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67-566: The Sultanate was inhabited by the Mehri people who spoke the Mahri language , a modern South Arabian language. The Mehri share, with their regional neighbours on the island of Socotra and in Dhofar , cultural traditions like a modern South Arabian language, and frankincense agriculture. The region benefits from a coastal climate, distinct from the surrounding desert climate, with seasons dominated by

134-791: A coaling depot, and the troops were withdrawn. In 1838 the Chief proposed to farm the island to the British Government, but the capture of Aden, while the proposal was under discussion, rendered it unnecessary to secure Socotra as a coaling station. Sultan Amr bin Saad Tawari died about 1845, and was succeeded in the Sultanate of Socotra and Qishn by his nephew, Tawari bin Ali, who in turn was succeeded by his grandson, Ahmed bin Saad. The latter

201-675: A crucial role in the Arab Muslim army under the leadership of Amr ibn al-As , a renowned military commander and one of Muhammad's companions. They fought alongside him during the Islamic conquest of North Africa, starting with the defeat of the Byzantine forces in the Battle of Heliopolis , followed by the Battle of Nikiou in Egypt in 646. Throughout the Islamic conquest of North Africa,

268-670: A large but slender physique, and because of its small hump it is perfectly suited for riding. During the colonial period in northern Africa, the French government took advantage of the Mehri camel's proven military capabilities, and established a camel corps called the Méhariste which was part of the Armée d'Afrique . It patrolled the Sahara using the Mehri camel. The French Méhariste camel corps

335-492: A letter for him, which remains with them to this day. During the early years of Islam, the Mehri tribe played a significant role in the history of Islam and the military achievements of the Arab world. They participated in the conquest of North Africa and Spain . Their exploits were documented by the historian Ibn Abd Al-Hakam in his book titled "Futuh Misr wa Akhbaruha" (The Conquest of Egypt and Its News). The Mehri tribe played

402-530: A near-constant state of war with the Kathiri, who were trying to take control of Shihr. In 1488, the Ba Dujana enlisted the help of their Socotran allies to push the Kathiri out of Shihr once more. Yet the dominance of the Ba Dujana clan would last only for another seven years. In 1495, bouts of infighting between the tribes of Mahra escalated into civil war. The Kathiri sultan, Jafar bin 'Amr, took advantage of

469-522: A role in the history of Islam and the Arab world's military achievements during the early years of Islam. The Mehri army participated in the first Muslim conquest of the Maghreb . The Mehri tribe's achievements have been well-documented by historian Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam in his book titled The History of the Conquests of Egypt and North Africa and Spain . At the beginning of the first Muslim conquest of

536-625: A similar Protectorate Treaty was concluded with Sultan Ali bin Abdulla, as head of the Mahri tribe, and his annual stipend was increased by 120 dollars. In 1898 some of the cargo of the P. and O. S. S. Aden wrecked off Socotra was plundered, and the Sultan was reminded of his obligations under the Agreement of 1876. Sultan Ali bin Abdulla had three sons, all of whom predeceased him. He died in 1907 and

603-646: A storm and bin Sa'd was captured by the Tahirids. In retaliation, the Tahirid sultan sent an army commanded by Zayn al-Sunbuli to occupy Shihr. The campaign was only half-successful, and parts of the area were still held by the Ba Dujana. Determined to break the stalemate, Sultan Malik Amir bin Tahir led a great expedition across the desert coast from Aden to Mahra. Vastly outnumbered, the Ba Dujana retreated from Shihr ahead of

670-826: A sultanate that lasted for five centuries, and it remained in existence until 1967, which is the Sultanate of Al-Mahra. Mahras are descended from Mahra bin Heydan bin 'Amr bin el-Hafi Quda'a bin Malik bin 'Amr bin Murra bin Zeyd bin Malik bin Ḥimyar , who was from Quda'a . The Mehri are one of the largest tribes in the Al Mahrah Governorate of Yemen and in the island of Socotra and Dhofar Governorate of Oman . Mehri group members are also found in other countries in

737-584: Is a compact SUV like the Méhari . 15°48′N 51°44′E  /  15.800°N 51.733°E  / 15.800; 51.733 Mehri people The Mehri ( Arabic : المهرة ), also known as the al-Mahrah tribe ( Arabic : قبيلة المهرة ), are an Arab ethnographic group primarily inhabiting South Arabia especially in the Al-Mahra Governorate in Yemen and the island of Socotra in

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804-706: The khareef or monsoon . In 1886, the Sultanate became under the British-ruled Aden Protectorate and later under the Protectorate of South Arabia . The Sultanate was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen . With the departure of the British from the larger southern Arabian region, the Aden -based South Yemeni government divided the sultanate, creating

871-719: The Al Mahra Governorate and Socotra was administered by the Aden Governorate . The sultanate is now part of the Republic of Yemen and the Sultanate of Oman . The ancient history of the Mahra region begins with the formation of the ʿĀd kingdom by an Arabian tribe called ʿĀd which settled in South Arabia. The Mehri people are traditionally considered descendants of the ʿĀd Kingdom and blood relatives of

938-461: The Battle of Nikiou in Egypt in the year 646. The Mehri army were highly skilled cavalry which rode horses and a special camel breed called the Mehri originating from Al-Mahra which was renowned for its speed, agility and toughness. The Al-Mahra contingent even spearheaded the army during the conquest of the city of Alexandria . The Al-Mahra army was nicknamed "the people who kill without being killed" by 'Amr ibn al-'As . Commander 'Amr ibn al-'As

1005-786: The Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen (FLOSY). In 1963 the British government declared a state of emergency in the Aden Protectorate, and by 1967 the British forces had left Yemen as a result of losses against the National Liberation Front (Yemen) which later seized power in Al-Mahra. In 1967, the Al-Mahra sultanate was absorbed by the Marxist People's Republic of South Yemen which itself

1072-593: The Guardafui Channel . They are named after Mahra bin Haydan. They can also be found in the Sultanate of Oman , and the eastern region of the Arabian Peninsula . They have participated in the conquests of North Africa , Morocco and Andalusia , and they lived there. Some of them work in fishing , and some of them live in the desert , and it is to them that the Mahri camels are attributed in

1139-712: The Modern South Arabian (MSA) subgroup of the Afroasiatic family's Semitic branch. Mehri is divided into two main dialects : Eastern Mehri (Mehriyot) and Western Mehri (Mehriyet). These idioms in turn have urban and Bedouin varieties. On the island of Socotra , the Mehri inhabitants speak the native Soqotri language of the Soqotri people . The Mehri language is most closely related to other Modern South Arabian languages, such as Bathari and Soqotri. These tongues collectively share many features with

1206-551: The Old South Arabian languages (Epigraphic South Arabian), as spoken by the ancient Sabaeans , Minaeans , and Qatabanians . Additionally, many Mehri in Yemen speak as a second language Arabic . Al-Hamdani wrote about the language of Mahra and Al-Shihr: The filly (tribe) of the people of al-Shihr and al-Asa’a are not eloquent. And they omit and say, O son of uncle, O son of uncle Mahra (tribe) - Characteristics of

1273-863: The Ottoman Turks , conquered Qishn. The Portuguese, who were competing with the Ottomans for control of trade routes in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, bombarded Qishn and returned it to the Mahris. The connection of the British Government with Mahra commenced in 1834, when Captain Ross, of the Indian Navy, was sent on a mission to Mahra, and concluded an agreement with Sultan Ahmed bin Sultan of Fartash and his cousin, Sultan bin Amr of Qishn, by which they consented to

1340-572: The Thamud . According to Islamic genealogies, the forefather of the Mehri people was Ya'rub , the son of Qahtan , grandson of the Islamic prophet Hud , and ancestor of the Himyarite , Qataban and Sabaean kingdoms. Ya'rub (or, by alternate accounts, Ya'rub's son), is sometimes credited with the invention of the Arabic language . During ancient times, the ʿĀd Kingdom was a transshipment point for

1407-573: The frankincense trade . It was exported mostly to ancient Europe. It has been suggested the ʿĀd Kingdom, and the current location of Mahra Sultanate, were the first places in the world where the camel was domesticated. During the first decade of the Islamic calendar (the 620s in the Gregorian calendar ), a large delegation from Mahra under the leadership of Mehri bin Abyad went to Medina to meet

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1474-534: The Al-Mahra flag were sent to North Africa to fight the Byzantines and Berbers. Throughout the first Muslim conquest of the Maghreb the army from Al-Mahra were awarded lands in the newly conquered territories. Initially the Mehri tribe were awarded lands in the region of Jabal Yashkar by the Muslim leadership. This region was located east of the town of Al-Askar which at that time was the capital of Egypt. After

1541-524: The Arab heritage. The Mahra were famous for their Mahri language , which is a Semitic language belonging to the eastern family within the group of South Semitic languages , and it is a language closely related to other neighboring languages, such as the Shehri and Socotri languages. They have an ancient history, and they were mentioned in a number of Sabaean writings in Al-Musnad script , and they had

1608-700: The Arabian Peninsula "134" The Mehri are predominantly Muslims . A delegation from al-Mahra led by Mehri bin Al-Abid visited the Prophet of Allah, Muhammad , who presented Islam to them, and they embraced the faith. The Prophet wrote a letter for them, which read: "This is a letter from Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, to Mahri bin Al-Abid and those who believe among the Mehri. They shall not be harmed or subjected to any wrongdoing. They are to abide by

1675-618: The Arabian Peninsula like Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and the UAE . According to Ethnologue , there are around 115,200 total Mehri speakers. Of those, 50,000 live in Yemen (2011), 50,800 in Oman (2000), and 14,400 in Kuwait (2000), and according to Saudi officials there are around 20,000 Mehri speakers in Saudi Arabia. The Mehri speak the Mehri language as their native tongue. It belongs to

1742-529: The Bani Muharib faction and convinced them to return to Islam. After this event, the army under Ikrimah's command, and the Bani Muharib faction, formed a military alliance against the Bani Shakhrah. The Ridda War in Al-Mahra ended quickly as the newly formed alliance subdued the Bani Shakhrah faction without bloodshed. Islam was once again the only religion in Al-Mahra. The people of al-Mahra played

1809-518: The British Government, the island of Socotra or any of its dependencies, the neighbouring islands. In 1886 he accepted a Protectorate Treaty, and bound himself to abstain from all dealings with foreign powers without the previous sanction of the British Government. At the same time he undertook to give immediate notice to the Resident at Aden or other British officer of any attempt by any other power to interfere with Socotra and its dependencies. In 1888

1876-609: The Byzantine imperial army in Libya, and this campaign headed by Commander Al-Mahri brought a permanent end to Byzantine rule of Libya. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Abd al-sallam ibn Habira Al-Mahri was once again promoted as a result of his success as a temporary commander of the entire Muslim army, and subsequently he was appointed the first Muslim leader of Libya . During the Second Fitna , more than 600 soldiers carrying

1943-621: The Islamic conquests of Egypt and North Africa against the Byzantine Empire. During the conquests the cavalry unit from Al-Mahra introduced the Mehri camel to northern Africa, and now it is found throughout the area. It is better known as the Mehari camel in most of northern Africa, and is sometimes also known as the Sahel camel. It is a special breed originating in Al-Mahra. They are renowned for their speed, agility and toughness. They have

2010-583: The Islamic prophet Muhammad and a military commander in the Ridda wars and the Muslim conquest of Syria . In the latter campaign, he was killed fighting the Byzantine forces. Ikrima's father was Amr ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira , a leader of the polytheistic Quraysh tribe's Banu Makhzum clan who was called "Abu Jahl" (father of ignorance) by the Muslims for his stringent opposition to Muhammad . Ikrima's father

2077-483: The Islamic prophet Muhammad , and during that meeting the entire Mehri tribe decided to embrace Islam . Before embracing Islam, the tribe was polytheist and worshiped multiple deities. After the meeting in Medina, Muhammad issued an injunction, stating that the members of the Mehri tribe are true Muslims and no war should be waged against them, and that any violator of the injunction shall be considered to be waging war against Allah . The entire Mehri tribe became some of

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2144-423: The Maghreb , the Al-Mahri tribe mostly contributed cavalry to the army. They played a crucial role in the Arab army under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As , who was a well-known Arab military commander and one of the Sahaba Companions . The Al-Mahri army fought alongside him during the Arab conquest of North Africa, which began with the defeat of the Byzantine imperial forces at the Battle of Heliopolis , and later at

2211-447: The Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra was absorbed into a new region called Hadramaut. The Sultans of Mahra had the title of Sultan al-Dawla al-Mahriyya (Sultan Qishn wa Suqutra) . Their descendants are active politicians nowadays. The Al-Mahra Sultanate was consistently ruled by the Al-Mahri dynasty from year 1750 till 1967. Al-Mahra is home to the Mehri camel, which has been an integral part of Al-Mahra army's military success during

2278-399: The Mehri army was granted lands in the newly occupied territories. Initially, they were given the area of Jabal Yashkur by the Islamic leadership. This region is located east of the city of Al-Askar . After the end of the Islamic conquest of Egypt in 641, the Muslim commander Amr ibn al-As founded the city of Fustat , which became the new capital of Egypt. The army was given additional land in

2345-427: The Mehri camels to North Africa during the conquests, and they are now found throughout the region. They are sometimes referred to as the Coastal Camels. These camels are famous for their speed, agility, and endurance. They have a large but slender build, and their small hump is a characteristic feature. Since ancient times, various camel breeds, including the Adiya breed, were known in the Mehri region. Among these breeds

2412-425: The Mehri forces used Hayy Al-Raya as a base and stable for their horses. Hayy Al-Mehri is located near Hayy Al-Raya, which was the absolute center of the new capital, Fustat. The Mehri region is known for its purebred Mehri camels, which were an integral part of the military success of the Mehri army during the Islamic conquests of Egypt and North Africa against the Byzantine Empire . The Mehri cavalry unit introduced

2479-414: The Muslim community) and appointed Ikrima to lead a campaign against rebel Arab tribes in the Ridda wars (632–633), which saw him command expeditions around the entire Arabian Peninsula , with particular focus in Yemen. By 634, Abu Bakr reassigned Ikrima and his troops, who hailed from the Tihama, northern Yemen , Bahrayn and Oman , to reinforce Khalid's army in the Muslim conquest of Syria . Ikrima

2546-423: The Tahirid advance. The Tahirids plundered the city and installed a governor who was loyal to their interests. The city of Shihr was once more brought under the control of the Ba Dujana clan in 1478, when it was taken by their young leader, Sa'd bin Faris. