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49-552: The monastery was built on the spot where Boris Godunov 's mobile fortress and Sergii Radonezhsky 's field church with Theophan the Greek's icon Our Lady of the Don had been located. Legend has it that Dmitry Donskoy had taken this icon with him to the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. The Tatars left without a fight and were defeated during their retreat. Initially, the cloister

98-537: A Turkic raid upon Moscow, for which he received the title of Konyushy , an obsolete dignity even higher than that of Boyar . He supported an anti- Turkish faction in the Crimea and gave the Khan subsidies in his war against the sultan. Godunov encouraged English merchants to trade with Russia by exempting them from duties. He built towns and fortresses along the north-eastern and south-eastern borders of Russia to keep

147-775: A few fisheries . In 1747, the authorities wanted to transfer the Slavic Greek Latin Academy to the Donskoy Monastery, but the cloister confined itself to paying salaries to the academic staff from its own treasury . Archbishop Ambrose (Zertis-Kamensky) was killed within the monastery walls during the Plague Riot in 1771. In 1812, the French army ransacked the Donskoy Monastery, the most valuable things having been moved to Vologda prior to that. There had been 48 monks and 2  novices in

196-634: A lengthy illness and a stroke on 13/23 April 1605. He left one son, Feodor II , who succeeded him but only ruled Russia for less than a month, until he and Boris' widow were murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs in Moscow on 10/20 June 1605. Boris's first son, Ivan, was born in 1587 and died in 1588. His daughter, Xenia , was born in 1582. She was engaged to Johann of Schleswig-Holstein , but he died shortly before their planned wedding in October 1602. Xenia

245-491: A mausoleum near the entrance of the Assumption Cathedral at Trinity–St. Sergius Lavra. Boris' life was dramatised by the founder of Russian literature, Alexander Pushkin , in his play Boris Godunov (1831), which was inspired by Shakespeare 's Henry IV . Modest Mussorgsky based his opera Boris Godunov on Pushkin's play. Sergei Prokofiev later wrote incidental music for Pushkin's drama. In 1997,

294-595: A play on Godunov's name. Penal colony A penal colony or exile colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory . Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location, it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority. Historically, penal colonies have often been used for penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of

343-500: A second chance at life, learning trades and working off their debts. The success of Oglethorpe's vision is debated. When routes to the Americas closed after the outbreak of American Revolutionary War in 1776, British prisons started to become overcrowded . Since immediate stopgap measures proved themselves ineffective, in 1785 Britain decided to use parts of what is now known as Australia as de jure penal settlements , becoming

392-615: A sepulchre of Princes Zubov . Princes Galitzine were buried in the Archangel Church (1714–1809), whereas the Church of St. John Chrysostom (1881–1891) marks the Pervushin family vault. The old necropolis in the south-eastern part of the monastery is remarkable for its ornate tombs , executed by some of the best Russian sculptors. They mark the graves of the poets Mikhail Kheraskov and Alexander Sumarokov ,

441-601: A state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm . With the passage of the Transportation Act 1717 , the British government initiated the penal transportation of indentured servants to Britain's colonies in the Americas , although none of the North American colonies were solely penal colonies. British merchants would be in charge of transporting the convicts across

490-517: Is a version according to which the Godunovs were descended from the Tatar murza Chet, who came to Rus' in 1330 during the time of Ivan Kalita. This version was included in later editions of the Sovereign's Genealogist (late 16th century) and, according to historians, is unreliable due to serious chronological, genealogical and general historical problems. Godunov's career began at the court of Ivan

539-665: The Baltic Sea and he also attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians and hoped to take a bride from a foreign royal house, thereby increasing the dignity of his own dynasty. However he declined the personal union proposed to him in 1600 by the diplomatic mission led by Lew Sapieha from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Boris died after

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588-711: The Cape Colony a penal colony was deeply unpopular with local residents, sparking the Convict crisis of 1849. Bermuda , off the North American continent, was also used during the Victorian period. Convicts housed in hulks were used to build the Royal Naval Dockyard there, and during the Second Boer War (1899–1902), Boer prisoners-of-war were sent to the archipelago and imprisoned on one of

637-654: The Novodevichy Cemetery , with its Communist associations. A large new necropolis was inaugurated in 2010 just outside the monastery walls. It contains three mass graves of the cremated ashes of executed political prisoners from Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge . See New Donskoy Cemetery for details. Boris Godunov Boris Feodorovich Godunov ( / ˈ ɡ ɒ d ən ɒ f , ˈ ɡ ʊ d ən ɒ f / ; Russian: Борис Фёдорович Годунов ; 12 August [ O.S. 2 August] 1552  – 23 April [ O.S. 13 April] 1605)

686-577: The Shchusev Museum of Architecture , where no one can see them now. Since no Communists were buried in the old necropolis inside the monastery, the relatives of some notable Russian Whites decided to move their remains from foreign cemeteries to the Donskoy Monastery. Among the notable people reburied in this way are Ivan Shmelyov (2000), Vladimir Kappel (2007), Anton Denikin (2005), and Ivan Ilyin (2005). Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn also asked to be buried there, rather than at

735-489: The Atlantic to the colonies where they would be auctioned off to planters. Many of the indentured servants were sentenced to seven year terms, which gave rise to the colloquial term "His Majesty's Seven-Year Passengers". It is estimated that between 1718 and 1776 about 30,000 convicts were transported to at least nine of the continental colonies, whereas between 1700 and 1775 about 250,000 to 300,000 white immigrants came to

784-515: The Australian colonies. Without the allocation of the available convict labour to farmers, to pastoral squatters , and to government projects such as roadbuilding, colonisation of Australia may not have been possible, especially considering the considerable drain on non-convict labor caused by several gold rushes that took place in the second half of the 19th century after the flow of convicts had dwindled and (in 1868) ceased. A proposal to make

833-615: The Communists. From 1930 to 1946, the cathedral was closed for services and housed a factory. The New (or the Great) Cathedral, also dedicated to the Virgin of the Don, was started in 1684 as a votive church of Tsarevna Sophia Alekseyevna . After she fell into disgrace, its construction was funded by private donations. The masons and artisans were invited from Ukraine, which explains some of the cathedral's unusual features. For

882-675: The Donskoy Monastery between 1683 and 1685. Since 1711, the Great Cathedral's vault was used for burials of Georgian tsarevichs of the Bagrationi family and Mingrelian dukes of the Dadiani family. In 1724, the monks and the property of the Andreyevsky Monastery were transferred to the Donskoy Monastery. By 1739, it had already possessed 880 households with 6,716 peasants, 14  windmills , and

931-742: The Donskoy Monastery. The items came from various places in the Soviet capital: the dynamited Cathedral of Christ the Savior , the Church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker in Stolpy, the Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka Street , the Sukharev Tower , and others. In 1924, some of the facilities of the Donskoy Monastery were occupied by a penal colony for children. A more notorious use

980-550: The Russian capital. When the monastery was established, Boris Godunov personally laid the foundation stone of its cathedral, consecrated in 1593 to the holy image of Our Lady of the Don. This diminutive structure, quite typical for Godunov's reign, has a single dome crowning three tiers of zakomara . In the 1670s, they added two symmetrical annexes, and a refectory leading to a tented belltower. Its iconostasis , executed in 1662, formerly adorned one of Moscow churches demolished by

1029-569: The Tatar and Finnic tribes in order. These included Samara , Saratov , Voronezh , and Tsaritsyn , as well as other lesser towns. He colonized Siberia with scores of new settlements, including Tobolsk . During his rule, the Russian Orthodox Church received its patriarchate , placing it on an equal footing with the ancient Eastern churches and freeing it from the influence of the Patriarch of Constantinople . This pleased

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1078-513: The Terrible . He is mentioned in 1570 for taking part in the Serpeisk campaign as an archer of the guard. The following year he became an oprichnik – a member of Ivan's personal guard and secret police. In 1570/1571, Godunov strengthened his position at court by his marriage to Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya , the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy , head of the oprichniks. In 1580,

1127-520: The Tsar chose Boris Godunov's sister Irina Godunova (1557–1603) to be the wife of his second son and eventual heir, Feodor Ivanovich (1557–1598). On this occasion, Godunov was promoted to the rank of boyar . On 15 November 1581, Godunov was present when the Tsar murdered his own eldest son, the crown prince Ivan . Godunov tried to intervene but received blows from the Tsar's sceptre. The elder Ivan immediately repented, and Godunov rushed to get help for

1176-458: The Tsar from Godunov's childless sister. The attempt proved unsuccessful, and the conspirators were banished or sent to monasteries. After that, Godunov remained supreme in Russia and he corresponded with foreign princes as their equal. His policy was generally pacific and always prudent. In 1595, he recovered from Sweden some towns lost during the former reign. Five years previously he had defeated

1225-521: The Tsar, as Feodor took a great interest in church affairs. In Godunov's most important domestic reform, a 1597 decree forbade peasants from transferring land from one landowner to another (which they had been freely able to do each year around Saint George's Day in November), thus binding them to the soil. This ordinance aimed to secure revenue, but it led to the institution of serfdom in its most oppressive form. (See also Serfdom in Russia .) Upon

1274-476: The Tsarevich, who died four days later. Three years later, on his deathbed, Ivan IV appointed a council whose members consisted of Godunov, Feodor Nikitich Romanov , Vasili Shuiski and others to guide his son and successor of Russia Feodor I , who was feeble in both mind and body: "he took refuge from the dangers of the palace in devotion to religion; and though his people called him a saint, they recognized

1323-516: The age of ten under suspicious circumstances. When Dmitri's death was announced by the ringing of the church bell, the population of Uglich rose up in order to protest against the suspected assassination, which it believed was commissioned by Boris Godunov. Troops swiftly quelled the rebellion. Godunov ordered the removal of the Uglich bell's clapper (the bell's "tongue"). He had the offending bell ringer flogged in public and exiled to Siberia along with

1372-412: The death of the childless Feodor on 7 January 1598, as well as the rumored assassination of Feodor's much younger brother Dimitry , supposedly ordered by Boris himself in order to guarantee his seat on the throne, self-preservation as much as ambition led to Boris' rise to power. Had he not done so, the mildest treatment he could have hoped for would have been lifelong seclusion in a monastery. His election

1421-585: The fact that he lacked the iron to govern men." At the time of his death, Ivan also had a three-year-old son, Dmitry Ivanovich (1581–1591), from his seventh and last marriage. This son (and his mother's family) had no claim to the throne because the Eastern Orthodox Church only recognized Ivan's first three marriages as legitimate. Shortly after Ivan's death, the council had both Dmitri and his mother, Maria Nagaya , moved to Uglich , some 120 miles north of Moscow. Dmitri died there in 1591 at

1470-914: The first colonies in the British Empire founded solely to house convicts. Leaving Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787, the First Fleet transported the first ~800 convicts and ~250 marines to Botany Bay. Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported from Great Britain and Ireland to various penal colonies in Australia . Australian penal colonies in late 18th century included Norfolk Island and New South Wales , and in early 19th century also Van Diemen's Land ( Tasmania ) and Moreton Bay (Queensland). Advocates of Irish Home Rule or trade unionism (the Tolpuddle Martyrs ) sometimes received sentences of deportation to

1519-508: The first time in Moscow, the five domes were arranged according to the four corners of the Earth (as was the Ukrainian custom). The Old Believers felt offended by this and called the cathedral " Antichrist 's Altar ". Eight tiers of its ornate baroque iconostasis were carved by Kremlin masters in 1688–1698. The iconostasis' central piece is a copy of the Virgin of the Don, as painted in

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1568-413: The first two plays in the first series of Tsar . The plays were broadcast on 11 and 18 September 2016. The 2018 Russian television miniseries Godunov (TV series) is a historical drama based on the lives of the Godunovs with a focus on Boris Godunov (played by Sergey Bezrukov ) and lasted for two seasons. The character Boris Badenov in the cartoon The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show takes his name from

1617-553: The mainland of North America as a whole. More than two-thirds of these felons were transported to the Chesapeake to work for Southern landowners ; in Maryland, during the thirty years before 1776, convicts composed more than one-quarter of all immigrants. However, it is commonly maintained that the vast majority of felons taken to America were political criminals , not those guilty of social crimes such as theft; for example, it

1666-505: The mid-16th century. The cathedral frescoes are the first in Moscow to be painted by a foreigner. They were executed by Antonio Claudio in 1782–1785. After the monastery lost its defensive importance, its walls were reshaped in the red-and-white Muscovite baroque style, reminiscent of the Novodevichy Convent . Eight square and four circular towers with red-blood crowns were put up in 1686–1711. The Holy Gates of

1715-516: The mid-17th century the monastery was attached to the Andreyevsky Monastery . In 1678, however, its independence was reinstated and the cloister received rich donations , including more than 1,400 peasant households. In 1683, the Donskoy Monastery was elevated to the archmandrite level and given 20  desyatinas of the nearby pasturelands. Vidogoshchsky, Zhizdrinsky, Sharovkin, and Zheleznoborovsky monasteries were attached to

1764-544: The monastery (1693) are topped with the Tikhvin church (1713–1714), noted for its wrought iron grille. A lofty belfry was erected over the western gates from 1730–1753 after designs sometimes attributed to Pietro Antonio Trezzini . Several families of high aristocracy chose the Donskoy monastery as location of their burial vaults . The Alexander Svirsky Church, for instance, was constructed in 1796–1798 as

1813-669: The monastery by 1917. After the October Revolution , the Donskoy Monastery was closed. In 1922–1925, Patriarch Tikhon was detained in this cloister after his arrest . He chose to remain in this monastery after his release. Saint Tikhon's relics were discovered following his canonization in 1989. They are exhibited for veneration in the Great Cathedral in summer and in the Old Cathedral in winter. The Soviet authorities moved remnants of many monasteries and cathedrals they had destroyed or used for other purposes to

