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59-630: The Dorchester Avenue Railroad was chartered April 29, 1854, opened in spring 1857, and bought by the Dorchester Railroad (chartered April 29, 1855) in January 1858. The Dorchester Extension Railroad was chartered February 18, 1855. Both were leased to Gore, Rose and Company, which operated the line from June 1, 1858 to 1862. Both companies were purchased by the Metropolitan Railroad on October 1, 1863. An 1871 map shows

118-495: A double track was completed as far as the Tremont House near King's Chapel . The line, which offered service between the two municipalities at a speed of seven miles per hour, quickly proved to be a popular one, and in its first full year of operations almost four million passengers were carried on 116,560 trips. By statute, fares for the line within the city of Boston were initially capped at five cents per trip. Over

177-649: A bid on the Suffolk Railroad , which operated in East Boston and held an East Boston-Downtown line running via ferryboats to Hanover Street in the North End and thence to Scollay Square. The company was successful in absorbing the rail lines of the Suffolk, but its attempts to secure the ferry lines were stymied by Boston city officials, and it was eventually directed to remove the tracks connecting to

236-622: A few years of its incorporation it had cemented its status as the largest street railway company in the city, ahead of the other principal railroads of the Union/Cambridge , South Boston , and Middlesex . In 1858 the Metropolitan was authorized by the legislature to acquire the West Roxbury Railroad , which provided service between Roxbury and West Roxbury , and in 1859 it received similar permission to purchase

295-469: A home to many different immigrant groups. The wealthy and middle class business men were almost entirely gone, but many African Americans remained in the neighborhood, making it one of Boston's most diverse. Among the many immigrant groups contributing to this melting pot were Armenians , Greeks , Irish , Lebanese , Italians , Jews , Lithuanians , Poles , Russians , Syrians , Ukrainians and many other Eastern Europeans and Southern Europeans. It

354-698: A library to better serve the new community. Irish immigrants were among the first to settle the West End. After briefly passing through the North End, many Irish families moved on to the West and South ends. The West End soon developed a thriving Irish community. Later on, this community became associated with Martin Lomasney . Lomasney, also known as "the Mahatma", was the ward boss of Boston's Ward 8 located in

413-572: A particular point of contention; at the same time, the Highland constructed a new line along Shawmut Avenue to compete with the Metropolitan and gradually expanded its presence in Roxbury, Dorchester, and the South End. In 1874 Calvin A. Richards was elected as president of the Metropolitan, having previously served for eight months as a member of the board of directors . Although a newcomer to

472-529: Is a neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , United States, bounded generally by Cambridge Street to the south, the Charles River to the west and northwest, North Washington Street on the north and northeast, and New Sudbury Street on the east. Beacon Hill is to the south, North Point (Cambridge, Massachusetts) is across the Charles River to the north, Kendall Square is in Cambridge across

531-458: The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment popularized by the movie Glory . The Vilna was the last of the approximately seven West End synagogues to stay open, closing in 1985. By the 1950s, Boston's West End had turned into a working poor residential area with scattered businesses with small meandering roads much like the North End. According to most residents, the West End was a good place to live at this time. The once overcrowded neighborhood

590-480: The Housing Act of 1949 to raze the West End to the ground. Working-class families were displaced, and superblocks replaced the original street layout. The result was a neighborhood consisting of residential high rises, shopping centers and parking lots. The urban renewal of the West End has been criticized for its destruction of a neighborhood and its careless implementation. One of the main criticisms of

649-674: The Red Line subway parallels Dorchester Avenue for its entire length. The railroad was one of the first street railways in Boston, coming soon after the Cambridge Railroad (opened March 1856). Metropolitan Railroad (Boston) The Metropolitan Railroad was an early street railway in the Boston, Massachusetts area. Formed in 1853 to provide horsecar service between Boston and Roxbury , it quickly expanded to become

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708-556: The West End Street Railway and the Suburban Street Railway . The original incorporators started as a land company, with the goal of connecting and expanding the Boston and Brookline portions of Beacon Street in order to enhance the value of the land that they held along that route. In order to further increase the marketability of the land, the two railways were formed to provide transportation to

