78-536: The Whitney Museum of American Art , known informally as " The Whitney ", is a modern and contemporary American art museum located in the Meatpacking District and West Village neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City . The institution was originally founded in 1930 by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (1875–1942), a prominent American socialite , sculptor , and art patron after whom it
156-533: A branch at 55 Water Street , a building owned by Harold Uris , who gave the museum a lease for $ 1 a year. In 1983, Philip Morris International installed a Whitney branch in the lobby of its Park Avenue headquarters. In 1981, the museum opened an exhibition space in Stamford, Connecticut , housed at Champion International . In the late 1980s, the Whitney entered into arrangements with Park Tower Realty, IBM , and
234-502: A building between Washington Square North, Fifth Avenue, West Eighth Street, and the Whitney Museum site. Sailor's Snug Harbor, the other major land owner, demolished the blocks from Fifth Avenue to Broadway on the north side of Eighth and Ninth Streets, including the popular Brevoort Hotel. It replaced these blocks mainly with low-rise apartment buildings and stores, as well as two high-rises . Around this time, West Eighth Street
312-433: A conservation laboratory, and a library and reading rooms. Two of the floors are fully devoted to the museum's permanent collection. The only permanent artwork commissioned for the site—its four main elevators—were conceived by Richard Artschwager . The new building's collection comprises over 600 works by over 400 artists. Observation decks on the floors five through eight are linked by an outdoor staircase. The new building
390-639: A key point in his career and the development of modern painting. It reflected Matisse's incipient fascination with primitive art : the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism . At the start of 20th-century Western painting , and initially influenced by Toulouse-Lautrec , Gauguin and other late-19th-century innovators, Pablo Picasso made his first Cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube , sphere and cone . With
468-584: A letter, also in Artforum, asking their work to be withdrawn from the exhibition. (The first artist to withdraw was Michael Rakowitz , who withdrew his work before the Biennial opened.) A day later, a second wave of artists (Eddie Arroyo, Christine Sun Kim , Agustina Woodgate , and Forensic Architecture ) also withdrew. On July 25, 2019, Warren B. Kanders announced his resignation from the Board of Trustees of
546-514: A living artist because it could damage that artist's career, but it will trade a living artist's work for another piece by the same artist. The Frances Mulhall Achilles Library is a research library originally built on the collections of books and papers of founder Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, and the Whitney Museum's first director, Juliana Force. The library operates in the West Chelsea area of New York City. It contains Special Collections and
624-512: A member of the jury at the Salon d'Automne where he exhibited three of his dreamlike works: Enigma of the Oracle , Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait . In 1913 he exhibited his work at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d'Automne, and his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso , Guillaume Apollinaire , and several others. His compelling and mysterious paintings are considered instrumental to
702-709: A patron of the arts, she began acquiring art in 1905, and had achieved some success with the Whitney Studio and Whitney Studio Club, New York–based exhibition spaces she operated from 1914 to 1928 to promote the works of avant garde and unrecognized American artists. Whitney favored the radical art of the American artists of the Ashcan School such as John Sloan , George Luks , and Everett Shinn , as well as others such as Edward Hopper , Stuart Davis , Charles Demuth , Charles Sheeler , and Max Weber . With
780-670: A restaurant in the museum, in March 2011. The space was designed by the Rockwell Group . The Whitney developed a new main building, designed by Renzo Piano , in the West Village and Meatpacking District in lower Manhattan . The new museum, at the intersection of Gansevoort and Washington Streets , was built on a previously city-owned site and marks the southern entrance to the High Line park. Construction began in 2010 and
858-596: A search for more realism in the depiction of common life, as found in the work of painters such as Jean-François Millet . The advocates of realism stood against the idealism of the tradition-bound academic art that enjoyed public and official favor. The most successful painters of the day worked either through commissions or through large public exhibitions of their work. There were official, government-sponsored painters' unions, while governments regularly held public exhibitions of new fine and decorative arts. The Impressionists argued that people do not see objects but only
SECTION 10
