districts: the City of London , the 12 Inner London boroughs (including the City of Westminster ), and

600-758: A land border with China or influenced by disputes in the sea where China faces (see Territorial disputes focus). Urban population rate: 56% (2015). Metropolitan area population data are referred to 2015. (Shenyang + Fushun ) (Jinzhou + Linghai ) (Anshan + Liaoyang ) + Zhangjiagang + Jiangyin + Jingjiang + Changzhou + Wuxi ) ( Hangzhou + Shaoxing + Cixi + Yuyao + Ningbo ) (Wenzhou + Longgang + Ruian + Yueqing ) (Xiamen + Zhangzhou ) Data are referred to pre-1974 Turkish Army occupation boundaries. Urban population rate: 59% (2015) Urban population rate: 31% (2015) Data are referret to pre- 2008 Russo-Georgian War . Urban population rate: 56% (2015) Greater Jakarta or Jabodetabek comprises

700-476: A period of about 20 years, it consists of seven municipal corporations and fifteen smaller municipal councils. The region has an area of 4,355 km and with a population of 20.5 million, and is among the top ten most populated urban agglomerations in the world. It is linked together through the Mumbai Suburban Railway system and a large network of roads. The National Capital Region (NCR)

800-609: A population of 9,787,426 and occupied an area of 1,737.9 square kilometres (671.0 sq mi) at the time of the 2011 census. It includes most of the London region – omitting most of its woodland; small, buffered districts; the Lee Valley Park ; and the two largest sewage treatment works serving London by the River Thames . Outside the region's administrative boundary, it includes contiguous suburban settlements and

900-536: A railway from Harrow to Aylesbury. Pinner was reached in 1885 and an hourly service from Rickmansworth and Northwood to Baker Street started on 1 September 1887. By then raising money was becoming very difficult although there was local support for a station at Chesham . Authorised in 1885, double track from Rickmansworth was laid for 5 miles (8.0 km), then single to Chesham. Services to Chesham calling at Chorley Wood and Chalfont Road (now Chalfont & Latimer ) started on 8 July 1889. The Met took over

1000-428: A region that has a population of 14.6 million. Urban population rate: 25% (2015) Urban population rate: 67% (2015) Urban population rate: 55% (2015) Urban population rate: 23% (2015) The city of Dhaka is linked with Narayanganj and Gazipur city; there are no gaps between Dhaka and those two cities. This conurbation which consists of the areas of the city of Dhaka and its surrounding cities and towns

1100-652: A report in July 1863 with a recommendation for an "inner circuit of railway that should abut, if not actually join, nearly all of the principal railway termini in the Metropolis". A number of railway schemes were presented for the 1864 parliamentary session that met the recommendation in varying ways and a Joint Committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom was set up to review the options. Proposals from

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1200-515: A short distance east of the Met's Paddington station, the western extension passed through fashionable districts in Bayswater , Notting Hill , and Kensington . Land values here were higher and, unlike the original line, the route did not follow an easy alignment under existing roads. Compensation payments for property were much higher. In Leinster Gardens , Bayswater, a façade of two five-storey houses

1300-562: A southern extension to Rickmansworth, connecting with the LNWR's Watford and Rickmansworth Railway . Following discussions between the duke and Watkin it was agreed that this line would be extended south to meet the Met at Harrow and permission for this extension was granted in 1874 and Watkin joined the board of the A&;BR in 1875. Money was not found for this scheme and the Met had to return to Parliament in 1880 and 1881 to obtain permission for

1400-426: A temporary platform at Finchley Road . Double track and a full service to Willesden Green started on 24 November 1879 with a station at Kilburn & Brondesbury (now Kilburn ). The line was extended 5 miles 37.5 chains (8.80 km) to Harrow , the service from Baker Street beginning on 2 August 1880. The intermediate station at Kingsbury Neasden (now Neasden ) was opened the same day. Two years later,

1500-420: Is a conurbation formed through the merged development of the initial Lagos city area with other cities and towns including Ikeja and Ojo . Also various suburban communities such as Agege , Alimosho , Ifako-Ijaiye , Kosofe , Mushin , Oshodi and Shomolu are included in the area. Urban population rate: 42% (2015) Johannesburg , Ekurhuleni (East Rand), and Tshwane (greater Pretoria) merged to form

1600-480: Is a name for the coordinated planning region which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as several surrounding districts in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh , Haryana and Rajasthan . However, the conurbation of Delhi is actually limited to the NCT of Delhi and the neighbouring contiguous urban areas comprising Gurgaon , Faridabad , Noida , Greater Noida and Ghaziabad . The area

1700-563: Is collectively knowns as the Greater Dhaka City. The city of Dhaka is the core city of the conurbation and has a population of about 10 Million. The satellite cities of the conurbation include Narayanganj , Gazipur , Tongi , Fatullah , Keraniganj , Tarabo , and Kaliganj . Urban population rate: 22% (2015) Data are referred to borders determined by Sino-British Joint Declaration (1984), Sino-Portugal Joint Declaration (1987) and later agreements with countries that share

1800-661: Is officially known as the Central National Capital Region (CNCR), a small part of overall NCR. The population of this conurbation was estimated 21.7 million in 2011. It is the world's third most populous urban agglomeration. The Amaravati Metropolitan Region (AMR) of Andhra Pradesh is a conurbation of three cities, namely Vijayawada , Eluru and Guntur and 11 other towns which include Mangalagiri , Tadepalle , Tenali , Ponnuru, Chilakaluripeta, Narasaraopeta, Sattenapally, Nandigama, Jaggayyapeta, Nuzividu, Gudivada and Vuyyuru. The new capital city of

1900-635: The Great Northern Railway (GNR) at King's Cross, the latter by hoists and lifts. The company's name was also to be changed again, to Metropolitan Railway. royal assent was granted to the Metropolitan Railway Act 1854 ( 17 & 18 Vict. c. ccxxi) on 7 August 1854. Construction of the railway was estimated to cost £1 million. Initially, with the Crimean War under way, the Met found it hard to raise

2000-580: The Great Northern and Metropolitan Junction Railway Act 1860 ( 23 & 24 Vict. c. clxviii). The GWR agreed to contribute £175,000 and a similar sum was promised by the GNR, but sufficient funds to make a start on construction had not been raised by the end of 1857. Costs were reduced by cutting back part of the route at the western end so that it did not connect directly to the GWR station, and by dropping

2100-537: The Hammersmith and City Railway Act 1861 ( 24 & 25 Vict. c. clxiv) as the Hammersmith and City Railway (H&CR), the 2 miles 35 chains (3.9 km) line, constructed on a 20-foot (6.1 m) high viaduct largely across open fields, opened on 13 June 1864 with a broad-gauge GWR service from Farringdon Street, with stations at Notting Hill (now Ladbroke Grove ), Shepherd's Bush (replaced by

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2200-564: The London Passenger Transport Board . Former Met tracks and stations are used by the London Underground 's Metropolitan , Circle , District , Hammersmith & City , Piccadilly , Jubilee and Victoria lines, and by Chiltern Railways and Great Northern . In the first half of the 19th century the population and physical extent of London grew greatly. The increasing resident population and

2300-747: The Met ) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the main-line railway termini at Paddington , Euston , and King's Cross to the City. The first section was built beneath the New Road using cut-and-cover between Paddington and King's Cross and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield , near

2400-410: The River Thames . The area uses around 4 gigawatts of electricity power. The density gradient of industrialising cities has tended to follow a specific pattern: the density of the centre of the city would rise during urbanisation and the population would remain heavily concentrated in the city centre with a rapid decline in settlement towards the periphery. Then, with continued economic growth and

2500-567: The Snow Hill tunnel under Smithfield market to Farringdon and northwards to the GNR. The extension to Aldersgate Street and Moorgate Street (now Barbican and Moorgate ) had opened on 23 December 1865 and all four tracks were open on 1 March 1866. The new tracks from King's Cross to Farringdon were first used by a GNR freight train on 27 January 1868. The Midland Railway junction opened on 13 July 1868 when services ran into Moorgate Street before its St Pancras terminus had opened. The line left

2600-538: The South Eastern Railway (SER), and had an aspiration to construct a line from the north through London to that railway. Owing to the cost of land purchases, the Met's eastward extension from Moorgate Street was slow to progress and it had to obtain an extension of the Act's time limit in 1869. The extension was begun in 1873, but after construction exposed burials in the vault of a Roman Catholic chapel,

2700-641: The 20 Outer London boroughs. In the 2011 census, the following areas were considered to be built-up areas but outside the Greater London Built-up Area, despite being within Greater London . All of these areas had populations of less than a thousand except New Addington BUA and Harefield BUA which had populations of 22,280 and 6,573 respectively. Note that these are Built-up areas as defined by Office for National Statistics and will have different boundaries from

