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98-630: The state was abolished on 14 August 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of Yemen . In 1990 it became part of the Republic of Yemen . Dathina was ruled for one-year terms by Chairmen of the Council of State who bore the title Na'ib, Ra'is Majlis al-Dawla . 13°56′N 46°05′E  /  13.933°N 46.083°E  / 13.933; 46.083 This article about a location in Yemen

196-635: A state legal code . Slavery in Yemen , which had been abolished in North Yemen by the 1962 revolution , was now abolished also in South Yemen. The major communist powers assisted in the building of the PDRY's armed forces. Strong support from Moscow resulted in Soviet naval forces gaining access to naval facilities in South Yemen. The most significant among them, a Soviet naval and air base on

294-741: A detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden . He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer

392-579: A force to suppress the Subeihi. After a few skirmishes he returned to Lahej. In September 1906 the Rijai Shaikh signed an agreement formally acknowledging himself as the vassal of the Abdali. In 1910 a convention was executed with the Sultan, by which he ceded to government a piece of land on the left bank and eastward of Wadi As-Saghir for use as headworks of the water supply of Aden. The convention

490-906: A national identification card. In November 1989, after returning from the Soviet–Afghan War , Osama bin Laden offered to send the newly formed al-Qaeda to overthrow the South Yemeni government on behalf of Saudi Arabia , but Prince Turki bin Faisal found the plan reckless and declined. In 1990, the parties reached a full agreement on joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were effectively merged as Yemen . South Yemen's ethnic groups were, as of 2000, ethnic Yemeni Arabs (92.8%), Somalis (3.7%), Afro-Arab (1.1%), Indians and Pakistanis (1%), and other (1.4%). South Yemen has maintained control over religious expression and has worked to diminish

588-589: A number of collective farms, however, those set up following the Soviet model produced poorer results than cooperative-run farms. The national budget was 13.43 million dinars in 1976, and the gross national product was US$ 650 - 500  million. The total national debt was $ 52.4 million. Limited natural resources posed challenges to the economic development of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). Despite this constraint, significant, albeit modest, oil reserves were discovered shortly after

686-561: A poor economy, the government ensured a basic level of living standard for all citizens and established a welfare state . Income equality improved, corruption was reduced, and health and educational services expanded. Overall, the population was assured of a basic but adequate living standard for all. Democratic Yemen had a "National Science Day" on 10 September. According to the UNESCO in 1985, education in Democratic Yemen

784-467: A productive capacity of 10,000 barrels per day (bpd), that between 5,000-10,000 bpd were being trucked to the Aden refinery, and that there were plans to increase the number of trucks on the oil run to bring deliveries up to 25,000 bpd, considerably more than the PDRY's total domestic need at the time. The discovery was viewed as a potential pathway to reduce dependence on external sources of income and improve

882-503: A range of essential goods such as plastics, batteries, cigarettes, matches, tomato paste, dairy products, and fish canning. Within the industrial sector, the state implemented welfarist labor laws that were widely enforced. These laws included regulations aimed at safeguarding women in the workforce by prohibiting night shifts and hazardous occupations. Additionally, the legislation ensured that workers received salaries that enabled them to maintain reasonable living standards. Trade unions in

980-655: A result of the revolution. The NLF and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) appeared in the 1960s, supporters of the NLF were from the countryside of Radfan , Yafa , and Ad-Dali , while the supporters of the FLOSY were mainly from Aden; This is because tribal affiliations played a major role in attracting supporters. The leaders of the NLF came from within the protected sheikhdoms and were not supported by

1078-737: A result, following the British withdrawal, there here was little to no industrial output or mineral wealth exploitation in the country until the mid-1980s, when significant petroleum reserves in the central regions near Shibam and Mukalla were discovered. Foreign aid was minimal, as the British government did not fulfill promises of aid and the Soviet Union offered only US$ 152 million from 1969 to 1980. The main sources of income were agriculture, mostly fruit, cereal crops , cattle and sheep, and fishing. The government guaranteed full employment in agriculture for rural citizens, and established

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1176-411: A small number of university-educated leaders, and all of them, without exception, had no experience in government. The front was divided into two right-wing and left-wing sections. The right-wingers and their popular leader, Qahtan, did not want to make major changes in the prevailing social and economic structure and took a conservative stance toward "liberating all Arab lands from colonialism, supporting