#1732764975872936-578: A small structure on 54th Street connected to and behind the Museum of Modern Art on 53rd Street. On April 15, 1958, a fire on MOMA's second floor that killed one person forced the evacuation of paintings and staff on MOMA's upper floors to the Whitney. Among the paintings evacuated was A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte , which was on loan from the Art Institute of Chicago . In 1961,
1014-536: Is closely related to Modernism . Although modern sculpture and architecture are reckoned to have emerged at the end of the 19th century, the beginnings of modern painting can be located earlier. Francisco Goya is considered by many as the Father of Modern Painting without being a Modernist himself, a fact of art history that later painters associated with Modernism as a style, acknowledge him as an influence. The date perhaps most commonly identified as marking
1092-404: Is much more expansive and open than the old ones. As one New York Times review described the building: The Whitney ... has a series of events spaces at its margins: a flexible auditorium and four large terraces, three of which are linked by an outdoor staircase. ... It has timed tickets that are designed to control crowding, but people may linger longer than expected. After art they can retire to
1170-686: Is named St. Mark's Place , after the nearby St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery on 10th Street at Second Avenue . St. Mark's Place is considered a main cultural street for the East Village . Vehicular traffic runs east along both one-way streets . St. Mark's Place features a wide variety of retailers. Venerable institutions lining St. Mark's Place have included Gem Spa and the St. Mark's Hotel. There are several open-front markets that sell sunglasses, clothing, and jewelry. In her 400-year history of St. Mark's Place ( St. Marks Is Dead ), Ada Calhoun called
1248-528: Is named. The Whitney focuses on collecting and preserving 20th- and 21st-century American art . Its permanent collection, spanning the late-19th century to the present, comprises more than 25,000 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints, photographs, films, videos, and artifacts of new media by more than 3,500 artists. It places particular emphasis on exhibiting the work of living artists as well as maintaining institutional archives of historical documents pertaining to modern and contemporary American art, including
1326-592: The East 74th Street corner for a complementary addition. The project gradually lost the support of the museum's trustees, and the plans were dropped in 1989. In 1988, a satellite branch was opened at 33 Maiden Lane. Between 1995 and 1998, the building underwent a renovation and expansion by Richard Gluckman . In 2001, Rem Koolhaas was commissioned to submit two designs for a $ 200 million expansion. Those plans were dropped in 2003, causing director Maxwell L. Anderson to resign. New York restaurateur Danny Meyer opened Untitled,
1404-759: The Edward and Josephine Hopper Research Collection (the museum is the largest repository of Edward Hopper's artwork and archival materials in the world), the Sanborn Hopper Archive, and the Arshile Gorky Research Collection, among others. From 1966 to 2014, the Whitney was located at 945 Madison Avenue on Manhattan's Upper East Side in a building designed by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith. The museum closed in October 2014 to relocate to its current building, which
1482-401: The 1840s and 1850s. Many of the homes turned into boarding houses , as the area had 50,000 residents but not a lot of real estate. Tenement housing was also built on St. Mark's Place. By the 1870s, apartments replaced stables and houses along the stretch of Eighth Street west of MacDougal Street. The elevated Third and Sixth Avenue Lines were also built during that time, with stops along
1560-530: The 1890s, Eighth Street was co-named Clinton Place in memory of politician DeWitt Clinton , whose widow lived along nearby University Place . In the 1850s, Eighth Street housed an educational scene as well. The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art , a then-free institution for art, architecture and engineering education, was opened in 1858. The Century Club , an arts and letters association, relocated to 46 East Eighth Street around that time;
1638-485: The 1930s, after Prohibition ended, West Eighth Street became an entertainment area. Around that time, the New York School movement for abstract expressionist painters was centered around Eighth Street, with many such painters moving to Eighth Street. After World War II , property along 8th Street was converted to apartment houses. The Rhinelander Estate, one of the major landowners on Eighth Street, erected
SECTION 20
#17327649758721716-696: The 1980s and 1990s, as evidenced by the rise of neo-expressionism and the revival of figurative painting . Towards the end of the 20th century, many artists and architects started questioning the idea of "the modern" and created typically Postmodern works . (Roughly chronological with representative artists listed.) 8th Street (Manhattan) 8th Street is a street in the New York City borough of Manhattan that runs from Sixth Avenue to Third Avenue and also from Avenue B to Avenue D ; its addresses switch from West to East as it crosses Fifth Avenue . Between Third Avenue and Avenue A it