1862-524: The need for Russia to catch up with the intellectual progress of the West and he did his best to bring about educational and social reforms. He was the first tsar to import foreign teachers on a large scale, the first tsar to send young Russians to be educated abroad, and the first tsar to allow Lutheran churches to be built in Russia. After the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595) , he attempted to gain access to

1911-449: The philosophers Pyotr Chaadaev and Ivan Ilyin , the historians Mikhail Shcherbatov and Vasily Klyuchevsky , the critic Vladimir Odoyevsky , the architect Osip Bove , the painter Vasily Perov , the courtier Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov , the notorious murderer Daria Saltykova , and the aviator Nikolay Zhukovsky . Tikhon of Moscow is interred underneath the old katholikon . Some of the tombs were transferred by Soviet authorities to

1960-700: The score of a 1710 baroque opera based on the reign of Boris by German composer Johann Mattheson was rediscovered in Armenia and returned to Hamburg, Germany. This opera, never performed during the composer's lifetime, had its world premiere in 2005 at the Boston Early Music Festival & Exhibition. Boris was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 by Shaun Dooley in the radio plays Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power and Boris Godunov: Ghosts written by Mike Walker and which were

2009-483: The smaller islands. In British India , the colonial government established various penal colonies. Two of the largest ones were on the Andaman Islands and Hijli . In the early days of settlement, Singapore Island was the recipient of Indian convicts, who were tasked with clearing the jungles for settlement and early public works. France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies including Louisiana in

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2058-414: The townspeople who had not been executed. An official commission which was headed by Vasili Shuiski was sent to determine the cause of the boy's death. The official verdict was that the boy had cut his throat during an epileptic seizure. Ivan's widow claimed that her son had been murdered by Godunov's agents. Godunov's guilt was never established and shortly thereafter, Dmitri's mother was forced to take

2107-515: The veil. Dmitry Ivanovich was laid to rest and promptly, though temporarily, forgotten. At the coronation of Feodor Ivanovich as Tsar Feodor I on 31 May 1584, Boris received honors and riches as a member of the regency council , in which he held the second place during the life of the Tsar's uncle Nikita Romanovich . When Nikita died in 1586, Boris had no serious rival for the regency. A group of other boyars and Dionysius II, Metropolitan of Moscow , conspired to break Boris's power by divorcing

2156-669: Was given the name "Olga" upon being forced to take monastic vows at the Voskresensky Monastery in Beloozero and her name is inscribed as "the Nun Olga Borisovna" at the crypt of the Godunovs at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius where she lived from 1606, when she sojourned there to attend the reburial of her father, until her death in 1622. Boris, his wife, and their children are buried together in

2205-432: Was noted of Virginia that "the crimes of which they were convicted were chiefly political, and the number transported for social crimes was never considerable." The colony of Georgia , by contrast, was planned by James Oglethorpe specifically to take in debtors and other social criminals. Oglethorpe referred to them as "the worthy poor" in a philanthropic effort to create a rehabilitative colony where prisoners could earn

2254-516: Was proposed by Patriarch Job of Moscow , who believed that Boris was the only man who was able to cope with the difficulties of the situation. Boris, however, would only accept the throne from the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly), which met on 17 February and unanimously elected him on 21 February. On 1 September, he was solemnly crowned tsar . During the first years of his reign, he was both popular and prosperous, and ruled well. He recognized

2303-584: Was rather poor and numbered only a few monks . As of 1629, the Donskoy Monastery possessed 20  wastelands and 16  peasant households (20 peasants altogether). In 1612, it was taken for one day by the Polish-Lithuanian commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz . In 1618, the Battle of Donskoy Monastery  [ uk ] took place between Russian Cavalry and Ukrainian Cossacks of Petro Konashevych , which ended in Cossack victory. In

2352-580: Was the de facto regent of Russia from 1585 to 1598 and then tsar from 1598 to 1605 following the death of Feodor I , the last of the Rurik dynasty . After the end of his reign, Russia descended into the Time of Troubles . Boris was the son of Feodor Ivanovich Godunov "Krivoy" ("the one-eyed") (died c. 1568–1570) and his wife Stepanida Ivanovna. His older brother Vasily died young and without issue. The 1552 Kazan Campaign occurred over summer and autumn. There

2401-581: Was the unmarked burial of those shot and cremated by the secret police between 1934 and the 1950s. Only after 1985 were such unmarked burials remains finally marked. After the collapse of communism and the establishment of the Russian Federation , the Monastery was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1992. Over the next ten years full lists were finally compiled of those buried in the monastery graveyard and other locations in and around

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