1274-459: A social and economic transformation that would serve the broad segment of the working people instead of the wealthy minority," as they put it. on 20 March 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership and was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year. On another level, in the months of July, August and December of 1968,

1372-648: A war on two fronts, trying to thwart the Republic in the north and the anti-English factions in the south. By 1965, most of the western protectorates had fallen to the National Liberation Front. As for Hadhramaut, it seemed calm until 1966 because the English presence there was less than its counterpart in the western protectorates. Ali Salem al-Baidh and Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas joined the National Liberation Front in Hadhramaut and prevented

1470-539: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Middle Eastern history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . People%27s Republic of Yemen – in Asia  (tan & white) – in Arabia  (tan) South Yemen , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen , abbreviated to Democratic Yemen , was a state that existed from 1967 to 1990 as

1568-757: The Aden Protectorate , which consisted of two-thirds of present-day Yemen. Prior to 1937, what was to become the Colony of Aden had been governed as a part of British India, originally as the Aden Settlement subordinate to the Bombay Presidency and then as a Chief Commissioner's province. After the collapse of Aden Protectorate, a state of emergency was declared in 1963, when the National Liberation Front (NLF) and

1666-726: The Corrective Move . This radical wing reorganised the country into the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY) on 30 November 1970. Subsequently, all political parties were amalgamated into the National Liberation Front, renamed the Yemeni Socialist Party , which became the only legal party. This group took an extreme leftist line and declared its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution . West Germany severed its relationship with

1764-664: The Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY) rebelled against the British rule. The Federation of South Arabia and the Protectorate of South Arabia were overthrown to become the People's Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY) on 30 November 1967. On 22 June 1969, the Marxist–Leninist faction of the NLF led by Abdel Fattah Ismail and Salim Rubai Ali , overthrew the Nasserist President Qahtan al-Shaabi in an internal bloodless coup that

1862-587: The National Liberation Front , which later transformed into the ruling Yemeni Socialist Party . The legislative body, the Supreme People's Council , was elected by the people for a period of five years. The collective head of state, also known as the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council, was elected by the Supreme People's Council for a period of five years as well. The executive body

1960-630: The Soviet Union , the German Democratic Republic , Cuba , and the Palestinian Liberation Organization . East Germany 's constitution of 1968 even served as a kind of blueprint for the PDRY's first constitution. The new government embarked on a programme of nationalisation , introduced central planning , put limits on housing ownership and rent , and implemented land reforms . By 1973,

2058-705: The Soviet Union . Despite its efforts to bring stability into the region, it was involved in a brief civil war in 1986 . The PDRY unified with the Yemen Arab Republic , on 22 May 1990 to form the present-day Republic of Yemen . In 1838, Muhsin Bin Fadl, Sultan of Lahej ceded 194 km (75 sq mi) of Aden to the British . On 19 January 1839, the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to occupy

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2156-780: The Stasi in the country to train the nation's secret police and establish another arms trafficking route to Palestine . The East Germans did not leave until 1990, when the Yemeni government declined to pay their salaries which had been terminated with the dissolution of the Stasi during German reunification . However by the middle 1980s the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev largely shunned South Yemen. Relations between South Yemen and several nearby states were poor. Saudi Arabia only established diplomatic relations in 1976, initially hosting pro-British exiles and supporting armed clashes in

2254-772: The Subayhi tribal area was absorbed into the sultanate. By 1958, Britain was worried that the sultan at the time, Ali bin Abd al Karim al Abdali, an Arab nationalist , would refuse to join the British-sponsored Federation of Arab Emirates of the South , and had him deposed. Lahej ended up joining the Federation and later the Federation of South Arabia in 1963. In 1967 the new Communist regime expelled

2352-725: The United Arab Republic , to whom they lost 14–0. On 5 November 1989, South Yemen played its last international match against Guinea , to whom they lost 1–0. The team stopped playing when the North and South united in 1990 to form the modern state of Yemen . In 1988, the South Yemen Olympic team made its debut in the Summer Olympics in Seoul . Sending only eight athletes, the country won no medals. This

2450-703: The Abdali Sultan. The dynasty of the Sultanate of Lahej was abolished with the founding of the socialist state of People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990). The former territory of the Sultanate has been within the Republic of Yemen since the Yemeni unification in 1990. The Sultanate of Lahej and others surrounding the Port of Aden had economic influence by supporting the important trade economy of