1794-501: The Americas Art of Oceania Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophies of the art produced during that era. The term is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation. Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about
1872-632: The Bible House of the American Bible Society , was nearby. In addition, the Brevoort Hotel, as well as a marble mansion built by John Taylor Johnston , were erected at Fifth Avenue and Eighth Street. At the same time, German immigrants moved into the area around Tompkins Square Park . The area around St. Mark's Place was nicknamed Kleindeutschland , or "Little Germany", because of a huge influx of German immigrants in
1950-1674: The Breuer building on Madison Avenue in 1966. It began collecting photography in 1991. Today, spanning the late 19th century to the present, the collection contains more than 25,000 artworks by upwards of 3,500 artists. Artists represented include Josef Albers , Joe Andoe , Edmund Archer , Donald Baechler , Thomas Hart Benton , Lucile Blanch , Jonathan Borofsky , Louise Bourgeois , Frank Bowling , Sonia Gordon Brown , Charles Burchfield , Alexander Calder , Suzanne Caporael , Norman Carton , Carolina Caycedo , Ching Ho Cheng , Talia Chetrit , Ann Craven , Anna Craycroft , Dan Christensen , Greg Colson , Susan Crocker , Ronald Davis , Stuart Davis , Mira Dancy , Lindsey Decker , Martha Diamond , Richard Diebenkorn , Daniella Dooling , Arthur Dove , Loretta Dunkelman , William Eggleston , Helen Frankenthaler , Georgia O'Keeffe , Arshile Gorky , Keith Haring , Grace Hartigan , Marsden Hartley , Robert Henri , Carmen Herrera , Eva Hesse , Hans Hofmann , Edward Hopper , Richard Hunt , Jasper Johns , Corita Kent , Franz Kline , Terence Koh , Willem de Kooning , Lee Krasner , Ronnie Landfield , Roy Lichtenstein , John Marin , Knox Martin , John McCracken , John McLaughlin , Robert Motherwell , Bruce Nauman , Louise Nevelson , Barnett Newman , Kenneth Noland , Paul Pfeiffer , Jackson Pollock , Larry Poons , Maurice Prendergast , Kenneth Price , Robert Rauschenberg , Man Ray , Mark Rothko , Morgan Russell , Albert Pinkham Ryder , Cindy Sherman , John Sloan , Frank Stella , Andy Warhol , and hundreds of others. Every two years,
2028-801: The Commissioners' Plan was laid out, property along the street's right of way quickly developed. By 1835, the New York University opened its first building, the Silver Center, along Eighth Street near the Washington Square Park. Row houses were also built on Eighth Street. The street ran between the Jefferson Market , built in 1832 at the west end, and the Tompkins Market, built in 1836, at
2106-531: The East Village by telling readers to "head east from Greenwich Village , and when it starts to look squalid, around the Bowery and Third Avenue, you know you're there." In the 1960s, Macdougal and West Eighth Streets, as well as St. Mark's Place, became a popular area for hippies . A women's clothing store, a pharmacy, and bookstores were replaced by fast food restaurants and other shops, directed toward
2184-616: The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States , setting up satellite museums with rotating exhibitions in their buildings' lobbies. Each museum had its own director, with all plans approved by a Whitney committee. The institution attempted to expand its landmark building in 1978, commissioning UK architects Derek Walker and Norman Foster to design a tall tower alongside it, the first of several proposals from leading architects, but each time,
2262-667: The ISP selects 14 students for the Studio Program (artists), four for the Curatorial Program (curators) and six for the Critical Studies Program (researchers). It is a one-year program that includes both visiting and hired artists, art historians, and critics, and involves the reading of theory. Clark retired in 2023; its incoming director is Gregg Bordowitz . As of March 2011, the Whitney's endowment
2340-512: The Museum They Made was published in 1999. In 1961, the need for outside support finally forced the board to add outside trustees, including bankers Roy Neuberger and Arthur Altschul . David Solinger became the Whitney's first outside president in 1966. Modern art Art of Central Asia Art of East Asia Art of South Asia Art of Southeast Asia Art of Europe Art of Africa Art of
2418-654: The Studio Club used the gallery space of Wilhelmina Weber Furlong of the Art Students League to exhibit traveling shows featuring modernist work. The Whitney Museum of American Art was founded in 1930; at this time architect Noel L. Miller was converting three row houses on West 8th Street in Greenwich Village —one of which, 8 West 8th Street had been the location of the Studio Club—to be