2800-403: The A&BR on 1 July 1891 and a temporary platform at Aylesbury opened on 1 September 1892 with trains calling at Amersham , Great Missenden , Wendover and Stoke Mandeville . In 1894, the Met and GWR joint station at Aylesbury opened. Beyond Aylesbury to Verney Junction, the bridges were not strong enough for the Met's locomotives. The GWR refused to help, so locomotives were borrowed from

2900-476: The Cedars Estate at Rickmansworth and create places such as Harrow Garden Village . By the early twentieth century, amid increasing middle-class affluence, large low-density suburbs of semi-detached houses had sprung up all around the city, doubling the area of built-up London in the interwar period alone, despite the population increase is just 10%. H. G. Wells even predicted in 1902 that within

3000-646: The Circle. In 1873, the M&;SJWR was given authority to reach the Middlesex countryside at Neasden, but as the nearest inhabited place to Neasden was Harrow it was decided to build the line 3.5 miles (5.6 km) further to Harrow and permission was granted in 1874. To serve the Royal Agricultural Society 's 1879 show at Kilburn, a single line to West Hampstead opened on 30 June 1879 with

3100-706: The City Terminus Company to build a railway from Farringdon to King's Cross. The plan was supported by the City, but the railway companies were not interested and the company struggled to proceed. The Bayswater, Paddington, and Holborn Bridge Railway Company was established to connect the Great Western Railway 's (GWR's) Paddington station to Pearson's route at King's Cross. A bill was published in November 1852 and in January 1853

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3200-601: The City Widened Lines, were used mainly by other railway companies. A pair of single-track tunnels at King's Cross connecting the GNR to the Met opened on 1 October 1863 when the GNR began running services, the GWR returning the same day with through suburban trains from such places as Windsor. By 1864 the Met had sufficient carriages and locomotives to run its own trains and increase the frequency to six trains an hour. On 1 January 1866, LC&DR and GNR joint services from Blackfriars Bridge began operating via

3300-502: The City. It opened to the public on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first passenger-carrying designated underground railway. The line was soon extended from both ends, and northwards via a branch from Baker Street . Southern branches, directly served, reached Hammersmith in 1864, Richmond in 1877 and the original completed the Inner Circle in 1884. The most important route

3400-638: The GWR Addison Road service was extended over the District Railway via Earl's Court to Mansion House . This became known as the Middle Circle and ran until January 1905; from 1 July 1900 trains terminated at Earl's Court. Additional stations were opened at Westbourne Park (1866), Latimer Road (1868), Royal Oak (1871), Wood Lane (1908) and Goldhawk Road (1914). Between 1 October 1877 and 31 December 1906, some services on

3500-699: The GWR withdrew its stock in August 1863. The Met continued operating a reduced service using GNR standard-gauge rolling stock before purchasing its own standard-gauge locomotives from Beyer, Peacock and Company and rolling stock. The Metropolitan initially ordered 18 tank locomotives, of which a key feature was condensing equipment which prevented most of the steam from escaping while trains were in tunnels; they have been described as "beautiful little engines, painted green and distinguished particularly by their enormous external cylinders." The design proved so successful that eventually 120 were built to provide traction on

3600-453: The H&;CR became jointly owned by the two companies. The GWR began running standard-gauge trains and the broad gauge rail was removed from the H&CR and the Met in 1869. In 1871, two additional tracks parallel to the GWR between Westbourne Park and Paddington were brought into use for the H&CR and in 1878 the flat crossing at Westbourne Park was replaced by a diveunder . In August 1872,

3700-454: The H&CR were extended to Richmond over the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) via its station at Hammersmith (Grove Road) . The early success of the Met prompted a flurry of applications to Parliament in 1863 for new railways in London, many of them competing for similar routes. To consider the best proposals, the House of Lords established a select committee , which issued

3800-479: The LNWR until two D Class locomotives were bought. The line was upgraded, doubled and the stations rebuilt to main-line standards, allowing a through Baker Street to Verney Junction service from 1 January 1897, calling at a new station at Waddesdon Manor , a rebuilt Quainton Road , Granborough Road and Winslow Road . From Quainton Road, the Duke of Buckingham had built a 6.5-mile (10.5 km) branch railway,

