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125-689: Donald Clarence Judd (June 3, 1928 – February 12, 1994) was an American artist associated with minimalism . In his work, Judd sought autonomy and clarity for the constructed object and the space created by it, ultimately achieving a rigorously democratic presentation without compositional hierarchy. He is generally considered the leading international exponent of "minimalism", and its most important theoretician through such writings as "Specific Objects" (1964). Judd voiced his unorthodox perception of minimalism in Arts Yearbook 8, where he says, "The new three dimensional work doesn't constitute
250-563: A bachelor's degree in philosophy and where he worked towards a master's in art history under Rudolf Wittkower and Meyer Schapiro while attending classes at the Art Students League of New York . From 1959 to 1965, he wrote art criticism for major American art magazines. In 1968, he bought a five-story cast-iron building at 101 Spring Street for less than $ 70,000. Judd used the building (designed by Nicholas Whyte and built in 1870) as his New York residence and studio, and during
375-488: A chair exists as a chair itself. The first furniture, a bed and a sink, Judd designed in 1970 for Spring Street. After he moved from New York to Marfa his designs started to include chairs, beds, shelves, desks and tables. Judd was initially prompted to design furniture by his own dissatisfaction with what was commercially available in Marfa. Early furniture was made by Judd of rough, lumberyard-cut pine but he continually refined
500-671: A collaboration with the author Samuel Beckett that resulted in Foirades/Fizzles (1976), a book of five text fragments by Beckett in French and English and 33 intaglios by Johns. He produced Cup 2 Picasso as an offset lithograph for the June 1973 issue of the magazine XXe siècle and, in 2000, completed an edition of 26 linocuts printed by the Grenfell Press and published by Z Press to accompany Jeff Clark's Sun on 6 . For
625-485: A critical account of this significant era of art in America while addressing the social and political ramifications of art production. His essay "Specific Objects", first published in 1965, remains central to the analysis of the new art development in the early 1960s. Four major collections of his writings were published during his lifetime. Donald Judd: Complete Writings 1959-1975 (Halifax, Nova Scotia/New York: Press of
750-492: A decade and collaborated with him on projects for Providence and Cleveland, and her influence can be seen on his architecture and furniture design. In fact, in a 1986 article published in Architectural Digest , William C. Agee stated that Judd and Vinciarelli were "starting a firm". At the time of his death, he was working on a series of fountains commissioned by the city of Winterthur in 1991, Switzerland, and
875-522: A drawing of a knee by Jéan-Marc Togodgue, a Cameroonian emigre student basketball player who attended the Salisbury School near Johns's estate in Sharon. Johns's use of Togodgue's artwork without first notifying him led to a dispute that was settled amicably. Johns made his first sculpture, Flashlight I , in 1958. Many of his earliest sculptures are single, freestanding objects modeled from
1000-525: A dream of it, marks the beginning of this new period. The motif allowed Johns to create a painting that was not completely abstract because it depicts a symbol (the American flag), yet it draws attention to the design of the symbol itself. The work evades the personal because it depicts a national symbol, and yet, it maintains a sense of the handmade in Johns's wax brushstrokes; it is neither a literal flag, nor
1125-512: A home and studio, for which Philip Johnson was the principal designer. Johns currently lives and works in Sharon, Connecticut. Following his death, the artist plans to transform his 170-acre property in Sharon, Connecticut, into an artists' residency. He has lived there since the 1990s. It will provide a live-work space for 18 to 24 artists at a time and will be open to visual artists, poets, musicians, dancers. In 1954, Johns destroyed all of his previous artwork still in his possession and began
1250-461: A large body of theoretical writings, in which he rigorously promoted the cause of Minimalist Art; these essays were consolidated into two volumes, published in 1975 and 1987. In his reviews as a critic, Judd discussed in detail the work of more than 500 artists showing in New York in the early and mid-1960s for publications including ARTnews , Arts Magazine , and Art International . He provided
1375-717: A large retrospective of Judd's work , opened at the Museum of Modern Art , New York in March 2020. Originally conceived by Judd in 1977, and created in 1996, the Judd Foundation was formed in order to preserve the work and installations of Judd in Marfa, Texas and at 101 Spring Street in New York. Judd Foundation maintains and preserves his permanently installed living and working spaces, libraries, and archives across 22 buildings that comprise more than 100,000 square feet (approx. 9290 m) and are considered fundamental components to
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#17327723954391500-498: A major reference: De Stijl expanded the ideas of expression by meticulously organizing basic elements such as lines and planes. With regard to home design, more attractive "minimalistic" designs are not truly minimalistic because they are larger, and use more expensive building materials and finishes. There are observers who describe the emergence of minimalism as a response to the brashness and chaos of urban life. In Japan, for example, minimalist architecture began to gain traction in
1625-487: A material called Sculp-metal, a pliable metallic medium that could be applied and manipulated much like paint or clay. During this period, he also employed casting techniques to make objects out of plaster and bronze. Some of these objects are painted to suggest a certain sense of verisimilitude; Painted Bronze (1960), for example, depicts a can painted with the Savarin Coffee label. Filled with cast paintbrushes,
1750-713: A more general sense, minimalism as a visual strategy can be found in the geometric abstractions of painters associated with the Bauhaus movement, in the works of Kazimir Malevich , Piet Mondrian and other artists associated with the De Stijl movement, the Russian Constructivist movement, and in the work of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncuși . Minimalism as a formal strategy has been deployed in
1875-593: A movement, school, or style. The common aspects are too general and too little common to define a movement. The differences are greater than the similarities." Judd was born in Excelsior Springs , Missouri . From 1946 to 1947, he served in the Army as an engineer, and in 1948, he enrolled in the College of William and Mary . Later, he transferred to Columbia University School of General Studies where he earned
2000-597: A new glass facade for a railroad station in Basel , Switzerland. In 1984, Judd commissioned Lehni AG , the fabricator of his multi-colored works in Dübendorf, Switzerland to produce his furniture designs in sheet metal, in finishes of monochrome colored powdercoat based on the RAL colour standard , clear anodized aluminium, or solid copper. Today, Lehni AG still fabricates Judd metal furniture in 21 colors, which are sold through