Whitney Museum - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-752: The Whitney Museum Archives. The archives contain the Institutional Archives, Research Collections, and Manuscript Collections. The Special Collections consist of artists' books, portfolios, photographs, titles in the Whitney Fellows Artist and Writers Series (1982–2001), posters, and valuable ephemera that relate to the permanent collection. The Institutional Archives include exhibition records, photographs, curatorial research notes, artist's correspondence, audio and video recordings, and trustees' papers from 1912 to
2574-448: The Whitney Museum. Kanders cited no wish to play a role in the museum's demise and urged fellow trustees to step up and assume leadership of the Whitney. The museum displays paintings , drawings , prints , sculptures , installation art , video, and photography . The original 600 works in the permanent collection grew to about 1,300 with the opening of the second building in 1954. This number grew to around 2,000 following its move to
2652-503: The Whitney began seeking a site for a larger building. In 1966, it settled at the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and 75th Street on Manhattan 's Upper East Side . The building, planned and built 1963–1966 by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith in a distinctively modern style, is easily distinguished from the neighboring townhouses by its staircase façade made of granite stones and its trapezoidal windows. In 1967, Mauricio Lasansky showed "The Nazi Drawings". The exhibition traveled to
2730-548: The Whitney's burden of having to finance two large museum spaces. The occupation of the old space was later postponed to 2016. After an April 30, 2015, ceremonial ribbon-cutting attended by Michelle Obama and Bill de Blasio , the new building opened on May 1, 2015. The Board of Trustees has come under criticism since November 2018 by groups including Decolonize This Place , the Chinatown Art Brigade , and W.A.G.E. , for vice chair Warren Kanders ' ownership of
2808-662: The Whitney, where it appeared with shows by Louise Nevelson and Andrew Wyeth as the first exhibits in the new museum. The institution grappled with space problems for decades. In 1967, the museum opened a satellite space called the Art Resources Center (ARC). Originally intended to be located in the South Bronx, the ARC opened on Cherry Street on the Lower East Side. From 1973 to 1983, the Whitney operated
2886-534: The aid of her assistant, Juliana R. Force , Whitney collected nearly 700 works of American art. In 1929, she offered to donate over 500 to the Metropolitan Museum of Art , but the museum declined the gift. This, along with the apparent preference for European modernism at the recently opened Museum of Modern Art , led Whitney to start her own museum, exclusively for American art, in 1929. Whitney Library archives from 1928 reveal that during this time,
2964-421: The anger of some Greenwich Village residents. However, other establishments, such as the B. Dalton bookstore, clothing stores, and shoe stores, started to attract tourists to the area. By the 1990s, the areas around both Eighth Street and St. Mark's Place were becoming rapidly gentrified , with new buildings and establishments being developed along both streets. The Village Alliance Business Improvement District
3042-493: The area's tourism base. By 1968, St, Mark's Place became a stopping point for tour buses , which formerly skipped the area. In 1977, St. Marks Place became the epicenter of punk rock , when Manic Panic opened its doors on July 7, 1977 (7/7/77). The shop quickly attracted musicians from Cyndi Lauper to the Ramones. In 1980, hot dog company Nathan's Famous moved into the location of a former bookstore on Eighth Street, to
3120-484: The attention of curators and critics, at the expense of more traditional media. Larger installations and performances became widespread. By the end of the 1970s, when cultural critics began speaking of "the end of painting" (the title of a provocative essay written in 1981 by Douglas Crimp ), new media art had become a category in itself, with a growing number of artists experimenting with technological means such as video art . Painting assumed renewed importance in
3198-576: The birth of modern art as a movement is 1863, the year that Édouard Manet showed his painting Le déjeuner sur l'herbe in the Salon des Refusés in Paris. Earlier dates have also been proposed, among them 1855 (the year Gustave Courbet exhibited The Artist's Studio ) and 1784 (the year Jacques-Louis David completed his painting The Oath of the Horatii ). In the words of art historian H. Harvard Arnason : "Each of these dates has significance for
Whitney Museum - Misplaced Pages Continue
3276-439: The company Safariland , which manufactured tear gas used against the late-2018 migrant caravans ; 120 scholars and critics published an open letter to the Whitney Museum asking for the removal of Kanders from the museum board; additional signatories after the letter's initial posting included almost 50 artists who have been selected for the 2019 Whitney Biennial. A series of nine weeks of protest by Decolonize This Place highlighted
3354-501: The development of modern art, but none categorically marks a completely new beginning .... A gradual metamorphosis took place in the course of a hundred years." The strands of thought that eventually led to modern art can be traced back to the Enlightenment . The modern art critic Clement Greenberg , for instance, called Immanuel Kant "the first real Modernist" but also drew a distinction: "The Enlightenment criticized from
3432-425: The development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubists Georges Braque , André Derain , Raoul Dufy , Jean Metzinger and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild," multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism . Matisse's two versions of The Dance signified
3510-612: The early 1900s, Little Germany was shrinking. At the same time, Jews, Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, and Russians from Eastern Europe started moving in. In 1916, members of the Slovenian community and Franciscans established the Slovenian Church of St. Cyril , which still operates. At this point, St. Mark's Place was considered a part of the Lower East Side . On the western stretch of Eighth Street, an art scene
3588-527: The early beginnings of Surrealism . Song of Love (1914) is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and is an early example of the surrealist style, though it was painted ten years before the movement was "founded" by André Breton in 1924. The School of Paris , centered in Montparnasse flourished between the two world wars. World War I brought an end to this phase but indicated the beginning of many anti-art movements, such as Dada , including
3666-562: The east end. These were factors in the street's commercialization in later years. Eighth Street was supposed to extend to a market place at Avenue C , but since that idea never came to fruition. Capitalizing on the high-class status of Bond, Bleecker , Great Jones , and Lafayette Streets in NoHo , developer Thomas E. Davis developed the east end of the street and renamed it "St. Mark's Place" in 1835. Davis built up St. Mark's Place between Third and Second Avenues between 1831 and 1832. Although
3744-408: The effort was abandoned, because of the cost, the design, or both. To secure additional space for the museum's collections, then-director Thomas N. Armstrong III developed plans for a 10-story, $ 37.5 million addition to the main building. The proposed addition, designed by Michael Graves and announced in 1985, drew immediate opposition. Graves had proposed demolishing the flanking brownstones down to
3822-542: The eighth-floor cafe, the terraces or the lines of comfy leather couches facing glass walls overlooking the Hudson and Greenwich Village at either end of the fifth floor. The museum needed to raise $ 760 million for the building and its endowment. In May 2011, the Metropolitan Museum of Art announced it had entered into an agreement to occupy the Madison Avenue building for at least eight years starting in 2015, easing
3900-412: The first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism , practiced by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger , Juan Gris , Albert Gleizes , Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s. Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter. The notion of modern art
3978-500: The first decade of the 20th century were Fauvism , Cubism , Expressionism , and Futurism . Futurism took off in Italy a couple years before World War I with the publication of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti 's Futurist Manifesto . Benedetta Cappa Marinetti , wife of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, created the second wave of the artistic movement started by her husband. "Largely thanks to Benedetta, her husband F.T. Marinetti re orchestrated
SECTION 50
#17327649758724056-473: The focal point of new artistic movements. The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism , Color field painting , Conceptual artists of Art & Language , Pop art , Op art , Hard-edge painting , Minimal art , Lyrical Abstraction , Fluxus , Happening , video art , Postminimalism , Photorealism and various other movements. In the late 1960s and the 1970s, Land art , performance art , conceptual art, and other new art forms attracted
4134-498: The former at Ninth Street and along the latter at Eighth Street . At the southwest corner of Broadway and Eighth Street, the street's first commercial building was built. By the 1890s, buildings on the stretch from Bowery to Fifth Avenue were used for trade. In 1904, the Wanamaker's Department Store opened at the former A.T. Stewart store along Broadway between 9th and 10th Streets, with an annex built at Eighth Street. In
4212-428: The island via the rights-of-way of Greenwich Avenue , Astor Place , and Stuyvesant Street . The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 defined the street grid for much of Manhattan. According to the plan, 8th Street was to run from Greenwich Lane (now Greenwich Avenue) in the west to First Avenue on the east. The area west of Greenwich Lane was already developed as Greenwich Village , while the area east of First Avenue
4290-433: The light that they reflect, and therefore painters should paint in natural light ( en plein air ) rather than in studios and should capture the effects of light in their work. Impressionist artists formed a group, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") which, despite internal tensions, mounted a series of independent exhibitions. The style
4368-457: The museum $ 131 million, the biggest donation in the Whitney's history. Donations for new purchases dropped to $ 1.3 million in 2010 from $ 2.7 million in 2006. The museum's director is Scott Rothkopf (since 2023). Former directors include Adam D. Weinberg (2003–2023), Maxwell L. Anderson (1998–2003), David A. Ross (1991–1997), Thomas Armstrong III (1974–1990), and Juliana Force (1931–1948). For years, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney supported
4446-541: The museum hosts the Whitney Biennial , an international art show which displays many lesser-known artists new to the American art scene. It has displayed works by many notable artists, and has featured unconventional works, such as a 1976 exhibit of live body builders , featuring Arnold Schwarzenegger . In addition to its traditional collection, the Whitney has a website, Artport, that features "Net Art" that changes regularly. The Whitney will not sell any work by
4524-431: The museum single-handedly, as did her daughter, Flora Whitney Miller , after her, and until 1961, its board was largely family-run. Flora Payne Whitney served as a museum trustee, then as vice president. From 1942 to 1974, she was the museum's president and chair, after which she served as honorary chair until her death in 1986. Her daughter Flora Miller Biddle served as president until 1995. Her book The Whitney Women and
4602-449: The museum's home, as well as a residence for Whitney. The new museum opened in 1931. Juliana Force became the museum's first director, and under her guidance, it concentrated on displaying the works of new and contemporary American artists. She declared at the opening, "There may be pictures here that you do not like, but they are here to stay, so you may as well get used to them." In 1954, the museum left its original location and moved to
4680-467: The nature of materials and functions of art. A tendency away from the narrative , which was characteristic of the traditional arts, toward abstraction is characteristic of much modern art. More recent artistic production is often called contemporary art or Postmodern art . Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh , Paul Cézanne , Paul Gauguin , Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for
4758-558: The original plan was for Federal homes, only three such houses remained in 2014. Meanwhile, Eighth Street became home to a literary scene. At Astor Place and Eighth Street, the Astor Opera House was built by wealthy men and opened in 1847. Publisher Evert Augustus Duyckinck founded a private library at his 50 East Eighth Street home. Anne Lynch started a famous literary salon at 116 Waverly Place and relocated to 37 West Eighth Street in 1848. Around this time and up until
SECTION 60
#17327649758724836-402: The outside ... . Modernism criticizes from the inside." The French Revolution of 1789 uprooted assumptions and institutions that had for centuries been accepted with little question and accustomed the public to vigorous political and social debate. This gave rise to what art historian Ernst Gombrich called a "self-consciousness that made people select the style of their building as one selects
4914-434: The painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his new Cubist inventions. Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Picasso and Georges Braque , exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912. Analytic cubism,
4992-448: The pattern of a wallpaper." The pioneers of modern art were Romantics , Realists and Impressionists . By the late 19th century, additional movements which were to be influential in modern art had begun to emerge: Post-Impressionism and Symbolism . Influences upon these movements were varied: from exposure to Eastern decorative arts, particularly Japanese printmaking , to the coloristic innovations of Turner and Delacroix , to
5070-516: The present. Highlights : Books and materials in the library can be accessed in the museum's database. The Whitney Independent Study Program (ISP) was founded in 1968 by Ron Clark. The Whitney ISP has helped start the careers of artists, critics, and curators including Jenny Holzer , Andrea Fraser , Julian Schnabel , Kathryn Bigelow , Roberta Smith , and Félix González-Torres , as well as many other well-known cultural producers. The program includes both art history and studio programs. Each year,
5148-728: The shifting ideologies of Futurism to embrace feminine elements of intuition, spirituality, and the mystical forces of the earth." She painted up until his death and spent the rest of her days tending to the spread and growth of this period in Italian art, which celebrated technology, speed and all things new. During the years between 1910 and the end of World War I and after the heyday of cubism , several movements emerged in Paris. Giorgio de Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea (the poet and painter known as Alberto Savinio ). Through his brother, he met Pierre Laprade,
5226-735: The skyscraper at One Fifth Avenue , as well as the Eighth Street Playhouse movie theater, helped influence development on the Sixth Avenue end of the street, where construction of the IND Eighth Avenue Line had required destruction of many buildings there. On an adjoining block, the Women's House of Detention was built in Jefferson Market complex in 1929–1932 and existed through the 1970s. In
5304-428: The street "like superglue for fragmented identities" and wrote that "the street is not for people who have chosen their lives ... [it] is for the wanderer, the undecided, the lonely, and the promiscuous." Wouter van Twiller , colonial governor of New Amsterdam , once owned a tobacco farm near 8th and MacDougal Streets . Such farms were located around the area until the 1830s. Nearby, a Native American trail crossed
5382-400: The theoretical and critical study of the practices, institutions, and discourses that constitute the field of culture". In 2023, with 768,000 visitors, the Whitney was the 26th most-visited museum in the United States and the 89th most-visited art museum in the world. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney , the museum's namesake and founder, was a well-regarded sculptor and serious art collector. As
5460-461: The use of Safariland weapons against protestors and others in Palestine and other places. On July 17, 2019, calls for Kanders's resignation were renewed following Artforum's publication of an essay, "The Tear Gas Biennial", by Hannah Black , Ciarán Finlayson, and Tobi Haslett. On July 19, four artists ( Korakrit Arunanondchai , Meriem Bennani , Nicole Eisenman , and Nicholas Galanin ) published
5538-468: The work of Marcel Duchamp , and of Surrealism . Artist groups like de Stijl and Bauhaus developed new ideas about the interrelation of the arts, architecture, design, and art education. Modern art was introduced to the United States with the Armory Show in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I. It was only after World War II , however, that the U.S. became
5616-468: Was $ 207 million; the museum expected to raise $ 625 million from its capital campaign by 2015. As of June 2016, the endowment had grown to $ 308 million. Historically, the operating performance has been essentially breakeven. The museum restricts the use of its endowment fund for yearly operating expenses to 5% of the fund's value. The Whitney has historically depended on private collectors and donors for acquisitions of new art. In 2008, Leonard A. Lauder gave
5694-467: Was adopted by artists in different nations, in preference to a "national" style. These factors established the view that it was a "movement." These traits—establishment of a working method integral to the art, the establishment of a movement or visible active core of support, and international adoption—would be repeated by artistic movements in the Modern period in art. Among the movements that flowered in
5772-410: Was also becoming the location of neighborhood commerce. After the elevated train lines were demolished in the 1940s and 1950s, the real estate industry tried to entice residents to the St. Mark's Place area, describing the neighborhood as " East Village ". This area became home to an underground scene, and as it was far from public transportation, it became rundown. A 1965 Newsweek article described
5850-449: Was completed in 2015. It cost $ 422 million. Robert Silman Associates was the structural engineer; Jaros, Baum & Bolles provided MEP services; Ove Arup & Partners was the lighting/daylighting engineer; and Turner Construction LLC served as construction manager. The new structure spans 200,000 square feet (19,000 m) and eight stories that include the city's largest column-free art gallery spaces, an education center, theater,
5928-601: Was designed by Renzo Piano at 99 Gansevoort Street and opened on May 1, 2015, expanding the museum exhibition space to 50,000 square feet. The museum organizes the Whitney Biennial , a bi-annual exhibition showcasing the work of emerging American artists, considered the longest-running and most important survey of contemporary art in the United States. The museum also heads the Whitney Independent Study Program, which began in 1968, to support artists, critics and art historians by "encouraging
6006-496: Was growing. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney , Daniel Chester French , and other artists moved in the stables at MacDougal Alley at this time. By 1916, a studio complex for artists replaced most of these stables, making the areas around Eighth Street popular for bohemians . Whitney, a patron for other American painters, combined four houses on West Eighth Street houses into the Whitney Museum in 1931. The 1927 construction of
6084-495: Was reserved for a wholesale food market. The plan was amended many times as the grid took shape and public spaces were added or eliminated. The marketplace proposal was scrapped in 1824, allowing 8th Street to continue eastward to the river. On the west side, Sixth Avenue was extended and Greenwich Lane shortened, shifting the boundary of 8th Street, ever so slightly, to Sixth Avenue and allowing Mercer , Greene, Wooster and MacDougal Streets to continue northward to 8th. After
#871128