3900-493: The LNWR, which worked the Bletchley to Oxford line, but by the time the line had been built the relationship between the two companies had collapsed. The Wycombe Railway built a single-track railway from Princes Risborough to Aylesbury and when the GWR took over this company it ran shuttles from Princes Risborough through Aylesbury to Quainton Road and from Quainton Road to Verney Junction. The A&BR had authority for

4000-494: The Land Committee, and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near Pinner and at Wembley Park. In 1919, with the expectation of a post-war housing boom, Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited was formed and went on to develop estates at Kingsbury Garden Village near Neasden , Wembley Park , Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and

4100-428: The M&SJWR was to run to the London and North Western Railway 's station at Finchley Road (now Finchley Road & Frognal). Before construction had begun, a branch was proposed from a junction a short distance north of Swiss Cottage station running north for 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) across mostly open countryside to Hampstead Village where the station was to be located east of the village centre. The branch

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4200-689: The Met and the District was held in 1877 with the Met now wishing to access the SER via the East London Railway (ELR). Both companies promoted and obtained an act of Parliament, the Metropolitan and District Railways (City Lines and Extensions) Act 1879 ( 42 & 43 Vict. c. cci) for the extension and link to the ELR, the act also ensuring future co-operation by allowing both companies access to

4300-404: The Met began working trains from St Mary's via this curve onto the ELR to the SER's New Cross station . After an official opening ceremony on 17 September and trial running a circular service started on Monday 6 October 1884. On the same day the Met extended some H&CR services over the ELR to New Cross, calling at new joint stations at Aldgate East and St Mary's. Joint stations opened on

4400-401: The Met extended eastwards to a shared station at South Kensington and the District opened its line from there to Westminster, with other stations at Sloane Square , Victoria , St James's Park , and Westminster Bridge (now Westminster ). The District also had parliamentary permission to extend westward from Brompton and, on 12 April 1869, it opened a single-track line to West Brompton on

4500-544: The Met to extend south from Paddington to South Kensington and east from Moorgate to Tower Hill were accepted and received royal assent on 29 July 1864 as the Metropolitan Railway (Notting Hill and Brompton Extension) Act 1864 ( 27 & 28 Vict. c. ccxci) and the Metropolitan Railway (Tower Hill Extension) Act 1864 ( 27 & 28 Vict. c. cccxv) respectively. To complete the circuit,

4600-401: The Met, who wished to make more openings in the tunnels, and the local authorities, who argued that these would frighten horses and reduce property values. This led to an 1897 Board of Trade report, which reported that a pharmacist was treating people in distress after having travelled on the railway with his 'Metropolitan Mixture'. The report recommended more openings be authorised but the line

4700-612: The Metropolitan & St John's Wood Railway (M&SJWR) opened a single-track railway in tunnel to Swiss Cottage from new platforms at Baker Street (called Baker Street East). There were intermediate stations at St John's Wood Road and Marlborough Road , both with crossing loops, and the line was worked by the Met with a train every 20 minutes. A junction was built with the Inner Circle at Baker Street, but there were no through trains after 1869. The original intention of

4800-413: The Metropolitan, the District Railway (in 1871) and all other 'cut and cover' underground lines. This 4-4-0 tank engine can therefore be considered as the pioneer motive power on London 's first underground railway; ultimately, 148 were built between 1864 and 1886 for various railways, and most kept running until electrification in 1905. In the belief that it would be operated by smokeless locomotives,

4900-534: The United States, each polycentric " metropolitan area " may have its own common designation such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex . Internationally the term " urban agglomeration " is often used to convey a similar meaning to "conurbation". A conurbation should be contrasted with a megalopolis . In a megalopolis the urban areas are close but not physically contiguous, and

5000-489: The WLR. There were no intermediate stations and at first this service operated as a shuttle from Gloucester Road. By mid-1869 separate tracks had been laid between South Kensington and Brompton and from Kensington (High Street) to a junction with the line to West Brompton. During the night of 5 July 1870 the District secretly built the disputed Cromwell curve connecting Brompton and Kensington (High Street). East of Westminster,

5100-428: The built-up central area. The concept of an underground railway linking the City with the mainline termini was first proposed in the 1830s. Charles Pearson , Solicitor to the City, was a leading promoter of several schemes and in 1846 proposed a central railway station to be used by multiple railway companies. The scheme was rejected by the 1846 commission, but Pearson returned to the idea in 1852 when he helped set up

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5200-426: The capital account. In 1870, the directors were guilty of a breach of trust and were ordered to compensate the company. All appealed and were allowed, in 1874, to settle for a much lower amount. In October 1872, to restore shareholders' confidence, Edward Watkin was appointed chairman and the directors were replaced. Watkin was an experienced railwayman and already on the board of several railway companies, including

5300-498: The capital. While it attempted to raise the funds it presented new bills to Parliament seeking an extension of time to carry out the works. In July 1855, the Metropolitan Railway (Deviation) Act 1855 ( 18 & 19 Vict. c. cii), which made a direct connection to the GNR at King's Cross, received royal assent. The plan was modified by the Metropolitan (Great Northern Branch and Amendment) Act 1856 and again later by

5400-629: The circle line at Cannon Street , Eastcheap ( Monument from 1 November 1884) and Mark Lane . The Met's Tower of London station closed on 12 October 1884 after the District refused to sell tickets to the station. Initially, the service was eight trains an hour, completing the 13 miles (21 kilometres) circle in 81–84 minutes, but this proved impossible to maintain and so the frequency was reduced to six trains an hour - albeit with an improved timing of 70 minutes - in 1885. Guards were permitted no relief breaks during their shift until September 1885, when they were permitted three 20-minute breaks. In April 1868,

5500-494: The committee encouraged the amalgamation of two schemes via different routes between Kensington and the City, and a combined proposal under the name Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District railway) passed into law on the same day in the Metropolitan District Railways Act 1864 ( 27 & 28 Vict. c. cccxxii). Initially, the District and the Met were closely associated and it

5600-540: The company took over the City Terminus Company and submitted a new bill in November 1853. This dropped the City terminus and extended the route south from Farringdon to the General Post Office in St. Martin's Le Grand . The route at the western end was also altered so that it connected more directly to the GWR station. Permission was sought to connect to the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) at Euston and to

5700-520: The contractor reported that it was difficult to keep the men at work. The first section opened to the Great Eastern Railway 's (GER's) recently opened terminus at Liverpool Street on 1 February 1875. For a short time, while the Met's station was being built, services ran into the GER station via a 3.5-chain (70 m) curve. The Met opened its station later that year on 12 July and the curve

5800-488: The cost of the first section of the District from South Kensington to Westminster was £3 million, almost three times as much as the Met's original, longer line. The first section of the Met extension opened to Brompton (Gloucester Road) (now Gloucester Road ) on 1 October 1868, with stations at Paddington (Praed Street) (now Paddington ), Bayswater , Notting Hill Gate , and Kensington (High Street) (now High Street Kensington ). Three months later, on 24 December 1868,

5900-460: The countryside to work in the new factories that were then springing up. Large developments of small terraced houses began to appear and the new public transport systems – ( the Tube , buses and trams ) – allowed workers to commute into the city daily. Suburban districts also sprung up around the city centre to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial town. By

6000-473: The current Shepherd's Bush Market in 1914) and Hammersmith . The link to the West London Railway opened on 1 July that year, served by a carriage that was attached or detached at Notting Hill for Kensington (Addison Road) . Following an agreement between the Met and the GWR, from 1865 the Met ran a standard-gauge service to Hammersmith and the GWR a broad-gauge service to Kensington. In 1867,

6100-433: The development of a commuting population arriving by train each day led to a high level of traffic congestion with huge numbers of carts, cabs, and omnibuses filling the roads and up to 200,000 people entering the City of London , the commercial heart, each day on foot. By 1850 there were seven railway termini around the urban centre of London: London Bridge and Waterloo to the south, Shoreditch and Fenchurch Street to

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6200-537: The directors held their first meeting and appointed John Fowler as its engineer. After successful lobbying, the company secured parliamentary approval under the name of the "North Metropolitan Railway" in mid-1853. The bill submitted by the City Terminus Company was rejected by Parliament, which meant that the North Metropolitan Railway would not be able to reach the City: to overcome this obstacle,

6300-414: The early mornings and after 8 pm. From May 1864, workmen's returns were offered on the 5:30 am and 5:40 am services from Paddington at the cost of a single ticket (3 d ). The railway was initially worked by GWR broad-gauge Metropolitan Class tank locomotives and rolling stock. Soon after the opening, disagreement arose between the Met and the GWR over the need to increase the frequency, and

6400-455: The east, Euston and King's Cross to the north, and Paddington to the west. Only Fenchurch Street station was within the City. The congested streets and the distance to the City from the stations to the north and west prompted many attempts to get parliamentary approval to build new railway lines into the City. None were successful, and the 1846 Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini banned construction of new lines or stations in

6500-542: The expanding networks of public transport , people (particularly the middle-class ) would then slowly migrate towards the suburbs, gradually softening the population density gradient. This point was generally reached when the city reached a certain stage of economic development. In London, this point was reached in the first half of the nineteenth century, in Paris towards the end of the century and in New York City at

6600-552: The expense of construction delayed further progress on the completion of the inner circle. In 1874, frustrated City financiers formed the Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway Company with the aim of finishing the route. This company was supported by the District and obtained parliamentary authority on 7 August 1874. The company struggled to raise the funding and an extension of time was granted in 1876. A meeting between

6700-660: The grand opening on 9 January 1863, which included a ceremonial run from Paddington and a large banquet for 600 shareholders and guests at Farringdon. Charles Pearson did not live to see the completion of the project; he died in September 1862. The 3.75-mile (6 km) railway opened to the public on 10 January 1863, with stations at Paddington (Bishop's Road) (now Paddington ), Edgware Road , Baker Street , Portland Road (now Great Portland Street ), Gower Street (now Euston Square ), King's Cross (now King's Cross St Pancras ), and Farringdon Street (now Farringdon ). The railway

6800-402: The gross receipts for a fixed level of service. Extra trains required by the District were charged for and the District's share of the income dropped to about 40%. The District's level of debt meant that the merger was no longer attractive to the Met and did not proceed, so the Met's directors resigned from the District's board. To improve its finances, the District gave the Met notice to terminate

6900-638: The largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world with a population of around 30 million. The center and national capital, Jakarta , has a population of 10.3 million within its borders. The second-most populated city in Indonesia, Surabaya , also forms a conurbation known as Gerbangkertosusila with a metropolitan population of about 10 million compared to the city proper of 3 million. Conurbations are also present around Bandung and Medan . The Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consists of Mumbai and its satellite towns. Developing over

7000-405: The line had been built with little ventilation and a long tunnel between Edgware Road and King's Cross. Initially the smoke-filled stations and carriages did not deter passengers and the ventilation was later improved by making an opening in the tunnel between Gower Street and King's Cross and removing glazing in the station roofs. With the problem continuing after the 1880s, conflict arose between

7100-538: The line south of Farringdon. In 1858, Pearson arranged a deal between the Met and the City of London Corporation whereby the Met bought land it needed around the new Farringdon Road from the City for £179,000 and the City purchased £200,000 worth of shares. The route changes were approved by Parliament in August 1859, meaning that the Met finally had the funding to match its obligations and construction could begin. Despite concerns about undermining and vibrations causing subsidence of nearby buildings and compensating

7200-575: The main line at St Paul's Road Junction, entering a double-track tunnel and joining the Widened Lines at Midland Junction. In November 1860, a bill was presented to Parliament, supported by the Met and the GWR, for a railway from the GWR's main line a mile west of Paddington to the developing suburbs of Shepherd's Bush and Hammersmith , with a connection to the West London Railway at Latimer Road. Authorised on 22 July 1861 in

7300-584: The merging of labour markets has not yet developed. A conurbation should also be contrasted with a megacity . A megacity is hierarchical with an indisputable dominant urban core, whereas a conurbation is polycentric and no single urban centre has the dominant role over all other centres. Urban population rate: 65% (2015) Urban population rate: 30% (2015) Urban population rate: 47% (2015) Urban population rate: 25% (2015) Urban population rate: 31% (2015) Urban population rate: 34% (2015) Urban population rate: 46% (2015) Rabat-Salé-Kénitra Lagos

7400-408: The mid-nineteenth century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in the growth in urban sprawl came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s. The line joined the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex . Harrow

7500-403: The new meat market at Smithfield . The trench was 33 feet 6 inches (10.2 m) wide, with brick retaining walls supporting an elliptical brick arch or iron girders spanning 28 feet 6 inches (8.7 m). The tunnels were wider at stations to accommodate the platforms. Most of the excavation work was carried out manually by navvies ; a primitive earth-moving conveyor

7600-403: The next section of the District's line ran in the new Victoria Embankment built by the Metropolitan Board of Works along the north bank of the River Thames . The line opened from Westminster to Blackfriars on 30 May 1870 with stations at Charing Cross (now Embankment ), The Temple (now Temple ) and Blackfriars . On its opening the Met operated the trains on the District, receiving 55% of

7700-431: The operating agreement. Struggling under the burden of its very high construction costs, the District was unable to continue with the remainder of the original scheme to reach Tower Hill and made a final extension of its line just one station east from Blackfriars to a previously unplanned City terminus at Mansion House . On Saturday 1 July 1871, an opening banquet was attended by Prime Minister William Gladstone , who

7800-511: The railway east of Mansion House were allowed to lapse. At the other end of the line, the District part of South Kensington station opened on 10 July 1871 and Earl's Court station opened on the West Brompton extension on 30 October 1871. In 1868 and 1869, judgements had been against the Met in a number of hearings, finding financial irregularities such as the company paying a dividend it could not afford and expenses being paid out of

7900-520: The services, though electrification of outlying sections did not occur until decades later. Unlike other railway companies in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, and after World War I promoted housing estates near the railway using the " Metro-land " brand. On 1 July 1933, the Met was amalgamated with the Underground Electric Railways Company of London and the capital's tramway and bus operators to form

8000-810: The settlements after which they are named. At the time of the 2001 Census, the Office for National Statistics defined the Greater London Urban Area as being made up of the following components: Within the region, there were 33 components corresponding to the City of London and the London boroughs. However, the ONS boundaries are not identical to the local authority boundaries, and outlying areas such as Biggin Hill in Bromley are omitted. South East England East of England 51°30′26″N 0°07′40″W  /  51.5073°N 0.1277°W  / 51.5073; -0.1277 Conurbation Patrick Geddes coined

8100-670: The shops; two years later land was given to the Wesleyan Church for a church building and a school for 200 children. In 1868, the Duke of Buckingham opened the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway (A&BR), a 12.75-mile (20.5 km) single track from Aylesbury to a new station at Verney Junction on the Buckinghamshire Railway 's Bletchley to Oxford line. At the beginning lukewarm support had been given by

8200-412: The single-track tunnel between Baker Street and Swiss Cottage was duplicated and the M&SJWR was absorbed by the Met. In 1882, the Met moved its carriage works from Edgware Road to Neasden. A locomotive works was opened in 1883 and a gas works in 1884. To accommodate employees moving from London over 100 cottages and ten shops were built for rent. In 1883, a school room and church took over two of

8300-848: The state, Amaravati , is being developed between the cities of Vijayawada and Guntur at the center of the conurbation. The region holds a total population of 58 lakhs. The Jamshedpur Metropolitan Area has a plan of Greater Jamshedpur . This place contains the area and city of Adityapur , Maango and Jugsalai Data are referred to 1949 Armistice boundaries, after 1948 Arab-Israeli War . Urban population rate: 59% (2015) Urban population rate: 69% (2015) Urban population rate: 80% (2015) Urban population rate: 62% (2015) Urban population rate: 38% (2015) Urban population rate: 98% (2015) Urban population rate: 37% (2015) Urban population rate: 74% (2015) Urban population rate: 65% (2015) Urban population rate: 21% (2015) Metropolitan Railway The Metropolitan Railway (also known as

8400-826: The term in his book Cities in Evolution (1915). He drew attention to the ability of the new technology at the time of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples " Midlandton " in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands, and the Northeastern Seaboard in the United States. The term as described is used in Britain whereas in

8500-456: The thousands of people whose homes were destroyed during the digging of the tunnel, construction began in March 1860. The line was mostly built using the " cut-and-cover " method from Paddington to King's Cross; east of there it continued in a 728 yards (666 m) tunnel under Mount Pleasant, Clerkenwell then followed the culverted River Fleet beside Farringdon Road in an open cutting to near

8600-664: The time of the 2011 census. The built-up area of the Greater London region continues beyond the region's administrative boundary in some places, while stopping short of it in others. For this reason, the density of the Greater London Built-Up Area is 8.3% higher than that of Greater London, the figure for which includes these outlying rural areas (notably in Hillingdon , Enfield , Havering and Bromley ). All of both areas are drained ultimately by

8700-421: The turn of the twentieth. However, London had been sprawling out of its medieval confines within the City since the eighteenth century, when the city experienced its first great urban surge. Areas to the west of Westminster were increasingly built up for the wealthy, to live in the suburbs of the city. A dramatic increase in the city's urban sprawl began in the nineteenth century when labourers flocked from

8800-467: The whole circle. A large contribution was made by authorities for substantial road and sewer improvements. In 1882, the Met extended its line from Aldgate to a temporary station at Tower of London . Two contracts to build joint lines were placed, from Mansion House to the Tower in 1882 and from the circle north of Aldgate to Whitechapel with a curve onto the ELR in 1883. From 1 October 1884, the District and

8900-483: Was also a shareholder. The following Monday, Mansion House opened and the District began running its own trains. From this date, the two companies operated a joint Inner Circle service between Mansion House and Moorgate Street via South Kensington and Edgware Road every ten minutes, supplemented by a District service every ten minutes between Mansion House and West Brompton and H&CR and GWR suburban services between Edgware Road and Moorgate Street. The permissions for

9000-464: Was authorised in May 1865. This appeared on some maps. Financial difficulties meant the scope of the line only progressed as far as Swiss Cottage, The branch to Hampstead was cancelled in 1870. A 156 yards (143 m) section of tunnel was built north of Swiss Cottage station for the Hampstead branch most of which was used for the later extension to the north-west. A short length towards Hampstead

9100-410: Was built at Nos. 23 and 24 to conceal the gap in a terrace created by the railway passing through. To ensure adequate ventilation, most of the line was in cutting except for a 421-yard (385 m) tunnel under Campden Hill . Construction of the District proceeded in parallel with the work on the Met and it too passed through expensive areas. Construction costs and compensation payments were so high that

9200-479: Was electrified before these were built. With connections to the GWR and GNR under construction and connections to the Midland Railway and London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) planned, the Met obtained permission in 1861 and 1864 for two additional tracks from King's Cross to Farringdon Street and a four-track eastward extension to Moorgate . The Met used two tracks: the other two tracks,

9300-427: Was hailed a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, using GNR trains to supplement the service. In the first 12 months 9.5 million passengers were carried and in the second 12 months this increased to 12 million. The original timetable allowed 18 minutes for the journey. Off-peak service frequency was every 15 minutes, increased to ten minutes during the morning peak and reduced 20 minutes in

9400-411: Was intended that they would soon merge. The Met's chairman and three other directors were on the board of the District, John Fowler was the engineer of both companies and the construction works for all of the extensions were let as a single contract. The District was established as a separate company to enable funds to be raised independently of the Met. Starting as a branch from Praed Street junction,

9500-474: Was northwest into the Middlesex countryside, stimulating the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and from 1897, having achieved the early patronage of the Duke of Buckingham and the owners of Waddesdon Manor , services extended for many years to Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire . Electric traction was introduced in 1905, and by 1907 electric multiple units operated most of

9600-414: Was not used again by regular traffic. During the extension of the railway to Aldgate several hundred cartloads of bullocks' horn were discovered in a layer 20 ft (6.1 m) below the surface. A terminus opened at Aldgate on 18 November 1876, initially for a shuttle service to Bishopsgate before all Met and District trains worked through from 4 December. Conflict between the Met and the District and

9700-520: Was not without incident. In May 1860, a GNR train overshot the platform at King's Cross and fell into the workings. Later that year, a boiler explosion on an engine pulling contractor's wagons killed the driver and his assistant. In May 1861, the excavation collapsed at Euston causing considerable damage to the neighbouring buildings. The final accident occurred in June 1862 when the Fleet sewer burst following

9800-402: Was reached in 1880, and the line eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire , more than 50 miles (80 kilometres) from Baker Street and the centre of London. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, the Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially, the surplus land was managed by

9900-408: Was unused. This is still visible today when travelling on a southbound Metropolitan line service. In the early 1870s, passenger numbers were low and the M&SJWR was looking to extend the line to generate new traffic. Recently placed in charge of the Met, Watkin saw this as the priority as the cost of construction would be lower than in built-up areas and fares higher; traffic would also be fed into

10000-462: Was used to remove excavated soil from the trench. Within the tunnel, two lines were laid with a 6-foot (1.8 m) gap between. To accommodate both the standard gauge trains of the GNR and the broad gauge trains of the GWR, the track was three-rail dual gauge , the rail nearest the platforms being shared by both gauges. Signalling was on the absolute block method, using electric Spagnoletti block instruments and fixed signals. Construction

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