2548-536: The Abdali entered into an Agreement by which the Subeihi were placed under their control, the stipends previously received by the latter being made payable to the Abdali. On 7 February 1882, by a Treaty with the Abdali Sultan, arrangements were made for the purchase, by the British Government, of some 35 square miles (90.6 square kilometres) of territory attached to Shaikh Othman, between the Hiswa and Imad;

2646-488: The Aden troop (which had been raised in 1805 for police purposes) to support him, and also lent him rifles and ammunition. These proceedings resulted in the safe withdrawal of the garrisons; but from this date the Subeihi agreement became practically inoperative, and the various Subeihi tribes resumed their old position of independent relations with the Aden Residency. At the close of 1886 the Abdali bought back from

2744-672: The British Empire from South Asia. Early 19th century industrial Britain, with its rapidly expanding economy, needed improved and reliable communication with British India and the East India Company operations. The 1863 opening of the Suez Canal initiated further British trade protection strategies, securing the port of Adan and surroundings to serve the Red Sea shipping routes using its new canal. The Sultanate

2842-512: The British government considered in the light of an agreement to be observed between the Political Agent and the Sultan, but not of a treaty to be formally ratified. In February 1844, a monthly stipend of 541 dollars was restored to the Sultan with a year's arrears and, before this was paid, another Agreement was taken from him, binding him faithfully to observe his engagements, Sultan Muhsin died on 30 November 1847, leaving nine sons. He

2940-478: The Eastern Protectorate in Hadhramaut were annexed to the new country. The lands of South Yemen are rugged and barren, a fact that played a role in the social, cultural and economic development of the south, unlike the northern regions of Yemen. Their population in 1967 did not exceed two million people, while northern Yemen exceeded six million. Most of the population of the south was concentrated in

3038-612: The Egyptians at first, while the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen ran its operations from Aden and received support from Gamal Abdel Nasser , which made it appear as a follower of the Egyptians promoting Nasser’s agendas inside the country, the operations of these factions against the British were known to them as the Aden Emergency. The British tried to reach a compromise with these groups and found themselves waging

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3136-457: The GDP of South Yemen increased by 25 percent. Despite the conservative environment and resistance, women became legally equal to men, polygamy , child marriage and arranged marriage were all banned by law and equal rights in divorce were sanctioned; all of supported and protected by the state General Union of Yemeni Women . The Republic also secularised education and sharia law was replaced by

3234-486: The Geneva Talks to sign the independence agreement with the British. During its occupation of Aden , the British had signed several treaties of protection with the local sheikhdoms and emirates of the Federation of South Arabia; however, these parties were excluded from the talks, and thus the agreement stated [...the handover of the territory of South Arabia to the (Yemeni) NLF...]. Southern Yemen became independent as

3332-645: The Haushabi the lands referred to in the Zaida Agreement, and the Resident thereupon intimated to both Chiefs that articles 1 and 2 of that agreement were held to be cancelled, with the exception of the words permitting the Haushabi to erect a house at Al Anad. In 1894, owing to the heavy taxes levied on qafilahs by the Haushabi sultan Muhsin bin Ali, the Abdali entered Haushabi territory and its Sultan fled. He

3430-541: The PDRY primarily functioned as state entities rather than as negotiating bodies, playing a significant role in upholding labor regulations and standards. A few months after The Events of '86 , the PDRY had discovered oil after more than 6 decades of unsuccessful exploration, the Soviet Union discovered oil in the Shabwah Governorate in late 1986, marking a turning point for the resource-scarce nation. Decades of unsuccessful exploration efforts, hampered by

3528-501: The PDRY to search for oil in a 13,500-square-mile area in Shabwa, and, in 1984, launched a program of exploratory drilling. This Soviet effort yielded only traces of oil over the next two years, a sharp contrast to the discovery and rapid exploitation of oil in the same period by an American company, Hunt Oil , in- the YAR's Marib basin, an area just to the west of Shabwa. Then, in late 1986,

3626-479: The People's Republic of Southern Yemen on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front consolidated its control in the country. On 14 December 1967, the PDRY was admitted into the United Nations as a member state. the British announced that they would withdraw from 1968, which sparked the battles between the National Liberation Front and the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen to monopolize

3724-434: The Soviets struck very high quality oil in western Shabwa, an occurrence confirmed by authorities in Aden in early 1987. By late March, Initial estimates placed the oil reserves at around 1 billion barrels, sparking plans for pipeline construction and full-scale production of the oil fields. events moved swiftly, and industry sources reported in mid-1987 that the three fields - lyad East , lyad West , and Amal already had

3822-417: The Sultan of Lahej, for the protection of the British Government against the Turks, who had demanded his submission, had occupied a part of Zaida and Shakaa, and had sent troops to support his rebellious brother Abdulla, a force of British and Indian Infantry with three guns marched to Al Hauta, the capital of Lahej, to protect the Sultan. After some negotiations the Turkish troops evacuated Lahej and Shakaa, and

3920-407: The Sultan of Laliej in the Subeihi area. In January 1919, in consequence of incursions by the Imam into the Protectorate and the resulting danger to Lahej, a force of British troops was sent to garrison Nobat Dukeim. It was withdrawn in July 1922 but a small detachment of Indian troops was left at Habil. This was withdrawn in April 1928. The Sultan visited India in 1922 and England in 1924 when he

4018-402: The Sultan's two brothers and nephew surrendered unconditionally and were conveyed as State prisoners to Aden, while their forts were dismantled. They were subsequently released and retired to Mocha. Sultan Fadhl bin Muhsin died in July 1874, and was succeeded by his nephew, Fadhl bin Ali, who had resigned the Chief ship in his favour in 1863. The payment of the usual annual stipend of 6,492 dollars

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4116-399: The Sultanate became part of the Aden Protectorate of the British Empire , though nominally the 'Abdali Sultan retained his status. The Aden Protectorate was briefly ruled again by the Ottomans during World War I, but regained by the British after the Ottoman defeat in World War I and absorbed into Federation of South Arabia in 1963. The 'Abdali dynasty was officially abolished in 1967, with

4214-424: The Yemeni reunification. Diplomatic relations with the United States had been broken on 24 October 1969 because of disagreements with US policy in the Middle East. They were not restored until shortly before reunification. The Supreme People's Council was appointed by the General Command of the National Liberation Front in 1971. In Aden, there was a structured judicial system with a supreme court . Despite

4312-406: The assistance rendered by Sultan Fadhl bin Muhsin in supplying forage and means of transport for the troops employed against the Fadhli tribe in 1865, he was presented with 5000 dollars. In 1867 the Chief consented to the construction of an aqueduct for the supply of water from the Shaikh Othman wells to Aden, a distance of 6 miles (10 km). In 1873, in consequence of repeated applications by

4410-402: The border regions of South Yemen. Relations with Oman declined through the 1970s as the South Yemeni government supported the insurgent Marxist Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO). Relations with Ba'athist Iraq were also low, as South Yemen offered asylum to a number of Iraqi communists . The United States listed South Yemen as a “state sponsor of terrorism” between 1979 and

4508-539: The confidence of his sponsors in the USSR . His successor, Ali Nasir Muhammad , took a less interventionist stance toward both North Yemen and neighbouring Oman . On 13 January 1986, a violent struggle began in Aden between Ali Nasir's supporters and supporters of the returned Ismail, who wanted power back. This conflict, known as the South Yemen Civil War , lasted for more than a month and resulted in thousands of casualties, Ali Nasir's ouster , and Ismail's disappearance and presumed death. Some 60,000 people, including

4606-430: The country included courts of appeal and the provincial courts, and the courts of first instance were known as the district courts or magistrate courts. The only political party was the Yemen Socialist Party. The only avowedly Marxist–Leninist nation in the Middle East, South Yemen received significant foreign aid and other assistance from the USSR and East Germany , which stationed several hundred officers of

4704-445: The country's unification in 1990. However, the YSP government did not benefit from oil exports to fund its development initiatives. Over time, economic policies in the PDRY underwent a transformation, shifting from an initial focus on developing the state sector to promoting cooperative and joint private-public enterprises. By the late 1980s, there was a notable presence of industries in Aden and around Al Mukalla in Hadramawt, producing

4802-440: The deposed Ali Nasir, fled to the YAR. Ali Salim al-Beidh , an ally of Ismail who had succeeded in escaping the attack on pro-Ismail members of the Politburo , then became General Secretary of the Yemeni Socialist Party . Against the background of the perestroika in the USSR , the main backer of the PDRY, political reforms were started in the late 1980s. Political prisoners were released, political parties were formed, and

4900-416: The educated Aden elite, which was made up of a large number of non-Arabs and non-Muslims. In addition to all that was the sheikhdoms' differences over the who should be the president of the federation. Following the establishment of the Federation of South Arabia on 1965, four sheikhdoms out of twenty-one had joined the union. The Qu'aiti and Kathiri sultanates of Hadhramaut refused to join either of

4998-432: The empire. In the mid-1950s, the British realized that they would not be able to manage the colonies and needed a stable political unit that would distance Aden from the wave of Arab nationalism that had swept the region and preserve for them influence and the ability to manage Aden from London, so they established the Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia in 1959. The federation did not succeed for several reasons,

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5096-401: The enemy and retired with the British troops which had been hastily despatched to defend Lahej. The Sultan died at Aden from wounds received during the attack on Lahej. His successor Sultan Abdul Karim was the son of a former Chief, Fadhl bin Ali. His election took place in Aden, where he was a refugee until the end of the war. He was formally installed in his capital on 14 December 1918, after

5194-427: The federations. Several resistance movements emerged, such as the National Liberation Front (NLF), whom were responsible for the wounding of British High Commissioner Kennedy Trevaskis on 10 December 1963 using a grenade, an event that sparked the 14 October Revolution which was influenced by the 26 September Revolution against the Imams in the North . The British had announced that they would withdraw by 1968 as

5292-410: The first of which was the British insistence that Aden would be part of the entity, which was rejected by the commercial elite of Aden, most of whom were Indians , Persians , and Jews , because they feared for their future from the sheikhdoms. On the other hand, the leaders of the sheikhdoms feared that they would be overthrown later or that their influence would remain limited due to the dominance of

5390-477: The harsh desert environment and political instability, had left South Yemen heavily reliant on foreign aid, primarily from the Soviet Union, and remittances from its citizens working abroad, estimated to be around half of government revenue by the mid-1980s. The discovery, made by the Soviet oil company Technoexport, emerged amidst the Cold War, with the Soviet Union playing a crucial role in the exploration and discovery process. In 1980s, Technoexport contracted with

5488-544: The island of Socotra for operations in the Indian Ocean. Unlike the early decades of other partitioned states such as East Germany and West Germany , North Korea and South Korea , or North Vietnam and South Vietnam , all of which faced tense relations or sometimes total wars , the relations between the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) remained relatively friendly throughout most of their existence, although conflicts did arise. Fighting broke out in 1972 , and

5586-575: The latter withdrew his ties to With the tribes and the army, he was able to ally himself with Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, and they reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan Al-Shaabi. They were able to arrest him and place him under house arrest. On 22 June 1969, a radical Marxist wing of the NLF formed a presidential committee of five people, Salim Rubaya Ali , who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. they gained power in an event known as

5684-514: The lives of South Yemen's roughly 2.4 million citizens. However, the joy of discovery was accompanied by a multitude of challenges. Sultanate of Lahej Lahej ( Arabic : لحج Laḥij ), the Sultanate of Lahej ( Arabic : سلطنة لحج Salṭanat Laḥij ), or, sometimes, the Abdali Sultanate ( Arabic : سلطنة العبدلي Salṭanat al-'Abdalī ) , was a Sheikdom based in Lahij in Southern Arabia . The Sultanate became self-ruling in 1728 and gained independence in 1740. In 1839,

5782-464: The masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury. On 11 December 1967, the lands of "feudal symbols and British agents" were confiscated, and the state was divided into six governorates. The aim of the move was to end tribal aspects in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms. On 16 June 1969, Qahtan fired Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham , but

5880-407: The near absence of the English presence in al-Mahra. Qahtan Al-Shaabi was the only person the British knew because he was an agricultural engineer in his city of Lahij. When the British tried to negotiate with the National Liberation Front, Qahtan demanded immediate withdrawal and recognition of the legitimacy of his government, and that the British government provide aid double what it proposed to

5978-408: The only communist state in the Middle East and the Arab world . It was made up of the southern and eastern governorates of the present-day Republic of Yemen , including the island of Socotra . It was bordered by North Yemen to the north-west, Saudi Arabia to the north, and Oman to the east. South Yemen's origins can be traced to 1874 with the creation of the British Colony of Aden and