767-722: The West Ender Newsletter , published with the tag line, "Printed in the Spirit of the Mid-Town Journal and Dedicated to Being the Collective Conscience of Urban Renewal and Eminent Domain in the City of Boston." The destruction of the West End community led to a strong distaste for urban renewal in Boston. In 2015, Boston Redevelopment Authority director Brian P. Golden officially apologized for

826-501: The BRA held a hearing on the new project. At least 200 West End residents attended and the consensus was overwhelmingly opposed to the plan. The Save the West End committee was formed with the support of Joseph Lee to organize protests against the new development. Most residents believed that the project would not be realized, and so did not act until it was too late. Residents received their eviction letters on April 25, 1958. The BRA used

885-550: The Bulfinch Pavilion), and the West End Market on the corner of Grove and Cambridge Streets. Constructed in 1810, this historic market did not survive the area's redevelopment in the 1950s. Bulfinch's architecture of newer large brick buildings with gardens attracted many of Boston's wealthier citizens. By 1810, the West End was inhabited by wealthy business men, merchants, and lawyers. Many would soon move to

944-607: The Charles River between the Longfellow Bridge and the Charles River Dam Bridge . The Charlesbank Playground runs along the bank of the river, but is separated from the rest of the neighborhood by Storrow Drive , a large crosstown expressway. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Boston's waterfront and North End were becoming overcrowded, and many of the city's well off residents took

1003-627: The Charles River to the west, and the North End of Boston is to the east. A late 1950s urban renewal project razed a large Italian and Jewish enclave and displaced over 20,000 people in order to redevelop much of the West End and part of the neighboring Downtown neighborhood. After that, the original West End became increasingly non-residential, including part of Government Center (formerly Scollay Square ) as well as much of Massachusetts General Hospital and several high rise office buildings. More recently, however, new residential buildings and spaces, as well as new parks, have been appearing across

1062-565: The Metropolitan several years prior, was formally consolidated with the company. Complaints that the Metropolitan was engaging in monopolistic behavior eventually led to calls for reform, and in 1872 the Highland Street Railway was chartered with the avowed purpose of competing with the company for business around its original Boston and Roxbury lines. Over the next several years the two railway companies were major rivals, with Highland usage of Metropolitan tracks presenting

1121-506: The Metropolitan was one of the first railway companies to be established in the Boston area, defects in its charter and community opposition to its proposed lines significantly delayed the commencement of its operations. The company was unable to secure approval to lay tracks between Dover (now East Berkeley) and Boylston streets until late 1856, by which time a competing line, the Cambridge Railroad , had already begun providing railway service between Boston and Cambridge . Eventually, however,

1180-482: The South End was redeveloped before the West End, and in the 1960s Scollay Square was leveled to create the Brutalist Government Center afterwards. The motivation behind these projects was to replace neighborhoods that had been classified as slums with neighborhoods that would bring in increased tax revenues. It is estimated that before the renewal project, the tax revenue from the West End

1239-747: The Vilna Shul at 16 Philips Street, which was outside the urban renewal demolition area, is now a synagogue museum, and the African American Meeting House is now a church museum. Over the Vilna Shul's ark is the double hand symbol for the Kohanim, the ancient Israelite priests, which was the source for the Star Trek Vulcan salute . The Vilna Shul also has pews salvaged from the former Twelfth Baptist Church on which once sat former African American slaves and volunteers in

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1298-406: The West End after the project was complete. The plan involved completely leveling a 46-acre (190,000 m ) portion of the West End, displacing 2,700 families to make way for 5 residential high rise complexes that would contain only 477 apartments. The new development was aimed towards upper middle class residents: most of those displaced would not be able to afford to return. In October 1957,

1357-555: The West End and other Boston neighborhoods. One of the most famous examples of these was the first Harrison Gray Otis House . This historic building was the first of three that Bulfinch designed for the affluent lawyer Harrison Gray Otis , and is one of the few buildings that survived Urban Renewal in the West End. Other West End landmarks designed by Bulfinch were the Massachusetts General Hospital 's domed granite building, built 1816–1825 (today known as

1416-469: The West End continued to be an important center of African American culture. It was one of the few locations in the United States at the time where African Americans had a political voice. At least one black resident from the West End sat on Boston's community council during every year between 1876 and 1895. From the second half of the 19th century to the mid-20th century, Boston's West End became

1475-516: The West End. The West End occupies the northwest portion of the Shawmut Peninsula . Much of the land on which the neighborhood lies is the product of land reclamation . Beginning in 1807, parts of Beacon Hill were used to fill in a small bay and mill pond that separated Beacon Hill and the West End from the North End. Today the neighborhood consists primarily of superblocks containing high rise residential towers. The West End borders

1534-577: The West End. He was well known for taking care of the community that had developed there, especially the Irish families. Early in Lomasney's career, he established the Hendricks Club in the heart of the neighborhood. The Hendricks began as a social club and gathering place, but later turned into the center of Lomasney's political machine . It was from here that he began to provide social services, charity, and shelter for poor immigrants. In return, he

1593-499: The annual West End Children's Festival. One of the survivors of the West End's redevelopment phase is 42 Lomasney Way . Originally constructed in the 1870s, the building survived multiple redevelopment attempts, as well as two fires. Called "The Last Tenement" due to it being the only tenement structure still located in the West End, it also has been home to an associate of the Angiulo Brothers crime family. According to

1652-577: The area, and the West End Railway was granted the right to enter Boston through the avenue and the neighborhood of Back Bay . To the directors of the Metropolitan, the emergence of the West End was seen as a threat to their business, and in order to counter this new rival they decided to make an effort to expand their own operations. The company initially made an attempt to take over the South Boston Railroad, which at that time

1711-473: The community center's membership since much of the neighborhood's immigrant population was subsequently displaced. In 1971, thanks in large part to the fundraising efforts of alumni of the original West End House, the West End House was relocated to Allston-Brighton and reimagined into a modernized co-ed center for youth development with a focus on the arts, academics, athletics, and leadership. In

1770-560: The company was able to complete a single track as far as Boylston Street, and on September 18, 1856, municipal authorities of Roxbury boarded a car and were taken for a ride along the line. The original route of the Metropolitan ran from Boylston Market , at the corner of Boylston and Washington streets, to Eliot Square in Roxbury via Washington Street. On October 3, the route was extended along Tremont Street as far north as Scollay Square (now Government Center ), returning along Washington Street and Harrison Avenue, and on October 11

1829-501: The country once completed. These actions by the Metropolitan quickly drew alarm from the managers of the West End, and in response the latter suddenly made a bid to acquire a controlling interest in all of the railway companies of Boston (excepting only the Lynn and Boston ). Within a short time, majority positions in the Metropolitan and the other companies had been secured, and in June 1887

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1888-566: The demolition of the neighborhood. Today, the West End is a mixed-use commercial and residential area. A few non-residential areas were spared from the urban renewal of the 1950s, such as Massachusetts General Hospital, the Charles Street Jail, and the Bulfinch Triangle—a small section surrounded by Causeway, Merrimac, and North Washington Streets. Massachusetts General Hospital and the Charles Street Jail are located in

1947-500: The downtown end continuing from Dorchester Avenue along Federal Street to Dewey Square , and then along Broad Street (now partly Atlantic Avenue ) to a terminus at State Street , with no connections to any other lines. The railroad later became a surface trolley line of the West End Street Railway and then the Boston Elevated Railway . It no longer carries a single service (which would now be bus ) because

2006-456: The early 19th century the West End, along with Beacon Hill's north slope, became an important center of Boston's African American community. The mostly affluent and white inhabitants of Beacon Hill's south slope were strongly supportive of abolitionism . This encouraged middle and working class free African Americans to move into the nearby North slope and West End. After the Civil War,

2065-589: The ferry terminals in 1871. In 1865 the Chlesea and East Boston Railroad , which connected East Boston and Chelsea via the Meridian Street Bridge , was absorbed by the Metropolitan, and in 1868 the Brookline and Back Bay Street Railway , running from Brookline Village to Roxbury Crossing , was taken over. In 1878 the Boston and West Roxbury Railroad , which had already leased its line to

2124-540: The franchise and property of the Brookline Railroad . In 1863 the company expanded into Dorchester with the absorption of the Dorchester Railway and Dorchester Expansion Railway , which collectively connected that town to Boston with lines along Dorchester Avenue and several other streets, and a year later Dorchester and Roxbury Railroad was also acquired. In 1864 the Metropolitan made

2183-434: The largest railway company in the region, with operations over more than ninety miles of track and an annual ridership of over forty-two million passengers per year. It ended operations in 1887 as a result of the consolidation plan which united nearly all Boston streetcar lines into the West End Street Railway . The Metropolitan Railroad was an early pioneer in the effort to bring street railway service to Boston, replacing

2242-539: The nearby Beacon Hill, turning the West End into an African American community and stopping point for new immigrants. Another early West End building is the Charles Street Jail (1851), designed by Gridley James Fox Bryant , which was renovated into the Liberty Hotel. The West End House was originally founded in 1906 as a community center for young immigrant boys. The community center's founding

2301-480: The neighborhood, constructing health centers, libraries, labor unions, loan societies, orphanages, and synagogues. Actor Leonard Nimoy was raised in this community. The new Boston Synagogue , the 1919 Vilna Shul , and the African Meeting House which was the home of Anshi Lubuvicher from 1900 to 1972 are the only surviving West End synagogues. The Boston Synagogue is a newly merged congregation;

2360-541: The next three decades, the Metropolitan Railroad received grants to lay its lines on dozens of additional locations in Boston and Roxbury, including in downtown and the West and South Ends ; at the same time, it undertook a strategy of acquiring or leasing the lines of several competing railways, enabling it to significantly expand its foothold in Boston and a number of surrounding towns in the process. Within

2419-532: The northwest section, while Government Center which was the former site of Scollay Square, comprises the southern section. Most of the northern section is covered by North Station and the TD Garden . The character of the area prior to the urban renewal can still be seen in existing commercial and mixed use building of the Bulfinch Triangle . Here there are a few pubs and restaurants that feed off

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2478-485: The older horse-drawn omnibus lines which had come to be viewed as expensive and unreliable. The company received its charter on May 21, 1853, by the Massachusetts General Court , by which it was enabled to build a rail line connecting downtown Boston with the then-independent town of Roxbury. John P. Ober , a former Boston alderman , served as first president of the new organization. Although

2537-407: The opportunity to develop the area now known as the West End. At that time, the area was separated from the older neighborhoods by a small bay. The architect Charles Bulfinch was responsible for much of Boston's architectural character at the time, and played a large part in this new development of the West End. Bulfinch spent much of his early career in the 1790s designing mansions, many of them in

2596-609: The opportunity to remake parts of Boston. The Boston Housing Authority (BHA) held responsibility for developing Boston's urban renewal plans and was designated the city's local public authority for federal funds. As part of a plan to create a "New Boston", the Boston Housing Authority (BHA) and its 1957 successor, the Boston Redevelopment Authority , redeveloped neighborhoods throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The New York Streets section of

2655-415: The project is that the neighborhood was not considered a slum by the residents, and instead had a strong sense of community. A later mayor of Boston, Ray Flynn , described the West End as "a typical neighborhood" and "not blighted." The perception of the neighborhood as a slum was mostly held by wealthy outsiders and was enhanced by city policy. For example, the city stopped collecting garbage and cleaning

2714-567: The proposal, and President Richards decided to set a precedent by being the first individual to exchange his shares. In November 1887 consolidation was formally completed, with the West End absorbing the Metropolitan, together with the South Boston and Consolidated (successor to the Middlesex and Highland) railroads, on November 12, and absorption of the Cambridge following soon after on November 19. West End, Boston The West End

2773-426: The railway industry, his firm style of management quickly enabled the company to recover from what had previously been a poor period of performance, and the financial situation of the Metropolitan was significantly improved as a result. Over the next thirteen years he remained as president of the railway, making him its longest-serving executive by far. In the fall of 1886, two new street railway companies were formed,

2832-529: The state legislature passed a bill allowing the West End to consolidate with any other railway operating in Boston. Shortly after the passage of the West End Bill, the managers of the West End made an offer to the remaining shareholders of the Metropolitan for 1.25 shares of West End 8% preferred stock in exchange for each Metropolitan share held. The board of the Metropolitan, which by then had become an advocate for consolidation, recommended acceptance of

2891-460: The streets, leaving the neighborhood a mess. A photographer for a local newspaper was even assigned to go to the West End, overturn a trashcan, and take a picture of it to create the impression of a blighted neighborhood. Many building owners were not adequately compensated for their property. Due to city law, as soon as tenement buildings were condemned by the BRA, the city became the legal owner. This meant that building owners had no income as rent

2950-588: The traffic traveling to and from Faneuil Hall and the Garden. The residential areas that have been rebuilt are primarily upscale highrises, though the neighborhood is currently making strides to re-establish the close knit community that once was. The West End Museum currently has a permanent exhibition outlining the history of the neighborhood and its residents, while the West End Community Center hosts classes and events, in addition to putting on

3009-522: The years that the West End was vacant. It is uncertain as to whether the increased tax revenue would ever be enough to justify the costs. The negative effect of urban renewal on the former residents of the West End has been well documented. Between one quarter and one half of the former residents were relocated to substandard housing with higher rents than they were previously paying. Approximately 40% also suffer from severe long term grief reactions. Many former residents share their memories and grief through

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3068-475: Was able to drum up votes and support from much of the neighborhood. By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Irish immigration had slowed and Eastern European Jews began to immigrate into the West End in large numbers. Many came to escape persecution in Lithuania, Russia, and Poland. They formed a community in the West End and became a significant part of the population by 1910. They made their home in

3127-585: Was already running more car miles on Metropolitan tracks than on its own, and when this failed it alternatively filed proposals to extend its own lines into the South Boston peninsula. Talks with the directors of the Cambridge Railroad were also initiated, and in February 1887 the two railways announced an agreement to unite into a new consolidated company, which would be among the largest in

3186-554: Was approximately $ 546,000 a year. The redevelopment of the West End was officially announced on April 11, 1953. Mayor Hynes and the BHA stated that the project would be beneficial to the neighborhood. The West End's narrow streets were a fire hazard and many of the buildings were not up to code, with approximately 80% of them substandard or marginal. Tenants were assured that affordable housing would be found for them, and many were led to believe that they would be able to move back into

3245-438: Was during this period that the neighborhood's population reached its peak at approximately 23,000 residents As a result of this immigration, the religious make-up of the neighborhood changed dramatically. Protestant churches moved away or shut down, to be replaced by Catholic churches and synagogues . For example, the old West Church, built in 1806 closed in 1892 due to lack of congregation. It reopened two years later as

3304-449: Was funded by Boston-area philanthropist and investment banker James J. Storrow . The West End House served as a center for social and community life in Boston's West End neighborhood for over 60 years, opening its doors to young immigrant boys from a myriad of different ethnic and national backgrounds. The urban renewal plans of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw the near complete upheaval of the original West End neighborhood, negatively affected

3363-501: Was in the process of "deslumming" and the population had dropped to around 7,500 residents. By the end of the 1950s, over half of the neighborhood would be completely leveled to be replaced with residential high rises as part of a large scale urban renewal project. The large-scale renewal of the West End was first proposed in the 1930s by Nathan Strauss Jr., among others, shortly after the National Housing Act of 1934

3422-488: Was paid directly to the city. Soon owners became desperate to sell their property at severely reduced prices. The justification for razing the West End has also been called into question. Some say that, as one of the neighborhoods that supported the former mayor, it was in the political sights of the Hynes administration . The entire net cost of the project was $ 15.8 million, not including the additional loss of tax dollars for

3481-455: Was passed. The neighborhood was considered a slum by wealthy Bostonians who did not live there. The working class residents of the West End felt strong ties to the community and so the plan would not become politically feasible until the 1950s. When the John B. Hynes administration came into power in 1949 city officials recognized that the federal government's Housing Act of 1949 presented

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