Greek diaspora
117-429: Greek diaspora Constantinople and Asia Minor : Africa : Other regions : Other groups : Other languages Greek Americans ( Greek : Ελληνοαμερικανοί Ellinoamerikanoí [eliˌno.amerikaˈni] or Ελληνοαμερικάνοι Ellinoamerikánoi [eliˌno.ameriˈkani] ) are Americans of full or partial Greek ancestry. The lowest estimate is that 1.2 million Americans are of Greek descent while
234-484: A Greek citizen through naturalization if they can prove that a parent or grandparent was a Greek national. The Greek ancestor's birth and marriage certificates and the applicant's birth certificate are required, along with birth certificates for all intervening generations between the applicant and the person with Greek citizenship. Greek citizenship is acquired by birth by all persons born in Greece who do not acquire
351-496: A citizen of Israel. Because of Israel's relatively new and culturally mixed identity, Israel does not grant citizenship to people born on Israeli soil. Instead, the government chose to enact a jus sanguinis system, with the naturalization restrictions listed above. There is currently no legislation on second-generation immigrants (those born in Israel to immigrant parents). Furthermore, foreign spouses can apply for citizenship through
468-468: A distinction in the law of England and Wales between the subjects of the monarch and aliens: the monarch's subjects owed the monarch allegiance, and included those born in his or her dominions (natural-born subjects) and those who later gave him or her their allegiance (naturalised subjects). Today, the requirements for naturalisation as a citizen of the United Kingdom depend on whether or not one
585-722: A foreign citizenship and all persons born to at least one parent who is a registered Greek citizen. People born out of wedlock to a father who is a Greek citizen and a mother who is a non-Greek automatically gain Greek citizenship if the father recognizes them as his child before they turn 18. Centers of the Greek diaspora are New York City , Boston , Chicago , Los Angeles , Munich , London , Melbourne , Wellington , Sydney , Auckland , Montreal , Toronto , Vancouver , Johannesburg , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Culiacán , Mexico City , and Buenos Aires . The SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad has compiled several studies on
702-593: A higher level of church attendance than Greeks in Greece. There are minorities of Catholics , Jehovah's Witnesses and Pentecostals . Currently, there are 152 Greek Orthodox churches in Australia, most under jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia . In addition, there are 8 monasteries as well as schools, theological colleges and aged care centres. About 50,000 Greeks immigrated to Brazil from Greece and Cyprus, with 20,000 in
819-488: A major issue in the United States at the end of the 20th century. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 , while tightening border controls, also provided the opportunity of naturalization for illegal aliens who had been in the country for at least four years. Today, lawful permanent residents of the United States are eligible to apply for US citizenship after five years, unless they continue to be married to
936-703: A membership of 90,000 in Latin America, the majority of whom live in Brazil. About 250 Non-Jewish Greeks immigrated to Ottoman Palestine and Mandatory Palestine for the service of the Greek-Orthodox church in the country between 1850 and 1920, mostly residing in Jerusalem and Nazareth City . About 1,500-2,500 Ethnic Greeks Today, few were able to obtain Greek Citizenship largely due to
1053-746: A native of the Peloponnese , was the first documented Greek explorer and merchant to arrive in Alaska . From 1783 to 1791, he was in charge of all Russian trading operations in the Aleutian Islands and in Alaska. He is today considered to have been the first de facto Governor of Alaska . Early records show Michel Dragon (Michalis Dracos) and Andrea Dimitry (Andrea Drussakis Demetrios) settled in New Orleans around 1799. Michel Dragon
1170-464: A naturalized South African citizen is a privilege, not a right. Even after meeting all the requirements and going through the naturalization process, the minister holds the right to deny citizenship. Foreign spouses of South African citizens can apply for naturalization after two years of marriage, but is subject to potential denial of the minister. The minister can also grant citizenship to minors, if their parent applies for them. The minister also holds
1287-542: A near relative with Chinese nationality, if they have settled in China, or if they present another legitimate reason. In practice, few people gain Chinese citizenship; as of 2010, China had only 1,448 naturalised Chinese in total. The naturalization process starts with a written application. Applicants must submit three copies, written with a ball-point or fountain pen, to national authorities, and to provincial authorities in
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#17327720121881404-424: A number of refugees and brought them back to Boston. Some of the refugees he brought included John Celivergos Zachos and author Christophorus Plato Castanis . New England and Boston became home to countless Greek refugees during the 1820s. Some of them were: Author Petros Mengous , Photius Fisk , Gregory Anthony Perdicaris , Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles , George Colvocoresses , Garafilia Mohalbi . There
1521-536: A person to acquire their citizenship after birth, such as by marriage to a national – jus matrimonii – or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country, in order to reduce the scope of this category. However, in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrant population in an illegal status, albeit with some massive regularizations. Examples include Spain under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero 's government, and Italy under Silvio Berlusconi 's government. Myanmar and Uruguay are currently
1638-733: A response to the anti-Greek campaign and actions of the Ku Klux Klan , the American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association was founded, which sought to organize and Americanize the Greek immigrant in America. Anti-immigrant sentiment, particularly among newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst , provided the background to sensational trials in the 1920s, including the conviction of Alexander Pantages , Greek immigrant and movie theater pioneer, in 1929. His 50-year prison sentence
1755-595: A result of Uruguay's unusual distinction between citizenship and nationality (it is the only country in the world that recognizes the right to citizenship without being a national), legal citizens have encountered problems with their Uruguayan passports at airports around the world since 2015. This is due to recommendations in the seventh edition of Doc. 9303 of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which requires that travel documents issued by participating states include
1872-777: A similar condition previously. Commonwealth Act No. 473, the Revised Naturalization Law, approved June 17, 1939, provided that people having certain specified qualifications may become a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization. Republic Act No. 9139, approved June 8, 2001, provided that aliens under the age of 18 who were born in the Philippines, who have resided in the Philippines since birth, and who possess other specified qualifications may be granted Philippines citizenship by administrative proceeding subject to certain requirements. Naturalization in Russia
1989-723: A third nation and this Uruguayan interpretation, become de facto stateless. The following list is a brief summary of the duration of legal residence before a national of a foreign state, without any cultural, historical, or marriage ties or connections to the state in question, can request citizenship under that state's naturalization laws. The Australian Citizenship Act 1973 ended the preferential treatment for British subjects from 1 December 1973. People who became permanent residents from 1 July 2007 must have been lawfully resident in Australia for four years before applying for citizenship by conferral. Those who were present in Australia as permanent residents before 1 July 2007 remain subject to
2106-518: Is Greek Orthodox Christianity . There are also a number of Americans who descend from Greece 's smaller Sephardic and Romaniote Jewish communities. In the aftermath of the Greek financial crisis , there has been a resurgence of Greek immigration to New York City since 2010, accelerating in 2015, and centered upon the traditional Greek enclave of Astoria, Queens . According to The New York Times , this new wave of Greek migration to New York City
2223-403: Is ethnically Greek born outside of Greece may become a Greek citizen through naturalization by proving that a parent or grandparent was born as a national of Greece. The Greek ancestor's birth certificate and marriage certificate are required, along with the applicant's birth certificate and the birth certificates of all generations in between until the relation between the applicant and
2340-405: Is acquired by declaration. Naturalization usually involves an application or a motion and approval by legal authorities. The rules of naturalization vary from country to country but typically include a promise to obey and uphold that country's laws and taking and subscribing to an oath of allegiance , and may specify other requirements such as a minimum legal residency and adequate knowledge of
2457-536: Is guided by articles 13 and 14 of the federal law "About Citizenship of Russian Federation" passed on May 31, 2002. Citizenship of Russia can be obtained in general or simplified order. To become a citizen in general order, one must be 18 years of age or older, continuously live in Russia as a permanent resident for at least five years (this term is limited to one year for valued specialists, political asylum seekers and refugees), have legal means of existence, promise to obey
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#17327720121882574-588: Is not being driven as much by opportunities in New York City as it is by a lack of economic options in Greece itself. In December 2022, the $ 85 million, newly rebuilt St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church opened in Lower Manhattan , 21 years after being destroyed in the September 11 attacks . Population by state according to the 2011-2015 American Community Survey . Greek-American communities in
2691-608: Is one of the oldest diasporas in the world, with an attested presence from Homeric times to the present. Examples of its influence range from the role played by Greek expatriates in the emergence of the Renaissance , through liberation and nationalist movements involved in the fall of the Ottoman Empire , to commercial developments such as the commissioning of the world's first supertankers by shipping magnates Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos . In Archaic Greece ,
2808-408: Is the only Greek-language daily publication based in the United States. Headquartered in New York City, its articles focus on the Greek diaspora in the United States as well as current events in Greece and Cyprus. In contrast to its competitor Atlantis , Ethnikos Kyrix historically supported liberal causes in Greece and America, including the progressive forces of Eleftherios Venizelos in Greece and
2925-556: Is the spouse or civil partner of a citizen. An applicant who is a spouse or civil partner of a British citizen must: For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen, the requirements are: Persons who are not US citizens may receive citizenship through the process of naturalization, following the Congressional requirements in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Naturalized citizens have
3042-873: Is why some members of the Aromanian diaspora that settled in places such as Vienna in Austria have been considered as Greeks and part of a Greek diaspora as well. During and after the Greek War of Independence , Greeks of the diaspora established the fledgling state, raised funds and awareness abroad and served as senior officers in Russian armies which fought the Ottomans to help liberate Greeks under Ottoman subjugation in Macedonia , Epirus , and Thrace . Greek merchant families had contacts in other countries; during
3159-438: Is €255, while it is €51 per dependent minor child naturalised along with their parent. The fee may be waived in cases of extreme hardship or public interest. People who naturalise as German citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as German law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship . Exceptions are made for EU and Swiss citizens (provided that the law of their country of origin does not prohibit
3276-641: The Black Sea region, particularly from the Trebizond region, the Pontic Alps , eastern Anatolia, Georgia, and the former Russian south-Caucasus Kars Oblast . After 1919–23, most of these Pontic Greek and Caucasus Greek communities resettled in Greek Macedonia or joined other Greek communities in southern Russia and Ukraine . Anyone who is ethnically Greek and born outside Greece may become
3393-829: The Byzantine–Arab Wars . The Greek populations generally remained in these areas of the Caliphate and helped translate ancient Greek works into Arabic, thus contributing to early Islamic philosophy and science (which, in turn, contributed to Byzantine science ). After the Byzantine–Ottoman Wars , which resulted in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the Ottoman conquest of Greek lands, many Greeks fled Constantinople (now Istanbul ) and found refuge in Italy. They brought ancient Greek writings that had been lost in
3510-744: The Canada–United States border . There is a report that a Cretan Greek named Konopios operated a coffeehouse in New England in 1652. Records show that a Greek, Michael Dry (Youris), became a naturalized citizen by act of the General Assembly of Maryland in 1725. This makes Dry the first Greek positively known to reside permanently in what is today the United States. About 500 Greeks from Smyrna , Crete , and Mani settled in New Smyrna Beach, Florida in 1768. The colony
3627-758: The Greek Civil War (1946–49) and the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus in 1974. After World War I , most Pontian and Anatolian Greeks living in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) were victims of Muslim Turkish intolerance for Christians in the Ottoman Empire. More than 3.5 million Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians were killed in the regimes of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal, from 1914 to 1923. Greeks in Asia Minor fled to modern Greece, and
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3744-524: The Malay language as well submitting the identity cards of two Malaysians who recommend the applicant for citizenship. As the Government of Malaysia does not recognise dual citizenship, those who seek naturalisation are needed to reside permanently in the country and renouncing their former country citizenship. The requirements are as follows: The Article 16 of 1957 Malaysian Constitution also stated
3861-590: The New Deal stateside. A companion weekly edition The National Herald (1997–) is in circulation and features similar content presented in English. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America publishes the monthly Orthodox Observer (1934–) in both Greek and English for news and information regarding the Greek Orthodox Church as a whole, as well as its American parishes. Any person who
3978-775: The Russian Empire (later the USSR ) was also a major destination. After the Greek Civil War , many communist Greeks and their families fled to neighboring Yugoslavia, the USSR and the Soviet-dominated states of Eastern Europe (especially Czechoslovakia). Hungary founded a village ( Beloiannisz ) for Greek refugees, and many Greeks were resettled in the former Sudeten German region of northern Czechoslovakia around Krnov (Jägerndorf). Sweden also admitted large numbers of Greeks, and over 17,000 Greek-Swedish descendants live in
4095-557: The electorate of the country. The massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I created many stateless persons , people who were not citizens of any state. In some rare cases, laws for mass naturalization were passed. As naturalization laws had been designed to cater for the relatively few people who had voluntarily moved from one country to another (expatriates), many western democracies were not ready to naturalize large numbers of people. This included
4212-523: The largest cities in the world during Hellenistic and Roman times. Greeks spread across the Roman Empire , and in the eastern territories the Greek language (rather than Latin ) became the lingua franca . The Roman Empire was Christianized in the fourth century AD, and during the late Byzantine period the Greek Orthodox form of Christianity became a hallmark of Greek identity. In
4329-464: The "Nationality" field. The lack of a naturalization path means that the Nationality field in legal citizens' passports indicates their country of birth, which Uruguay assumes to be their nationality of origin. Many countries do not accept passports issued by a country that declares the holder to be a national of another country. As a consequence, it has severely curtailed legal citizens' exercise of
4446-549: The 16th century from the island of Crete . Cretan Greeks settled in the Antofagasta Region in the mid-16th century and spread to other locations, such as the Greek colony in Santiago and the cities of San Diego, Valparaíso, Talcahuano, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. Australia has one of the world's largest Greek communities. Greek immigration to Australia began during the 19th century, increasing significantly in
4563-766: The 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year, and otherwise applying the Immigration Act of 1924 to them. The Magnuson Act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. During the 1940s, 100 annual immigrants from British India and the Philippines were allowed. The War Brides Act of 1945 permitted soldiers to bring back their foreign wives and established precedent in naturalization through marriage . The Immigration Act of 1965 finally allowed people from all nations to be given equal access to immigration and naturalization. Illegal immigration became
4680-507: The 1950s and 1960s. According to the 2016 census, there were 397,431 Greeks and Greek Cypriots (by ancestry) living in Australia and 93,740 Greeks born in Greece or Cyprus. According to Greeks around the Globe , Greek Australians number about 700,000. The majority of Greeks in Australia (over 90 percent) are Greek Orthodox and many attend church weekly. According to the SBS , Greeks in Australia have
4797-513: The 19th century) outside of the traditional areas; such as in Australia , Canada , United States , United Kingdom , Germany , Argentina , Brazil , New Zealand , United Arab Emirates , Singapore , Norway , and others. The Greek diaspora population is estimated at 5 million, which when added to the population of Greece (approximately 10 million), it gives a total worldwide Greek population of approximately 15 million. The Greek diaspora
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4914-630: The Avero House, itself believed to be the first site of Greek Orthodox worship in the United States. The first noted Greek American scholar was John Paradise . He was persuaded to immigrate to America by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson , whom he met in Europe. Paradise married into the notable Ludwell family, one of the most prominent colonial families in Virginia . Evstratii Delarov ,
5031-808: The Great 's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period , which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt , West Asia , and Northwest India . Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait . Seleucia , Antioch and Alexandria were among
5148-560: The Greek diaspora (including those of Greek ancestry): Naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation ) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the United Nations excludes citizenship that is automatically acquired (e.g. at birth) or
5265-615: The Greek diaspora. The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus is uncertain. Available census figures indicate about three million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus, but the SAE estimates about seven million worldwide. The Greek diaspora defends Greek interests, particularly in the US. Assimilation and loss of the Greek language influence the definition of the Greek diaspora. To learn more about how factors such as intermarriage and assimilation influence self-identification among young Greeks in
5382-586: The Greek noble family, Vlasto . The paper was headed by a member of the Vlasto family until it closed in 1973. Published in New York City , it had a national circulation and influence. Atlantis supported the royalist faction in Greek politics until the mid-1960s. Atlantis editorial themes included naturalization, war relief, Greek-American business interests, and Greek religious unity. As of 2020, Ethnikos Kyrix ( Greek : Εθνικός Κήρυξ , 1915–)
5499-561: The Greek-speaking Christian Orthodox population; this often forced the inhabitants of rural districts, particularly in the more vulnerable lowland areas, to abandon their homes. A larger-scale movement of Greek-speaking peoples in the Ottoman period was Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia to Georgia and parts of southern Russia, particularly the province of Kars Oblast in the southern Caucasus after
5616-603: The Mediterranean Squadron. Many American ships traveled to the Ottoman Empire, namely Ayvalık. The Greek War of Independence began in 1821 and lasted until 1830. Americans established missionaries in Greece. The missionaries included Jonas King . Prominent American abolitionists Samuel Gridley Howe and Jonathan Peckham Miller participated in the Greek War. Jonathan Peckham Miller adopted Greek orphan Lucas M. Miller . Samuel Gridley Howe also collected
5733-677: The Minister of the Interior, but have a variety of restrictions and are not guaranteed citizenship. People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain Luxembourg citizenship through naturalisation: Naturalisation in Malaysia is guided by the 1964 Malaysian Constitution . According to the law, those who want to be the country citizen should live in the country for a period of 10–12 years. The would-be-citizens are required to speak
5850-413: The Ministry of Public Security and the Public Security Bureau. Applicants must also submit original copies of a foreign passport, a residence permit, a permanent residence permit, and four two-and-a-half inch long pictures. According to the conditions outlined in the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China , authorities may also require "any other material that the authority believes are related to
5967-534: The New York metropolitan area in the 1950s through the 1970s. Immigration to the United States from Greece peaked between the 1950s and 1970. After the 1981 admission of Greece to the European Union , annual U.S. immigration numbers fell to less than 2,000. In recent years, Greek immigration to the United States has been minimal; in fact, net migration has been towards Greece. Over 72,000 U.S. citizens currently live in Greece (1999); most of them are Greek Americans. The predominant religion among Greeks and Greek Americans
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#17327720121886084-493: The Ottomans and the creation of a Greater Greece . The terrible devastation of the island of Chios in the 1822 massacre caused a great dispersion of the islanders, leading to the creation of a specific Chian diaspora . After the Treaty of Constantinople , the political situation stabilised; some displaced families returned to the newly independent country to become key figures in cultural, educational and political life, especially in Athens. Financial assistance from overseas
6201-417: The Peloponnesian provinces of Laconia and Arcadia. 450,000 Greeks arrived to the States between 1890 and 1917, most working in the cities of the northeastern United States ; others labored on railroad construction and in mines of the western United States ; another 70,000 arrived between 1918 and 1924. Each wave of immigration contributed to the growth of Hellenism in the U.S. Greek immigration at this time
6318-405: The Russian province of Kars in the South Caucasus . Many Pontic Greeks fled their homelands in Pontus and northeastern Anatolia and settled in these areas to avoid Ottoman reprisals after supporting the Russian invasions of eastern Anatolia in the Russo-Turkish Wars from the late 18th to the early 20th century. Others resettled in search of new opportunities in trade, mining, farming, the church,
6435-427: The U.S. Fewer than 30,000 Greek immigrants arrived in the U.S. between 1925 and 1945, most of whom were " picture brides " for single Greek men and family members coming over to join relatives. In 1909, there was a pogrom against the Greek population in South Omaha . The events of the early 1920s also provided the stimulus for the first permanent national Greek American religious and civic organizations. In 1922, as
6552-400: The U.S. according to the 5 Year Estimates of the People Reporting Ancestry data (2020 American Community Survey ): United States by Ancestry: 1,249,194 United States by Country of Birth: 124,428 Top CSAs by Ancestry: Top CSAs by Country of Birth: Top MSAs by Ancestry: Top MSAs by Country of Birth: Top States by Ancestry: Top States by Country of Birth: The U.S. communities with
6669-497: The United States around this period. He was born in Rhodes in 1782. Marshall joined the United States Navy in 1809 and he wrote Marshall's Practical Marine Gunnery . Marshall had a successful naval career and became master gunner. His son George J Marshall also served in the navy. His son-in-law was George Sirian . Due to problems with the strait of Gibraltar, America was desperate for trade with Europe. Pirates ransomed Americans which led to two Barbary wars. America eventually formed
6786-424: The United States. An 1894 law extended the same privilege to honorably discharged five-year veterans of the Navy or Marine Corps. Laws enacted in 1919, 1926, 1940, and 1952 continued preferential treatment provisions for veterans. Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, Philippine citizens were classified as US nationals, and the 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act granted US citizenship to natives of Puerto Rico . But
6903-499: The United States. During that period, most Greek immigrants to the New World came from Asia Minor and those Aegean Islands still under Ottoman rule. By 1890, there were almost 15,000 Greeks living in the U.S. Immigration picked up again in the 1890s and early 20th century, due largely to economic opportunity in the U.S., displacement caused by the hardships of Ottoman rule, the Balkan Wars , and World War I . Most of these immigrants had come from southern Greece, especially from
7020-400: The West, contributing to the Renaissance . Most of these Greeks settled in Venice , Florence , and Rome . Between the fall of the Empire of Trebizond to the Ottomans in 1461 and the second Russo-Turkish War in 1828–29, thousands of Pontic Greeks migrated (or fled) from the Pontic Alps and eastern Anatolia to Georgia and other southern regions of the Russian Empire , and (later)
7137-555: The World Council of Churches, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has a membership of 600,000 in the US and Canada who are still Greek Orthodox; however, many Greeks in both countries have adopted other religions or become secular. The 2010 census recorded about 130,000 Greek Americans, although members of the community dispute its accuracy. Most Greek Canadians live in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. The 2016 census reported that 271,405 Canadians were Greek by ancestry and 16,715 people were born in Greece. Greek immigration to Chile began during
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#17327720121887254-442: The acquisition of another citizenship) and citizens of countries where renouncing one's citizenship is too difficult or humiliating (e.g. Afghanistan ), prohibitively expensive (e.g. the United States ) or legally impossible (e.g. Argentina ). The Grenadian Government grants citizenship of Grenada for the following reasons: The Indian citizenship and nationality law and the Constitution of India provides single citizenship for
7371-598: The application up to the time of admission to citizenship, and (3) during all the periods referred to in this subsection has been and still is a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States , and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States. The Naturalization Act of 1795 set the initial rules on naturalization: "free, White persons" who had been resident for five years or more. An 1862 law allowed honorably discharged Army veterans of any war to petition for naturalization after only one year of residence in
7488-406: The assent of the President of India on 7 January 2004 and came into force on 3 December 2004. The Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and came into force on 28 June 2005. Following these reforms, Indian nationality law largely follows the jus sanguinis (citizenship by right of blood) as opposed to the jus soli (citizenship by right of birth within
7605-454: The basic responsibilities and privileges of a South African citizen. The ability to communicate in one of the official languages of South Africa is also required. Applicants must show the intention to reside in South Africa after naturalization, and they are required to make a declaration of allegiance. The Constitution of South Africa states that national legislation must provide for the acquisition, loss and restoration of citizenship. Being
7722-405: The city of Lima . When Francis Drake reached Valparaiso , Chile in 1578 he found there a Greek pilot, whose name was Ioannis. loannis acted as Drake's pilot as far as Lima , Peru. Ten years later, Thomas Cavendish met a Greek pilot by the name of Georgio, who knew the waters of Chile. Both of these Greek pilots must have been in the area for many years in order to have sufficient knowledge of
7839-433: The city of São Paulo . Brazil has a sizable community of Antiochean Greeks (known as Melkites), Orthodox, Catholics, and Jews. According to the Catholic Church, the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo (Melkite Greek), the Eparchia Dominae Nostrae Paradisis S. Pauli Graecorum Melkitarum had a 2016 membership of 46,600. The World Council of Churches estimates that the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch has
7956-453: The communities of Greeks living outside of Greece and Cyprus . Such places historically (dating to the ancient period) include, Albania , North Macedonia , southern Russia , Ukraine , Asia Minor and Pontus (in today's Turkey), Georgia , Egypt , Sudan , southern Italy (the so-called " Magna Graecia "), Sicily , Cargèse and Marseille in France. The term also refers to communities established by Greek migration (mostly since
8073-692: The country (just over 10%). The United States is home to the largest number of Greeks outside of Greece , followed by Cyprus and Australia . The first Greek to ever set foot in America was Johan Griego ( lit. ' John the Greek ' ), in 1492. He was a member of Christopher Columbus 's first expedition. At least two other Greeks followed soon; they were brothers who sailed with Columbus in his second (1493) and third (1498) expeditions. Spanish and English historians mention three Greeks who sailed with Ferdinand Magellan in 1520 on his voyage to Patagonia . Their names are listed as: Nikolao , Ioanni , and Mattheo . Another Greek, Don Doroteo Teodoro,
8190-433: The country. Although many immigrants later returned to Greece, these countries still have a number of first- and second-generation Greeks who maintain their traditions. With the fall of Communism in eastern Europe and the USSR, Greeks of the diaspora immigrated to modern Greece's main urban centers of Athens, Thessaloniki, and Cyprus; many came from Georgia . Pontic Greeks are Greek-speaking communities originating in
8307-421: The diaspora, and to help clarify the estimates of Greeks in the diaspora, the Next Generation Initiative began an academically supervised research study in 2008. The United States has the largest ethnically-Greek population outside Greece. According to the US Department of State, the Greek-American community numbers about three million and the vast majority are third- or fourth-generation immigrants. According to
8424-735: The disturbances, many set up home bases around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in France, Livorno , Calabria and Bari in Italy and Alexandria in Egypt), Russia ( Odesa and St. Petersburg ), and Britain (London and Liverpool ) from where they traded (typically textiles and grain). Businesses frequently included the extended family, and they brought schools teaching Greek and the Greek Orthodox Church . As markets changed, some families became shippers (financed through
8541-769: The entire country. The provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11 in Part ;II of the Constitution of India. Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1986, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1992, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003, and Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 received
8658-504: The five years immediately preceding the date of filing his application has been physically present therein for periods totaling at least half of that time, and who has resided within the State or within the district of the Service in the United States in which the applicant filed the application for at least three months, (2) has resided continuously within the United States from the date of
8775-545: The following criteria can obtain Spanish citizenship through naturalisation People who naturalise as Spanish citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as Spanish law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship. Chapter 2 of the South African Citizenship Act, enacted on October 6, 1995, defines who is considered a naturalized citizen at the time of the act and also outlines
8892-508: The following reasons. Indonesian nationality is regulated by Law No. 12/2006 (UU No. 12 Tahun 2006). The Indonesian nationality law is based on jus sanguinis and jus soli . The Indonesian nationality law does not recognize dual citizenship except for people under the age of 18 (limited double citizenship principle). After reaching 18 years of age individuals are forced to choose one citizenship (single citizenship principle). A foreign citizen can apply to become an Indonesian citizen with
9009-812: The following requirements: Any application for citizenship is granted by the President of Indonesia . Israel 's Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948, the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan. The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration, citizenship and naturalization: the Law of Return and the Israeli citizenship law . The Law of Return, enacted on July 15, 1950, gives Jews living anywhere in
9126-454: The future must apply to the Minister of Home Affairs and must meet a slew of requirements. First, naturalization applicants must be over the age of 18 and must have been a permanent resident of South Africa for five years prior to application (prior to 2010, the permanent residence requirement was one year prior to application and for four out of the eight years prior to application). Applicants must also demonstrate good character and knowledge of
9243-473: The highest estimate suggests over 3 million. According to the US census , 264,066 people older than five spoke Greek at home in 2019. Greek Americans have the highest concentrations in the New York City , Boston , and Chicago regions, but have settled in major metropolitan areas across the United States. In 2000, Tarpon Springs, Florida , was home to the highest per capita representation of Greek Americans in
9360-496: The highest percentage of people claiming Greek ancestry are: The U.S. communities with the largest percentage of residents born in Greece are: Greek-born population in the U.S. since 2010 (ACS 1 Tear Estimates): The Atlantis (1894–1973) was the first successful Greek-language daily newspaper published in the United States . The newspaper was founded in 1894 by Solon J. and Demetrius J. Vlasto, descendants of
9477-433: The initial economic immigrants to reside permanently in America. The Greeks were de jure denaturalized from their homelands and lost the right to return, and their families were made refugees. Additionally, the first widely implemented U.S. immigration limits against non Western European immigrants were made in 1924, creating an impetus for immigrants to apply for citizenship, bring their families and permanently settle in
9594-529: The laws and Constitution of Russia and be fluent in the Russian language . There is also a possibility to naturalize in a simplified order, in which certain requirements will be waived. Eligible for that are people, at least one parent of whom is a Russian citizen living on Russian territory; people, who lived on the territories of the former Soviet republics but never obtained citizenships of those nations after they gained independence; people, who were born on
9711-533: The local Greek community, with the aid of the Ralli or Vagliano Brothers ). The diaspora expanded across the Levant , North Africa , India and the US. Many leaders of the Greek struggle for liberation from Ottoman Macedonia and other parts of the southern Balkans with large Greek populations still under Ottoman rule had links to the Greek trading and business families who funded the Greek liberation struggle against
9828-431: The massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of ethnic minorities from newly created nation states in the first part of the 20th century. Since World War II , the increase in international migrations created a new category of migrants, most of them economic migrants . For economic, political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing
9945-562: The military, and the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire . Greeks spread through many provinces of the Ottoman Empire and took major roles in its economic life, particularly the Phanariots (wealthy Greek merchants who claimed noble Byzantine descent during the second half of the 16th century). The Phanariots helped administer the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century; some settled in present-day Romania , influencing its political and cultural life. Other Greeks settled outside
10062-489: The national dominant language or culture. To counter multiple citizenship , some countries require that applicants for naturalization renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of original citizenship , as seen by the host country and by the original country, will depend on the laws of the countries involved. Arguments for increasing naturalization include reducing backlogs in naturalization applications and reshaping
10179-652: The nationality application". People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain French citizenship through naturalisation: The fee for naturalisation is €55, except in French Guiana , where it is €27.50. People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain German citizenship through naturalisation: The dependent minor children of an applicant for naturalisation may also themselves become naturalised German citizens. The fee for standard naturalisation
10296-438: The naturalization process for future immigrants. Any person who immediately prior to the commencement of the act had been a South African citizen via naturalization, had been deemed to be a South African citizen by registration, or had been a citizen via naturalization of any of the former states now composing South Africa is now considered to be a naturalized citizen of South Africa. Those wishing to apply for naturalization in
10413-623: The only countries in the world that deny immigrants any path to naturalization. Uruguayan legal citizenship has special characteristics. A person who acquires it retains their nationality of origin, which is determined by Uruguayan law to be that of their country of birth and therefore, is immutable. Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire Uruguayan nationality as natural citizens do. According to Uruguayan law, those born in Uruguay or whose parents or grandparents are Uruguayan natural citizens are considered to be Uruguayan nationals. As
10530-429: The person with Greek citizenship is proven. There are hundreds of regional, religious and professional Greek American organizations. Some of the largest and most notable include: Greek diaspora Constantinople and Asia Minor : Africa : Other regions : Other groups : Other languages The Greek diaspora , also known as Omogenia ( Greek : Ομογένεια , romanized : Omogéneia ), are
10647-528: The power to revoke naturalization at any time for specific reasons listed in the Act. Reasons for revoking the naturalization certificate include marrying someone who is a citizen of another country and holding citizenship in another country, or applying for citizenship of another country without prior authorization for retention of citizenship. If a permanent resident is denied naturalization, he or she must wait at least one year before reapplying. There has always been
10764-424: The previous residence requirement (in force since 1984, e.g. resident for two years). The People's Republic of China gives citizenship to people with one or two parents with Chinese nationality who have not taken residence in other countries. The country also gives citizenship to people born on its territory to stateless people who have settled there. Furthermore, individuals may apply for nationality if they have
10881-844: The refusal of recognition from Greece. Greeks started to immigrate to Mexico in the late 1800s from mainland and especially the Greek islands and Cyprus. While there was an individual immigration to Mexico, the Mexican government looked to start olive production in the Pacific Coast so thousands were taken to the state of Sinaloa where the Greeks found fortunes in the tomato production instead. Today there are tens of thousands of Greek-Mexicans living primarily in Culiacán , Veracruz , and Mexico City as well as surrounding areas and other cities. 35,747 (2005, Greek citizens) Notable people of
10998-400: The right to free movement, as their travel abroad is often difficult or downright impossible. Due to its current and narrow definition of nationality, Uruguay could be violating the sovereignty of other countries by assigning foreign nationalities in its official documents, thus overriding their powers. Some Uruguayan legal citizens may even, as a result of the application of a national law of
11115-426: The same rights as those who acquired citizenship at birth. The INA states the following: No person, except as otherwise provided in this subchapter , shall be naturalized unless such applicant, (1) immediately preceding the date of filing his application for naturalization has resided continuously, after being lawfully admitted for permanent residence , within the United States for at least five years and during
11232-678: The seventh century, Emperor Heraclius adopted Medieval Greek as the official language of the Byzantine Empire . Greeks continued to live around the Levant , Mediterranean and Black Sea, maintaining their identity among local populations as traders, officials, and settlers. Soon afterwards, the Arab-Islamic Caliphate seized the Levant , Egypt , North Africa and Sicily from the Byzantine Greeks during
11349-673: The short-lived Russian occupation of Erzerum and the surrounding region during the 1828–29 Russo-Turkish War . An estimated one-fifth of Pontic Greeks left their homeland in the mountains of northeastern Anatolia in 1829 as refugees, following the Tsarist army as it withdrew back into Russian territory (since many had collaborated with—or fought in—the Russian army against the Muslim Ottomans to regain territory for Christian Orthodoxy). The Pontic Greek refugees who settled in Georgia and
11466-415: The slave Market Otto Pilny . Some of the young Greek refugees became abolitionists. John Celivergos Zachos became a prominent educator. He was also a woman's rights activist and abolitionist. Photius Fisk was another abolitionist who fought for the anti-slavery cause. Gregory Anthony Perdicaris was a wealthy millionaire who created the framework for gas and electric companies. George Colvocoresses
11583-644: The southern Balkans, moving north in service to the Orthodox Church or as a result of population transfers and massacres by Ottoman authorities after Greek rebellions against Ottoman rule or suspected Greek collaboration with Russia in the Russo-Turkish wars fought between 1774 and 1878. Greek Macedonia was most affected by the population upheavals, where the large, indigenous Ottoman Muslim population (often including those of Greek-convert descent ) could form local militias to harass and exact revenge on
11700-505: The southern Caucasus assimilated with preexisting Caucasus Greek communities. Those who settled in Ukraine and southern Russia became a sizable proportion of cities such as Mariupol , but generally assimilated with Christian Orthodox Russians and continued to serve in the Tsarist army. In 1788, Ali Pasha of Ioannina destroyed Moscopole . This predominantly ethnic Aromanian settlement historically had an important Greek influence. This
11817-547: The territory of RSFSR and formerly held Soviet citizenship; people married to Russian citizens for at least 3 years; people, who served in Russian Armed Forces under contract for at least 3 years; parents of mentally incapacitated children over 18 who are Russian citizens; participants of the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad; and some other categories. People who fulfill all of
11934-518: The territory). In 2019, a Citizenship Amendment Act was passed by the Parliament of India. This Act aims at fast tracking citizenship for illegal immigrants and refugees fleeing religious persecution for people of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian faiths who have entered India on or before 31 December 2014 from the neighbouring countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Italian Government grants Italian citizenship for
12051-596: The trading and colonizing activities of Greeks from the Balkans and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Italy (the so-called " Magna Graecia "), northern Libya , eastern Spain, the south of France, and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas. Alexander
12168-659: The war on the side of the Union . A Greek Company within the Confederate Louisiana Militia was formed for Greeks who fought for the Confederate States of America . After the Civil War, the Greek community continued to flourish in New Orleans , Louisiana . By 1866, the community was numerous and prosperous enough to have a Greek consulate and the first official Greek Orthodox Church in
12285-682: The waters to act as pilots for visiting ships. In 1592, Greek captain Juan de Fuca (original name: Ioannis Fokas or Apostolos Valerianos) sailed up the Pacific coast under the Spanish flag, in search of the fabled Northwest Passage between the Pacific and the Atlantic . He reported discovering a body of water, a strait which today bears his name: the Strait of Juan de Fuca , which today forms part of
12402-457: The west, and was never seen again. He was presumably killed by the natives. Don Doroteo Teodoro is regarded as the first Greek to have set foot on soil which is today part of the United States . Pedro de Candia ( lit. ' Petros the Cretan ' , a Greek adventurer and soldier from Crete , is known for being a lieutenant of Francisco Pizarro who conquered the empire of Peru and founded
12519-661: The world the right to immigrate to Israel. This right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship. In fact, for four years after Israel gained independence, there were no Israeli citizens. On July 14, 1952, the Israeli parliament enacted the Israeli Nationality Law. The Nationality Law naturalized all citizens of Mandated Palestine , the inhabitants of Israel on July 15, 1952, and those who had legally resided in Israel between May 14, 1948, and July 14, 1952. The law further clarified that naturalization
12636-697: Was a captain in the United States Navy. Colvos Passage is named after him. George Sirian was another seaman in the United States Navy. The George Sirian Meritorious Service Award is named after him. Harvard created an entire department for Evangelinos Apostolides Sophocles . Greek orphan Lucas Miltiades Miller became a U.S. Congressman. In the American Civil War , Greek Americans fought for both sides, Union and Confederate , with prominent Greeks such as George Colvocoresses , John Celivergos Zachos and Photius Fisk taking part in
12753-586: Was a large Greek presence at Mount Pleasant Classical Institute and other local universities. There were hundreds of Greek orphans that arrived in New England. Some drastically contributed to the United States of America. The Greek Slave Movement was initiated by Boston abolitionists. The Greek Slave Movement started in the 1820s during the influx of young refugees to New England. The movement contributed to countless paintings, sculptures, poems, essays, and songs. The death of Greek slave Garafilia Mohalbi
12870-642: Was a lieutenant in the American Revolution and Andrea Dimitry participated in the War of 1812 . Andrea married Michel Dragon's daughter, Marianne Celeste Dragon , and established a small community in New Orleans. The marriage between them in 1799 was the first known marriage between Greeks in America. His son was United States ambassador to Costa Rica & Nicaragua Alexander Dimitry . Another Greek refugee named George Marshall also came to
12987-713: Was a sailor who landed in Boca Ciega Bay at the Jungle Prada site in present-day St. Petersburg, Florida with the Narváez expedition in 1528. He was instrumental in building the rafts that the expedition survivors built and sailed from present-day St. Mark's River in Florida until they were shipwrecked near Galveston Island, Texas. Teodoro had been captured by natives as they sailed along the Gulf coast shoreline toward
13104-470: Was a trigger for sympathy. She was featured in many poems and songs. The Greek Slave Movement was so popular in American media that sculptor Hiram Powers created The Greek Slave . The Greek Slave Movement was an abolitionist tool to abolish slavery in the United States. The theme eventually exploded some examples include: The Slave Market (Gérôme painting) , The Slave Market (Boulanger painting) , and
13221-590: Was available to immigrants who had arrived before Israel's creation, immigrants who arrived after statehood was granted, and those who did not come to Israel as immigrants but have since expressed desire to settle in Israel, with restriction. Naturalization applicants must also meet the following requirements: be over 18 years of age, have resided in Israel for three out of the five preceding years, have settled or intend to settle permanently in Israel, have some knowledge of Hebrew, and have renounced prior nationality or demonstrated ability to renounce nationality after becoming
13338-675: Was channeled through these family ties, providing for institutions such as the National Library and sending relief after natural disasters. During the 20th century, many Greeks left the traditional homelands for economic and political reasons; this resulted in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the United States , Australia , Canada , Brazil , The United Kingdom , New Zealand , Argentina , The United Arab Emirates , Singapore , Germany , Norway , Belgium , Georgia , Italy , Armenia , Russia , Chile , Mexico and South Africa , especially after World War II (1939–45),
13455-500: Was later overturned. Greeks again began to arrive in large numbers after 1945, fleeing the economic devastation caused by World War II and the Greek Civil War . From 1945 until 1982, approximately 211,000 Greeks immigrated to the United States. These later immigrants were less influenced by the powerful assimilation pressures of the 1920s and 1930s and revitalized Greek American identity, especially in areas such as Greek-language media. Greek immigrants founded more than 600 diners in
13572-492: Was over 90% male, contrasted with most other European immigration to the U.S., such as Italian and Irish immigration, which averaged 50% to 60% male. Many Greek immigrants expected to work and return to their homeland after earning capital and dowries for their families. However, the loss of their homeland due to the Greek genocide and the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey , which displaced 1,500,000 Greeks from Anatolia , Eastern Thrace , and Pontus caused
13689-496: Was unsuccessful, and the settlers moved to St. Augustine in 1776. In November 1777, a Greek chapel was established in St. Augustine, where Greeks could pray with their own rites . Almost 200 years later, the chapel was designated the St. Photios Greek Orthodox National Shrine by the Greek Orthodox Church , and it exists today as a remnant of their presence, having been built atop the site of
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