2125-459: A pared-down prose narrative, is a contemporary example of minimalist playwrighting. In his novel The Easy Chain , Evan Dara includes a 60-page section written in the style of musical minimalism, in particular inspired by composer Steve Reich . Intending to represent the psychological state (agitation) of the novel's main character, the section's successive lines of text are built on repetitive and developing phrases. The term "minimal music"
2250-400: A particular genre of Japanese Minimalism, Sejimas delicate, intelligent designs may use white color, thin construction sections and transparent elements to create the phenomenal building type often associated with minimalism. Works include New Museum (2010) New York City, Small House (2000) Tokyo, House surrounded By Plum Trees (2003) Tokyo. In Vitra Conference Pavilion, Weil am Rhein, 1993,
2375-409: A profound artistic influence. Johns's art career took a decisive turn in 1954 when he destroyed his existing artwork and began creating paintings of flags , maps , targets , letters, and numbers for which he became most recognized. These works, characterized by their incorporation of familiar symbols, marked a departure from the individualism of Abstract Expressionist style and posed questions about
2500-473: A purely abstract painting. The work thus raises a set of complex questions with no clear answers through its combination of symbol and medium. Indeed, Alfred H. Barr could not convince the trustees of the Museum of Modern Art to directly acquire the painting from Johns's first solo show, as they were afraid its ambiguity might lead to boycott or attack by patriotic groups during the Cold War climate of
2625-584: A second, traveling retrospective of his work in 1988, and another major European survey, Donald Judd, was mounted at Tate Modern , London, in 2004, which traveled to major museums in Düsseldorf and Basel through 2005. Other important exhibitions include Donald Judd: Prints 1951–1993, Retrospektive der Druckgraphik , Gemeentemuseum Den Haag , The Hague, 1993–1994; Donald Judd. Early Work 1955–1968 at Kunsthalle Bielefeld , Germany, 2002; Donald Judd Colorist , Sprengel Museum , Hanover, Germany, 2000. Judd,
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#17327723954392750-404: A short-lived avant-garde noise music art band that featured prominent members of the New York proto- conceptual art and minimal art community. The National Gallery of Art , Washington, DC, owns Chuck Close 's large-scale portrait of Johns. In the late 1960s Johns' work was published in 0 to 9 magazine , an avant-garde journal which experimented with language and meaning-making In 1963,
2875-566: A simple story with straightforward camera usage and minimal use of score. Paul Schrader named their kind of cinema: "transcendental cinema". In the present, a commitment to minimalist filmmaking can be seen in film movements such as Dogme 95 , mumblecore , and the Romanian New Wave . Abbas Kiarostami , Elia Suleiman , and Kelly Reichardt are also considered minimalist filmmakers. The Minimalists – Joshua Fields Millburn, Ryan Nicodemus, and Matt D'Avella – directed and produced
3000-464: A specific movement of artists that emerged in New York in the early 1960s in response to abstract expressionism . Examples of artists working in painting that are associated with Minimalism include Nassos Daphnis , Frank Stella , Kenneth Noland , Al Held , Ellsworth Kelly , Robert Ryman and others; those working in sculpture include Donald Judd , Dan Flavin , David Smith , Anthony Caro and more. Minimalism in painting can be characterized by
3125-411: A target) and as abstract (stripes, circles). Some art historians and museums characterize his choice of subjects as freeing him from decisions about composition. Johns has remarked: "What's interesting to me is the fact that it isn't designed, but taken. It's not mine," or, that these motifs are "things the mind already knows." His early encaustic painting Flag (1954–55), painted after having
3250-700: A total of three semesters at the University of South Carolina at Columbia, from 1947 to 1948. Encouraged by his professors, he then moved to New York City and enrolled briefly at the Parsons School of Design in 1949. In 1951, Johns was drafted into the army during the Korean War , serving for two years, first in Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and then in Sendai , Japan. Returning to New York in
3375-716: Is also sometimes associated with the briefest of poetic genres, haiku , which originated in Japan, but has been domesticated in English literature by poets such as Nick Virgilio , Raymond Roseliep , and George Swede . The Irish writer Samuel Beckett is well known for his minimalist plays and prose, as is the Norwegian writer Jon Fosse . Dimitris Lyacos 's With the People from the Bridge , combining elliptical monologues with
3500-462: Is based on thirteen different patterns of twelve parallel lines, and their mirror images, thus there are 26 prints in total. Within the parallelogram woodcut series there exists one exceptional, experimental impression of Untitled (6-L) (1969), now in the Palmer Museum of Art, University Park, Pennsylvania. Rejecting the more traditional rectangular paper shape, this impression of Untitled (6-L)
3625-455: Is cut into the shape of a parallelogram. Between the years 1967 and 1992, Judd made eight different sets of works in editions ranging from three to two hundred in a range of materials: stainless steel, galvanized iron, cold-rolled steel, anodized aluminum, acrylic sheet, and wood. Judd also worked with furniture, design, and architecture. He was careful to distinguish his design practice from his artwork, writing in 1993: The configuration and
3750-472: Is invisible and aids the search for the essence of those invisible qualities—such as natural light, sky, earth, and air. In addition, they "open a dialogue" with the surrounding environment to decide the most essential materials for the construction and create relationships between buildings and sites. In minimalist architecture, design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without decoration, simple materials and
3875-448: Is irrelevant, and its status as a work of art remains even when unseen. The Donald Judd 's pieces (see the photo on the right), on the other hand, are just objects sitting in the desert sun waiting for a visitor to discover them and accept them as art. The term minimalism is also used to describe a trend in design and architecture , wherein the subject is reduced to its necessary elements. Minimalist architectural designers focus on
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4000-579: Is on a separate canvas. Responding to widespread criticism, the board of Lincoln Center decided to drop its plans to sell the work, which was Johns's first and only public commission. Johns's work is sometimes grouped with Neo-Dada and pop art : he uses symbols in the Dada tradition of the readymades of Marcel Duchamp , but unlike many pop artists such as Andy Warhol , he does not engage with celebrity culture. Other scholars and museums position Johns and Rauschenberg as predecessors of pop art. In 1980
4125-428: Is shaped by the minimal geometric forms to avoid decoration that is not essential. Literary minimalism is characterized by an economy with words and a focus on surface description. Minimalist writers eschew adverbs and prefer allowing context to dictate meaning. Readers are expected to take an active role in creating the story, to "choose sides" based on oblique hints and innuendo, rather than react to directions from
4250-636: The American Philosophical Society in 2007. On February 15, 2011, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama , becoming the first painter or sculptor to receive a Presidential Medal of Freedom since Alexander Calder in 1977. In 2007, the National Gallery of Art acquired about 1,700 of Johns's prints. This made the gallery home to the largest number of Johns's works held by
4375-697: The Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts (now the Foundation for Contemporary Arts), to raise funds in the performance field. Johns continued his support of the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, and served as an artistic adviser from 1967 to 1980. In 1968 Cunningham made a Duchamp -inspired theater piece, Walkaround Time , for which Johns's set design replicates elements of Duchamp's work The Large Glass (1915–23). Earlier, Johns also wrote Neo-dada lyrics for The Druds ,
4500-712: The Green Gallery mounted his first solo exhibition of three-dimensional work. The Whitney Museum of American Art , New York, organized the first retrospective of his work in 1968. The Van Abbemuseum , Eindhoven, presented Don Judd in 1970, which also traveled to the Folkwang Museum in Essen, Germany, the Kunstverein Hannover , Germany, as well as Whitechapel Art Gallery in London, UK. In 1975,
4625-586: The Institute of Contemporary Arts in London. However, the roots of minimal music are older. In France, Yves Klein allegedly conceived his Monotone Symphony (formally The Monotone-Silence Symphony ) between 1947 or 1949 (but premiered only in 1960), a work that consisted of a single 20-minute sustained chord followed by a 20-minute silence. In film, minimalism usually is associated with filmmakers such as Robert Bresson , Chantal Akerman , Carl Theodor Dreyer , and Yasujirō Ozu . Their films typically tell
4750-781: The National Gallery of Canada , Ottawa, organized a large exhibition in 1975 and published a catalogue raisonné of Judd's work. Judd participated in his first Venice Biennale in 1980, and in Documenta , Kassel, in 1982 . In 1987, another large Judd-exhibition was presented at the Van Abbemuseum ; this show also traveled to the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf , Germany, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris , France, Fundació Joan Miró , Barcelona, Spain, and Castello di Rivoli in Turin, Italy. The Whitney Museum organized
4875-720: The New York School during the 1940s and 1950s. Dissatisfied with the intuitive and spontaneous qualities of Action Painting , and Abstract Expressionism more broadly, Minimalism as an art movement asserted that a work of art should not refer to anything other than itself and should omit any extra-visual association. Donald Judd's work was showcased in 1964 at Green Gallery in Manhattan, as were Flavin's first fluorescent light works, while other leading Manhattan galleries like Leo Castelli Gallery and Pace Gallery also began to showcase artists focused on minimalist ideas. In
5000-460: The University of South Carolina before moving to New York City and enrolling at Parsons School of Design . His education was interrupted by military service during the Korean War . After returning to New York in 1953, he worked at Marboro Books and began associations with key figures in the art world, including Robert Rauschenberg , with whom he had a romantic relationship until 1961. The two were also close collaborators, and Rauschenberg became
5125-498: The Whitney Museum of American Art , New York, paid $ 1 million for Three Flags (1958), then the highest price ever paid for the work of a living artist. In 1988, Johns's False Start (1959) was sold at auction at Sotheby's to Samuel I. Newhouse Jr. for $ 17.05 million, setting a record at the time as the highest price paid for a work by a living artist at auction , and the second highest price paid for an artwork at auction in
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5250-886: The metafiction trend of the 1960s and early 1970s ( John Barth , Robert Coover , and William H. Gass ). These writers were also sparse with prose and kept a psychological distance from their subject matter. Minimalist writers, or those who are identified with minimalism during certain periods of their writing careers, include the following: Raymond Carver , Ann Beattie , Bret Easton Ellis , Charles Bukowski , K. J. Stevens , Amy Hempel , Bobbie Ann Mason , Tobias Wolff , Grace Paley , Sandra Cisneros , Mary Robison , Frederick Barthelme , Richard Ford , Patrick Holland , Cormac McCarthy , David Leavitt and Alicia Erian . American poets such as William Carlos Williams , early Ezra Pound , Robert Creeley , Robert Grenier , and Aram Saroyan are sometimes identified with their minimalist style. The term "minimalism"
5375-517: The 1980s for a small number of large-scale outdoor pieces, and by 1989 would create single and multi-part works with the material. The Cor-ten works are unique in that they are the only works the artist himself fabricated in Marfa, Texas . The artist began working with enamel on aluminum in 1984, when he commissioned Lehni AG in Switzerland to construct works by bending and riveting thin sheets of
5500-462: The 1980s when its cities experienced rapid expansion and booming population. The design was considered an antidote to the "overpowering presence of traffic, advertising, jumbled building scales, and imposing roadways." The chaotic environment was not only driven by urbanization, industrialization, and technology but also the Japanese experience of constantly having to demolish structures on account of
5625-488: The Art Students League, transitioning to abstract images by the mid-1950s. Working first with lithographs, Judd shifted his attention to woodcuts, which became his dominant print medium as early as 1953. As a printmaker, Judd investigated many of the same issues of form and color that are found in his paintings and three-dimensional works. In 1961 Judd conceived and designed a parallelogram woodcut series. This
5750-479: The Chicago-based hedge fund Citadel LLC ) purchased the work from David Geffen for $ 80 million, making it the most expensive painting by a living artist. In 2010, Flag (1958), was sold privately to hedge fund billionaire Steven A. Cohen for a reported $ 110 million (then £73 million; €81.7 million). The seller was Jean-Christophe Castelli, son of Leo Castelli, Johns's dealer, who had died in 1999. While
5875-474: The Chinati Foundation at the time, resigned from her post on the Judd Foundation's board partly in protest of the auction. In 2013, the Judd Foundation — led by the artist's children — completed a $ 23 million renovation of 101 Spring Street, opening the building to the public for the first time. In 2018, Judd Foundation began a long-term restoration plan for its buildings in Marfa. In 2022, eight of
6000-537: The College of Art and Design/New York University Press, 1975); Donald Judd: Complete Writings: 1975-1986 (Eindhoven: Van Abbemuseum, 1987); Donald Judd: Architektur (Münster: Westfälischer Kunstverein, 1989); Donald Judd: Écrits 1963-1990 (Paris: Daniel Lelong, 1991). The artist's work has been included in over 230 solo museum and gallery exhibitions worldwide, excluding site-specific works. The Panoras Gallery organized Judd's first solo exhibition in 1957. In 1963,
6125-695: The Japanese traditional spirit and his own perception of nature in his works. His design concepts are materials, pure geometry and nature. He normally uses concrete or natural wood and basic structural form to achieve austerity and rays of light in space. He also sets up dialogue between the site and nature to create relationship and order with the buildings. Ando's works and the translation of Japanese aesthetic principles are highly influential on Japanese architecture. Another Japanese minimalist architect, Kazuyo Sejima , works on her own and in conjunction with Ryue Nishizawa , as SANAA , producing iconic Japanese Minimalist buildings. Credited with creating and influencing
6250-961: The Judd Foundation alongside his furniture in wood and plywood. In 1979, with help from the Dia Art Foundation , Judd purchased a 340 acres (1.4 km) tract of desert land near Marfa, which included the abandoned buildings of the former U.S. Army Fort D. A. Russell . The Chinati Foundation opened on the site in 1986 as a non-profit art foundation, dedicated to Judd and his contemporaries. The permanent collection consists of large-scale works by Judd, sculptor John Chamberlain , light-artist Dan Flavin and select others, including Ingólfor Arnarsson, David Rabinowitch , Roni Horn , Ilya Kabakov , Richard Long , Carl Andre , Claes Oldenburg and Coosje Van Bruggen, as well as Robert Irwin . Judd's work at Chinati includes 15 outdoor works in concrete and 100 aluminum pieces housed in two former artillery sheds that he adapted in great detail specifically for
6375-675: The May 2014 issue of Art in America , he created an unnumbered black-and-white off-set lithograph depicting many of his signature motifs. In 1995, Johns hired master printmaker John Lund and began to construct his own printmaking studio on his property in Sharon, Connecticut. Low Road Studio was officially founded in 1997 as Johns's own publishing imprint. For decades Johns worked with others to raise both funds and attention for Merce Cunningham 's Dance Company. He assisted Robert Rauschenberg in some of his 1950s designs for Cunningham's sets and costumes. In spring 1963, Johns and John Cage cofounded
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#17327723954396500-619: The U.S. In 1998, the Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York, bought Johns's White Flag (1955), the first painting by the artist to enter the Met's collection. While the museum would not disclose how much was paid, the New York Times reported that "experts estimate [the painting's] value at more than $ 20 million." In 2006, Johns's False Start (1959) again made history. Private collectors Anne and Kenneth Griffin (founder of
6625-802: The University of South Carolina conferred upon him in 1969. In 1984, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , Boston. In 1988, he received the highest honor at the 43rd Venice Biennale —the Golden Lion—for his exhibition in the United States pavilion. Johns was elected an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Arts in 1989. In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts . That year he
6750-487: The absence of unnecessary features, treasures a life in quietness and aims to reveal the innate character of materials. For example, the Japanese floral art of ikebana has the central principle of letting the flower express itself. People cut off the branches, leaves and blossoms from the plants and only retain the essential part of the plant. This conveys the idea of essential quality and innate character in nature. The Japanese minimalist architect Tadao Ando conveys
6875-524: The architect Philip Johnson commissioned Johns to make a work for what is now the David H. Koch Theater at Lincoln Center . Numbers (1964), a 9-by-7-foot grid of numerals, debuted in 1964 and, after presiding over the theater's lobby for 35 years, was supposed to be sold by the center for a reported $ 15 million in 1979. Numbers is historically important because it is the largest work of the artist's Numbers motif, and each of its Sculp-metal and collage units
7000-573: The art world grew in equal proportion. In the early seventies Judd started making annual trips to Baja California with his family. He was affected by the clean, empty desert and this strong attachment to the land would remain with him for the rest of his life. In 1971 he rented a house in Marfa, Texas , where he would later buy numerous buildings and acquired over 32,000 acres (130 km) of ranch land, collectively known as Ayala de Chinati. During this decade, Judd's art increased in scale and complexity. He started making room sized installations that made
7125-696: The artist from 1965 to 1985. Judd then worked with Paula Cooper Gallery , New York, where he had a number of solo shows, and PaceWildenstein , which represented him through the end of his life. Judd's work has been represented – through the Judd Foundation – by Gagosian Gallery since September 2021 and Thaddaeus Ropac since 2018. Prices for Judd's works first peaked in 2002, when a group of six Plexiglas boxes sold for $ 4.2 million. One of Judd's large stacks, comprising 10 galvanised iron elements with nine-inch (228.6 mm) intervals, untitled (1977) fetched $ 9.8 million at Christie's in 2007. Judd's ten-unit untitled (1968) made of stainless steel and amber Plexiglas
7250-911: The arts where he grew up. His paternal grandfather's first wife, Evalina, painted landscapes that hung in the homes of several family members. These paintings were the only artworks Johns remembers seeing in his youth. Following his grandfather's death in 1939, Johns spent a year living with his mother and stepfather in Columbia , South Carolina, and then six years living with his Aunt Gladys on Lake Murray , South Carolina. He spent summer holidays with his father, Jasper, Sr., and stepmother, Geraldine Sineath Johns, who encouraged his art by buying materials for him to draw and paint. He graduated as valedictorian of Edmunds High School (now Sumter High School ) class of 1947 in Sumter , South Carolina, where he once again lived with his mother and her family. Johns studied art for
7375-582: The buildings stewarded by Judd Foundation in Marfa were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Central Marfa Historic District. The listing is the first time that Judd's approach to architecture and preservation has been recognized as historically significant at the federal level. The publication program of Judd Foundation intends to develop texts for scholars, students, and those interested in
7500-537: The categorical identity of such objects was itself in question, and that they avoided easy association with well-worn and over-familiar conventions, was a part of their value for Judd. He displayed two pieces in the seminal 1966 exhibit, " Primary Structures " at the Jewish Museum in New York where, during a panel discussion of the work, he challenged Mark di Suvero 's assertion that real artists make their own art. He replied that methods should not matter as long as
7625-421: The common objects and motifs for which he is best known, such as Target (1960), Johns continued to work closely with ULAE, publishing over 180 editions in a variety of printmaking techniques to investigate and develop existing compositions. Initially, lithography suited Johns and enabled him to create print versions of iconic depictions of flags, maps, and targets that filled his paintings. In 1971, Johns became
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#17327723954397750-404: The composer John Cage . Working together they explored the contemporary art scene, and began sharing their ideas on art. In March 1957, while visiting Rauschenberg's studio, the gallery owner Leo Castelli asked to see Johns's art. As Castelli recalled: "So we went down. It was just the floor below. There was a fantastic display of flags and targets. You know the target with the plastic eyes,
7875-426: The concepts are to bring together the relationships between building, human movement, site and nature . Which as one main point of minimalism ideology that establish dialogue between the building and site. The building uses the simple forms of circle and rectangle to contrast the filled and void space of the interior and nature. In the foyer, there is a large landscape window that looks out to the exterior. This achieves
8000-580: The connection between two perfect planes, elegant lighting, and the void spaces left by the removal of three-dimensional shapes in an architectural design. Minimalist architecture became popular in the late 1980s in London and New York, whereby architects and fashion designers worked together in the boutiques to achieve simplicity, using white elements, cold lighting, and large spaces with minimal furniture and few decorative elements. Minimalistic design has been highly influenced by Japanese traditional design and architecture . The works of De Stijl artists are
8125-413: The construction of the wooden pieces, employing craftspeople using a variety of techniques and materials around the world. Judd's activity in architecture and furniture design increased beginning around 1978, at which time he was involved professionally and romantically with Lauretta Vinciarelli , an Italian-born architect and artist. Vinciarelli lived and worked with Judd in Marfa and New York for roughly
8250-419: The design. The considerations for 'essences' are light, form, detail of material, space, place, and human condition. Minimalist architects not only consider the physical qualities of the building. They consider the spiritual dimension and the invisible, by listening to the figure and paying attention to details, people, space, nature, and materials, believing this reveals the abstract quality of something that
8375-487: The destruction wrought by World War II and the earthquakes, including the calamities it entails such as fire. The minimalist design philosophy did not arrive in Japan by way of another country, as it was already part of the Japanese culture rooted on the Zen philosophy. There are those who specifically attribute the design movement to Japan's spirituality and view of nature. Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) adopted
8500-434: The early 1970s, a material the artist embraced for its durable structural qualities, which enabled him to expand the size of his works while avoiding the problem of bending or buckling. Plywood had been the staple of his art earlier, but never unpainted. In 1972 Judd appointed Peter Ballantine, a former Whitney Independent Study Program student, as the primary fabricator of his plywood works. He later began using Cor-ten steel in
8625-436: The engineer's goal of "Doing more with less", but his concerns were oriented toward technology and engineering rather than aesthetics. The concept of minimalist architecture is to strip everything down to its essential quality and achieve simplicity. The idea is not completely without ornamentation, but that all parts, details, and joinery are considered as reduced to a stage where no one can remove anything further to improve
8750-436: The essentiality from the considered setting of a few stones and a huge empty space. The Japanese aesthetic principle of Ma refers to empty or open space. It removes all the unnecessary internal walls and opens up the space. The emptiness of spatial arrangement reduces everything down to the most essential quality. The Japanese aesthetic of wabi-sabi values the quality of simple and plain objects. It appreciates
8875-404: The film Minimalism: A Documentary , which showcased the idea of minimal living in the modern world. Breaking from the complex, hearty dishes established as orthodox haute cuisine , nouvelle cuisine was a culinary movement that consciously drew from minimalism and conceptualism . It emphasized more basic flavors, careful presentation , and a less involved preparation process. The movement
9000-655: The first artist at ULAE to utilize the handfed offset lithographic press, resulting in Decoy — an image realized as a lithograph before it became a drawing or painting. Johns has worked with other printmakers throughout his career, producing lithographs and lead reliefs at Gemini G.E.L. in Los Angeles; screenprints with Hiroshi Kawanishi at Simca Prints in New York from 1973–75; and intaglios published by Petersburg Press at Atelier Crommelynck in Paris from 1975–90, including
9125-509: The flag as the primary image." Johns is also known for including three-dimensional objects in his paintings. These objects can be either found (the ruler in Painting with Ruler and "Gray," 1960) or specifically made (the plaster reliefs in Target with Four Faces , 1955). This practice challenges the typical conception of painting as a two-dimensional realm. Johns's early and enduring use of
9250-530: The floor, to which the bottom component is conjoined, and the ceiling of the structure extends to the outer edges of the vertical walls. In 1990, Judd opened an atelier in an old liquor factory from 1920 at Mülheimer Hafen in Cologne , Germany. Over the course of four decades, Donald Judd created hundreds of prints using aquatint, etching, and screen print techniques though woodcut was his primary print medium. Judd began to make figurative prints in 1951 while at
9375-699: The graphics are "fit for the Museum of Modern Art or the Getty ." Jasper Johns Jasper Johns (born May 15, 1930) is an American painter, sculptor, draftsman, and printmaker . Considered a central figure in the development of American postwar art, he has been variously associated with abstract expressionism , Neo-Dada , and pop art movements. Johns was born in Augusta, Georgia , and raised in South Carolina. He graduated as valedictorian from Edmunds High School in 1947 and briefly studied art at
9500-628: The industrial manufacturers Bernstein Brothers) based on his drawings. In 1965, Judd created his first stack, an arrangement of identical iron units stretching from floor to ceiling. As he abandoned painting for sculpture in the early 1960s, he wrote the essay "Specific Objects" in 1964. In his essay, Judd found a starting point for a new territory for American art, and a simultaneous rejection of residual inherited European artistic values, these values being illusion and represented space, as opposed to real space. He pointed to evidence of this development in
9625-720: The installation of the work. Judd taught at several academic institutions in the United States: The Allen-Stevenson School (1960s), Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (1962–64); Dartmouth College , Hanover (1966); and Yale University , New Haven (1967). In 1976 he served as Baldwin Professor at Oberlin College in Ohio . Beginning in 1983, he lectured at universities across the United States, Europe and Asia on both art and its relationship to architecture. During his lifetime, Judd published
9750-453: The interpretation of the stripes without us even thinking about it". Warming stripe graphics resemble color field paintings in stripping out all distractions, such as actual data, and using only color to convey meaning. Color field pioneer artist Barnett Newman said he was "creating images whose reality is self-evident", an ethos that Hawkins is said to have applied to the problem of climate change and leading one commentator to remark that
9875-467: The late 1950s. Barr was, however, able to arrange for the architect Philip Johnson to buy the painting and later donate it to the museum in 1973. The flag remains one of Johns's most enduring motifs; the art historian Roberta Bernstein recounts that "between 1954 and 2002, he employed virtually his full array of materials and techniques in twenty-seven paintings, ten individual or editioned sculptures, fifty drawings, and eighteen print editions that depict
10000-498: The late 1970s to the mid-1980s Judd was partners with artist, architect, and educator Lauretta Vinciarelli . In 1989, he met curator and museum director Marianne Stockebrand, who became the director and later, director emerita of Chinati Foundation. Judd had homes in Manhattan, Marfa, Texas , and Kussnacht am Rigi , Switzerland. He died in Manhattan of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on February 12, 1994, aged 65. Minimalism In visual arts , music and other media, minimalism in
10125-468: The life and work of Judd. Judd Foundation published a reprint edition of Donald Judd: Complete Writings 1959-1975 (2015); and co-published Donald Judd Writings (2016), a new collection of Judd's writings and notes; Donald Judd Interviews (2019); and Donald Judd Spaces (2020). A comprehensive catalogue raisonné of paintings, objects, and wood-blocks is currently in the research phase by Judd Foundation. The Leo Castelli Gallery , New York, represented
10250-463: The market proved unfounded and the exhibition itself won an AICA award for "Best Installation in an Alternative Space" for 2006. The $ 20 million in proceeds from the sale went into an endowment to enable the Foundation to fulfill its mission, by supporting the permanent installations that are located at 101 Spring Street in New York City and Marfa, Texas. Marianne Stockebrand , the director of
10375-486: The material, a process Judd previously used to create furniture. These pieces were initially created for a temporary outdoor exhibition in Merian Park outside Basel . Judd would continue to produce pieces using these techniques through the early 1990s. Judd's work with enamel on aluminum greatly expanded his palette of colors, which had previously been restricted to the colors of anodized metal and Plexiglas, and led to
10500-406: The medium of encaustic also presented the opportunity to experiment with texture. An ancient technique, encaustic is a process whereby melted wax mixed with pigment is applied and "burned into" a support. The method allowed Johns to preserve the discrete quality of individual brushstrokes, even when layered, creating textured yet, at times, transparent surfaces. Johns's 2020 work Slice reproduces
10625-453: The minimalist architecture in the 19th century. Zen concepts of simplicity transmit the ideas of freedom and essence of living. Simplicity is not only aesthetic value, it has a moral perception that looks into the nature of truth and reveals the inner qualities and essence of materials and objects. For example, the sand garden in Ryōan-ji temple demonstrates the concepts of simplicity and
10750-429: The minimalist artists literalists , and used literalism as a pejorative due to his position that the art should deliver transcendental experience with metaphors , symbolism , and stylization . Per Fried's (controversial) view, the literalist art needs a spectator to validate it as art: an "object in a situation" only becomes art in the eyes of an observer. For example, for a regular sculpture its physical location
10875-700: The modern sense was an art movement that began in the post-war era in Western art, and it is most strongly associated with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Donald Judd , Agnes Martin , Dan Flavin , Carl Andre , Robert Morris , Anne Truitt and Frank Stella . The movement is often interpreted as a reaction against abstract expressionism and modernism ; it anticipated contemporary post-minimal art practices, which extend or reflect on minimalism's original objectives. Minimalism in music often features repetition and gradual variation, such as
11000-419: The motto "Less is more" to describe his aesthetic. His tactic was one of arranging the necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity—he enlisted every element and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes; for example, designing a floor to also serve as the radiator, or a massive fireplace to also house the bathroom. Designer Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983) adopted
11125-603: The nature of representation . His use of familiar imagery, such as the American flag , played on the ambiguity of symbols , and this thematic exploration continued throughout his career in various mediums, including sculpture and printmaking. Among other honors, Johns received the Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale in 1988, the National Medal of Arts in 1990, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. He
11250-578: The next 25 years, renovated it floor by floor, occasionally installing works he purchased or commissioned from other artists. In the late 1940s, Donald Judd began to practice as a painter. His first solo exhibition, of expressionist paintings, at the Panoras Gallery in New York, opened in 1957. From the mid-1950s to 1961, as he started to explore the medium of the woodcut , Judd progressively moved from figurative to increasingly abstract imagery, first carving organic rounded shapes, then moving on to
11375-464: The next thirty years. Most of his output was in freestanding " specific objects " (the name of his seminal essay of 1965 published in Arts Yearbook 8, 1965), that used simple, often repeated forms to explore space and the use of space. Humble materials such as metals , industrial plywood , concrete and color-impregnated Plexiglas became staples of his career. Judd's first floor box structure
11500-557: The one with the faces. The Green Target was at the Jewish Museum, but there was a big white flag, a smaller white flag, numbers, the alphabet, anything—all those great masterpieces." Castelli immediately offered Johns an exhibition. His first solo show at the Leo Castelli Gallery, held in early 1958, was well received; all but two of the eighteen works on view sold. Alfred H. Barr Jr. , the founding director of New York's Museum of Modern Art , purchased three paintings from
11625-463: The painstaking craftsmanship of straight lines and angles. His artistic style soon moved away from illusory media and embraced constructions in which materiality was central to the work. He would not have another one person show until the Green Gallery in 1963, an exhibition of works that he finally thought worthy of showing. By 1963 Judd had established an essential vocabulary of forms — 'stacks', 'boxes' and ' progressions ' — which preoccupied him for
11750-512: The paintings for which he is best known: depictions of flags, maps, targets, letters, and numbers. His use of such symbols differentiated his paintings from the gestural abstraction of the Abstract Expressionists , whose works were often understood as expressive of the individual personality or psychology of the artist. With well-known motifs imported into his art, his paintings could be read as both representational (a flag,
11875-530: The paintings of Barnett Newman , Ad Reinhardt , Josef Albers , and the works of artists as diverse as Pablo Picasso , Yayoi Kusama , Giorgio Morandi , and others. Yves Klein had painted monochromes as early as 1949, and held the first private exhibition of this work in 1950—but his first public showing was the publication of the Artist's book Yves: Peintures in November 1954. Michael Fried called
12000-729: The perception toward space, surface, and volume. Moreover, he likes to use natural materials because of their aliveness, sense of depth and quality of an individual. He is also attracted by the important influences from Japanese Zen Philosophy. Calvin Klein Madison Avenue, New York , 1995–96, is a boutique that conveys Calvin Klein's ideas of fashion. John Pawson's interior design concepts for this project are to create simple, peaceful and orderly spatial arrangements. He used stone floors and white walls to achieve simplicity and harmony for space. He also emphasises reduction and eliminates
12125-410: The price was not disclosed by the parties, the New York Times reported that Cohen paid about $ 110 million. On November 11, 2014, a 1983 version of Flag was auctioned at Sotheby's in New York for $ 36 million, establishing a new auction record for Johns. Johns has received many awards throughout his career. The sole honorary degree he has accepted is Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, which
12250-611: The relief, Johns pressed each letter of van Gogh's words into the wax model. On the other side, he spelled each letter in the American Sign Language alphabet using stamps he designed. Johns signed the wax model with impressions of his own hand, his name finger-spelled in two vertical rows. Johns began experimenting with printmaking techniques in 1960, when Tatyana Grosman , the founder of Universal Limited Art Editions, Inc. (ULAE), invited him to her printmaking studio on Long Island. Beginning with lithographs that explore
12375-515: The repetitions of structures represent a sense of order and essential quality. The movement of natural light in buildings reveals simple and clean spaces. In the late 19th century as the arts and crafts movement became popular in Britain, people valued the attitude of 'truth to materials' with respect to the profound and innate characteristics of materials. Minimalist architects humbly 'listen to figure,' seeking essence and simplicity by rediscovering
12500-411: The results create art; a groundbreaking concept in the accepted creation process. In 1968, the Whitney Museum of American Art staged a retrospective of his work which included none of his early paintings. That same year, Judd received a Guggenheim Fellowship for Fine Arts. In 1968, Judd bought a five-story building in New York that allowed him to start placing his work in a more permanent manner than
12625-486: The sale of 36 works at auction. The foundation board requested one of its members, publisher Richard Schlagman, to get Christie's and Sotheby's to submit proposals for the sale of a group of works. Christie's offered a reported $ 21 million guarantee and agreed to display the consigned work for five weeks in New York on the 20th floor of the Simon & Schuster building. Concerns that the sale would have an adverse effect on
12750-403: The scale of art cannot be transposed into furniture and architecture. The intent of art is different from that of the latter, which must be functional. If a chair or a building is not functional, if it appears to be only art, it is ridiculous. The art of a chair is not its resemblance to art, but is partly its reasonableness, usefulness and scale as a chair ... A work of art exists as itself;
12875-532: The show, which were the first works by Johns to enter a museum collection. Johns has lived and worked in various homes and studios in New York City throughout his career and, from 1973 to 1987, maintained a rustic 1930s farmhouse with a glass-walled studio in Stony Point, New York . He began visiting the Caribbean island of Saint Martin in the late 1960s, buying property there in 1972, and, later, building
13000-440: The simple and silence of architecture and enhances the light, wind, time and nature in space. John Pawson is a British minimalist architect; his design concepts are soul, light, and order. He believes that though reduced clutter and simplification of the interior to a point that gets beyond the idea of essential quality, there is a sense of clarity and richness of simplicity instead of emptiness. The materials in his design reveal
13125-615: The situation calls for them. The modern idea of a capsule wardrobe dates back to the 1970s, and is credited to London boutique owner Susie Faux. The concept was further popularized in the next decade by American fashion designer Donna Karan , who designed a seminal collection of capsule workwear pieces in 1985. To portray global warming to non-scientists, in 2018 British climate scientist Ed Hawkins developed warming stripes graphics that are deliberately devoid of scientific or technical indicia, for ease of understanding by non-scientists. Hawkins explained that "our visual system will do
13250-439: The spaces themselves his playground and the viewing of his art a visceral, physical experience. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s he produced radical work that eschewed the classical European ideals of representational sculpture. Judd believed that art should not represent anything, that it should unequivocally stand on its own and simply exist. His aesthetic followed his own strict rules against illusion and falsity, producing work that
13375-408: The summer of 1953, Johns worked at Marboro Books and began to meet some of the artists who would be formative in his early career. These included Sari Dienes , Rachel Rosenthal , and Robert Rauschenberg , with whom Johns began a romantic and artistic relationship that would last until 1961. During the same period Johns was strongly influenced by the choreographer Merce Cunningham and his partner,
13500-436: The understanding of Judd's work as they remain the standard for his concept of permanent installation. The Foundation promotes a wider understanding of Judd's artistic legacy by providing access to these spaces and resources and by developing scholarly and educational programs. Judd Foundation is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. In 2006, Judd Foundation established an endowment to support its operations through
13625-400: The use of more than two colors in an individual artwork. Combining a wide range of colors, he used the material to create five large-scale floor pieces and many horizontal wall works in unique variations of color and size. Judd's only known work in granite, an untitled Sierra White granite floor piece from 1978, measures 72 x 144 x 12". The structure is composed of two vertical slabs that rest on
13750-450: The use of the hard edge , linear lines, simple forms, and an emphasis on two dimensions. Minimalism in sculpture can be characterized by very simple geometric shapes often made of industrial materials like plastic, metal, aluminum, concrete, and fiberglass; these materials are usually left raw or painted a solid colour. Minimalism was in part a reaction against the painterly subjectivity of Abstract Expressionism that had been dominant in
13875-404: The valuable qualities in simple and common materials. The idea of simplicity appears in many cultures, especially the Japanese traditional culture of Zen Buddhist philosophy. Japanese manipulate the Zen culture into aesthetic and design elements for their buildings. This idea of architecture has influenced Western society, especially in America since the mid 18th century. Moreover, it inspired
14000-429: The visual distortions, such as the air conditioning and lamps, to achieve a sense of purity for the interior. Alberto Campo Baeza is a Spanish architect and describes his work as essential architecture. He values the concepts of light, idea and space. Light is essential and achieves the relationship between inhabitants and the building. Ideas are to meet the function and context of space, forms, and construction. Space
14125-436: The work recalls an object one might find on an artist's studio table. Numbers (2007), which depicts his now classic pattern of stenciled numerals repeated in a grid, and is the largest single bronze Johns has made to date. Another sculpture from this period, a double-sided relief titled Fragment of a Letter (2009), incorporates part of a letter from Vincent van Gogh to his friend, the artist Émile Bernard . On one side of
14250-588: The works of La Monte Young , Terry Riley , Steve Reich , Philip Glass , Julius Eastman and John Adams . The term has also been used to describe the plays and novels of Samuel Beckett , the films of Robert Bresson , the stories of Raymond Carver , and the automobile designs of Colin Chapman . In recent years, Minimalism has come to refer to anything or anyone that is spare or stripped to its essentials. Minimalism in visual art, sometimes called "minimal art", "literalist art" and "ABC Art", refers to
14375-471: The works of an array of artists active in New York at the time, including H.C. Westermann , Lucas Samaras , John Chamberlain , Jasper Johns , Dan Flavin , George Earl Ortman and Lee Bontecou . The works that Judd had fabricated inhabited a space not then comfortably classifiable as either painting or sculpture and in fact he refused to call them sculpture, pointing out that they were not sculpted but made by small fabricators using industrial processes. That
14500-556: The writer. Austrian architect and theorist Adolf Loos published early writings about minimalism in Ornament and Crime . The precursors to literary minimalism are famous novelists Stephen Crane and Ernest Hemingway . Some 1940s-era crime fiction of writers such as James M. Cain and Jim Thompson adopted a stripped-down, matter-of-fact prose style to considerable effect; some classify this prose style as minimalism. Another strand of literary minimalism arose in response to
14625-779: Was also elected an associate national academician of the National Academy of Design (now the National Academy Museum and School), rising to national academician in 1994. In 1993, he received the Praemium Imperiale for painting, a lifetime achievement award from the Japan Art Association. In 1994 he was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal . He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1973 and
14750-565: Was clear, strong and definite. Supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts , Northern Kentucky University commissioned a 9 feet (2.7 m) aluminum sculpture from Judd that was unveiled in the middle of the school's campus in 1976. Another commission, Untitled (1984), a three-part sculpture out of concrete with steel reinforcements, was installed at Laumeier Sculpture Park . Judd started using unpainted plywood in
14875-515: Was derived around 1970 by Michael Nyman from the concept of minimalism, which was earlier applied to the visual arts . More precisely, it was in a 1968 review in The Spectator that Nyman first used the term, to describe a ten-minute piano composition by the Danish composer Henning Christiansen , along with several other unnamed pieces played by Charlotte Moorman and Nam June Paik at
15000-545: Was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1973 and the American Philosophical Society in 2007. He has supported the Merce Cunningham Dance Company and contributed significantly to the National Gallery of Art 's print collection. Johns is also a co-founder of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts . He currently lives and works in Connecticut. In 2010, his 1958 painting Flag
15125-497: Was made in 1964, and his first floor box using Plexiglas followed one year later. Also by 1964, he began work on wall-mounted sculptures, and first developed the curved progression format of these works in 1964 as a development from his work on an untitled floor piece that set a hollow pipe into a solid wooden block. While Judd executed early works himself (in collaboration with his father, Roy Judd), in 1964 he began delegating fabrication to professional artisans and manufacturers (such as
15250-561: Was mainly in vogue during the 1960s and 1970s, after which it once again gave way to more traditional haute cuisine , retroactively titled cuisine classique . However, the influence of nouvelle cuisine can still be felt through the techniques it introduced. The capsule wardrobe is an example of minimalism in fashion . Constructed of only a few staple pieces that do not go out of style, and generally dominated by only one or two colors, capsule wardrobes are meant to be light, flexible and adaptable, and can be paired with seasonal pieces when
15375-444: Was possible in gallery or museum shows. This would later lead him to push for permanent installations for his work and that of others, as he believed that temporary exhibitions, being designed by curators for the public, placed the art itself in the background, ultimately degrading it due to incompetency or incomprehension. This would become a major preoccupation as the idea of permanent installation grew in importance and his distaste for
15500-516: Was sold for $ 4.9 million at Christie's New York in 2009. As of 2013, the artist's auction record is held by untitled (1963) a large-scale sculpture executed in galvanized iron, aluminum and wood, which sold for $ 14,165,000 at Christie's New York in 2013. Judd married dancer Julie Finch in 1964 and together they had two children, son Flavin Starbuck Judd (born 1968) and daughter Rainer Yingling Judd (born 1970). The couple divorced in 1978. From
15625-464: Was sold for a reported $ 110 million in a private transaction, becoming the most expensive artwork sold by a living artist . Born in Augusta , Georgia, Jasper Johns spent his early life in Allendale , South Carolina, with his paternal grandparents after his parents divorced. He began drawing at the age of three and knew very early on that he wanted to be an artist, despite having little exposure to
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