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6076-403: The payment of the usual annual stipend was continued. In April 1899, owing to continual robberies by the Subeihi, the Abdali were given permission to occupy Has al Arab, Turan and Am Rija in the Subeihi country, In November the Abdali raised a force against the Atifi section in consequence of an attack made by the latter on Dar al Kudeimi. The Atifi then submitted. In 1902 the Sultan again raised

6174-416: The plunder; but, finding the British Commissioner firm in his demands, he eventually consented to give up part of the property and pay compensation for the rest. A draft treaty for the cession of Aden was laid before the Sultan, to which he gave his verbal consent and promised formally to agree after consulting his Chiefs. In this draft the amount of compensation to he paid for Aden was left undetermined, hut it

6272-403: The popular Qahtan faced new rebellions from leftist parties because all Arab countries welcomed the front. The National Liberation Front received a cold reception, as regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen. The leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan, and they wanted a regime that would lead

6370-426: The proclamation of South Yemen . Lahej was a sultanate of the 'Abdali dynasty . In 1740 the 'Abdali sultan became independent. It became independent thanks to the fracturing of the Zaidi State in north Yemen. The Sultanate of Lahej became an independent entity, from 1728 to 1839. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with

6468-478: The resistance of the Palestinian people, and supporting socialist regimes around the world to resist imperialism and colonial forces in the Third World." The leftist section of the Liberation Front was also promoting and opposed the establishment of popular forces and proposals to nationalize lands, and they were not preoccupied with the struggle of social classes. Qahtan wanted the continuation of existing institutions and their development. The leftist section "wanted

6566-410: The right to self-determination after the British left. The National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen. Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the sheikhdoms of

6664-407: The role of religion in everyday life. It has replaced sharia with secular law in many areas, such as personal status, and has entrusted the interpretation of these laws to secular officials or state-empowered sheikhs . The state also controls religious trusts and channels funds for mosques through a government ministry, which has contributed to the sheikhs' dependence on the state. Additionally,

6762-481: The salt-pits at Shaikh Othman and the aqueduct between that place and Aden at the same time became British property. Between May and July 1886 the Abdali Chief made repeated complaints of the hardships entailed by the Subeihi Agreement, from which he wished to withdraw entirely. In August he reported that one of his garrisons had been massacred, and that all the others were surrounded by the Subeihi, and craved assistance in rescuing them. The Resident despatched 50 sabres of

6860-474: The share taken by the late Chief, Sultan Muhsin, in an attack on Aden in August 1846. Relations with the new Chief remained on a fairly satisfactory feeding until 1857. when, taking umbrage at some fancied wrongs, he entered upon a course of open hostility to the British Government. He was completely defeated by an expedition which marched against him in 1858, and the peace which followed remained unbroken until his death in 1863. His son, Fadhl l (Fazl) bin Ali,

6958-504: The short-lived conflict was resolved with negotiations, where it was declared unification would eventually occur. However, these plans were put on hold in 1979, as the PDRY funded Red rebels in the YAR , and the war was only prevented by an Arab League intervention. The goal of unity was reaffirmed by the northern and southern heads of state during a summit meeting in Kuwait in March 1979. In 1980, PDRY president Abdul Fattah Ismail resigned and went into exile in Moscow, having lost

7056-583: The state due to its recognition of East Germany. The United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalized foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the state to The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist-Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established. The People's Democratic Republic of Yemen established close ties with

7154-420: The state has adopted a dual approach to religion, promoting a form of 'official' Islam while suppressing 'popular' Islam. This has included public displays of religious observance by government leaders to deflect accusations of being anti-Islamic, despite the state's ongoing efforts to undermine the influence of Islam in society. South Yemen developed as a Marxist–Leninist , mostly secular society ruled first by

7252-663: The sultans of the Kathiri Sultanate and the Qu'aiti Sultanate from entering the country, but allowed the Sultan of the Mahra Sultanate due to his old age. The commander of the Hadhrami Bedouin Legion was killed by one of his men in the same year, and Ali Salem Al-Beidh and Muhammad Salem Akash played a major role in gathering supporters in favor of the National Liberation Front, taking advantage of

7350-597: The surrender of the Turkish garrison at Lahej to the British, and was granted a sum of £10,000 by the British government as a mark of their friendship and appreciation of his loyalty, and to enable him to re-establish the administration of his country. The stipend paid to his father was continued to him. Lahej typically enjoyed good relations with the British, despite the accidental killing of Sultan Fadhl ibn Ali al Abdali by British troops in 1918 who mistook him for an enemy Ottoman Turk soldier. In 1918 Sultan Abdul Karim

7448-462: The system of justice was reckoned to be more equitable than in the North. In May 1988, the YAR and PDRY governments came to an understanding that considerably reduced tensions, including agreement to renew discussions concerning unification, to establish a joint oil exploration area along their undefined border, to demilitarise the border, and to allow Yemenis unrestricted border passage on the basis of only

7546-519: The terms first offered: but, if these were not accepted, his letter of 22 January should be returned to him. Negotiations were at this stage when a plot was laid by Ahmed, the Sultan's son; to seize the Agent and rob him of his papers, and delivery of the property stolen from the wreck of the Deria Dowhit was also refused. Preparations were therefore made to coerce the Sultan. On 19 January 1839 Aden

7644-414: The territory and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India making Aden a part of British colonial rule from 1839 until 1937. In the 1920s, the British began expanding and annexing the multiple sheikhdoms surrounding Aden under the claim of protecting them. This was more a precautionary measure to prevent the Yemeni imams from storming Aden than a desire to annex the small sheikhdoms to

7742-538: The union, and that all the islands associated with the Aden Protectorate be part of the new state. While the British demands were an orderly handover to the authorities, and that the new state not interfere in the affairs of any country in the Arabian Peninsula. The British were surprised by the presence of people they thought were loyal to them alongside the popular Qahtan. The NLF was invited to

7840-515: The western regions of Lahj and its environs, and these alone constituted more than 60% of the population, 10% were nomads. Qahtan al-Shaabi assumed the presidency of a state that had never existed before, with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, British support stopped, and the closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%. The National Liberation Front had approximately 4,000 members,

7938-480: Was afterwards arranged that an annual payment of 8,700 crowns should he made. On 22 January 1838 Sultan Muhsin sent a letter under his seal, engaging to make over Aden, after two months, but stipulating that his authority over his people in Aden should be maintained after the cession. To the continuance of the Sultan's jurisdiction the British Agent objected. The Sultan replied that he was willing to abide by

8036-501: Was bombarded and taken, and the Sultan and his family fled to Lahej. On 2 February peace was made in the Sultan's name by his son-in law, and on 18 June the Sultan himself signed a Bond, engaging to maintain peace and friendship with the British Government, who agreed to pay him and his heirs 6,500 dollars a year, and likewise to pay the stipends which the Sultan was bound to give to the Fadhili, Haushabi and Amiri tribes. Peace, however,

8134-643: Was considered the best in the Arabian Peninsula and that the illiteracy rate was 2% of the population. In 1976, the South Yemen national football team participated in the AFC Asian Cup , where the team lost to Iraq 1–0 and to Iran 8–0. They entered their only World Cup qualification campaign in 1986 and were knocked out in the first round by Bahrain . On 2 September 1965, South Yemen played their first international match against

8232-463: Was continued to the latter, the amount being increased in 1882 to 19,692 dollars. In 1877 the Sultan of Lahej was granted a permanent salute of 9 guns. In July 1881 an Agreement was concluded between the Abdali and the Haushabi, by which a portion of the Zaida lands taken from the latter tribe in 1873 was restored to them, and a cause of constant mutual irritation was thus effectually removed. In 1881

8330-540: Was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the Chiefs of the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. From that time there was little or no intercourse with Aden until 1837, when attention was drawn to the plunder and maltreatment of the crews of British vessels wrecked on the Aden coast. The most notable case

8428-498: Was divided into six governorates (Arabic: muhafazat ), with roughly natural boundaries . From 1967 to 1978, each given a name by numeral . The state changed this practice in the mid-1980s but gave the governorates geographical or historical names and ensured that their borders did not coincide with tribal allegiances. Today, this legacy contributes to misunderstanding and confusion when discussing political issues and allegiances in Yemen. The islands of Kamaran (until 1972, when it

8526-525: Was elected by the tribes and elders to succeed him in the government, but no sooner had he assumed the management of affairs than intrigues were set on foot by other members of the family with a view to his displacement. Ultimately an arrangement was effected, through the mediation of the Resident at Aden and with the consent of the young Chief, by which he was succeeded in the government of the country by his uncle. Fadhl bin Muhsin, fourth son of Sultan Muhsin. For

8624-406: Was granted a personal salute of 11 guns. In February 1919 the Subeihi were again placed under the control of the Abdali. The ratification of this agreement, has been postponed by the British government until after the final settlement of the future political status of Arabia. The agreement, although only in partial operation during recent years has had the effect of strengthening the influence of

8722-465: Was known as the Council of Ministers, and was formed by the Supreme People's Council. Local representative bodies were the people's councils, and their decisions were taken into account when the members of the Supreme People's Council were governing. Local executive bodies were the executive bureaus of the people's councils. The highest court was the Supreme Court of South Yemen, other courts in

8820-427: Was later called the Corrective Move . The Marxist–Leninist takeover later led to the creation of the Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), and South Yemen's transformation into a one-party , socialist state . The official name of the state was changed a year after the reforms to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), and was able to establish strong relations with Cuba , East Germany , North Korea , China , and

8918-604: Was ratified on 17 March 1911. It, however, became a dead letter, as the scheme has been abandoned. In March 1914 Sultan Sir Ahmed Fadhl died. He was succeeded by his cousin, Ali bin Ahmed to whom the payment of the Usual annual stipend was continued. In July 1915 a Turkish force under General Said Pasha from Yemen attacked and captured Lahej which they retained until the end of the war. The Sultan, whose irregular troops were unable to offer successful resistance, abandoned his country to

9016-782: Was received by His Majesty the King, together with his son Fadlil. He visited India again in 1930. The Resident convened the first Conference of ruling chiefs of the Protectorate in April 1929. The Conference was held at Lahej under the Presidency of the Abdali Sultan and was reconvened in December 1930. In 1931, The gross revenue of the Adbali is estimated at Rs. 2,75,000 a year, and the population amounted to about 35,000 in. In 1948,

9114-431: Was repudiated by bis Shaikhs and, at their request, Sultan Fadhl bin Ali made suitable arrangements for administering their country and protecting the trade routes. The Haushabi Sultan eventually gave himself up at Lahej and on 6 August 1895 signed an Agreement by which his territory was restored to him under certain guarantees. On 27 April 1898 Sultan Fadhl bin Ali died. He was succeeded by his cousin, Ahmed Fadhl, to whom

9212-606: Was seized by North Yemen), Perim , Socotra , Abd-el-Kuri , Samha (inhabited), Darsah and others uninhabited from the Socotra archipelago were districts ( mudiriyat ) of the First/Aden Governorate being under the Prime Minister's supervision. During British rule, economic development in South Yemen was restricted to the city of Aden , focused mainly on the port and on the British military bases. As

9310-573: Was soon after broken by an unsuccessful attempt made by Sultan Muhsin in November 1839 to retake Aden, and the payments were therefore stopped. A second attack was made in May 1840 was also unsuccessful, and the repulse of a third attack in July of the same year completely disheartened the Arabs for a time. In 1843 Sultan Muhsin came to Aden and sued for peace. An Engagement was made on 11 February 1843. which

9408-409: Was succeeded by his eldest son, Ahmed, who died on 18 January 1849, when his next brother, Ali bin Muhsin, succeeded. Shortly after his accession to power, a Treaty of peace, friendship and commerce, which was under negotiation with his predecessor, was concluded with him. Among its other provisions, this treaty stipulated for the restoration of the monthly stipend which had been stopped in consequence of

9506-546: Was that of the Deria Dowlut , the crew of which were stripped and barbarously treated. Captain Haines, who was then employed in the survey of the Arabian coast, was instructed to demand satisfaction. He was at the same time to endeavour to purchase Aden as a coaling depot for the steamers plying between India and the Red Sea. Sultan Muhsin, who had succeeded his uncle, Sultan Ahmed, in 1827, at first denied all participation in

9604-457: Was the only time the country went to the Olympics until unification in 1990. Women's rights under the socialist government were considered the best in the region. Women became legally equal to men and were encouraged to work in public; polygamy, child marriage, and arranged marriage were all banned; and equal rights in divorce received legal sanction. Following independence, South Yemen

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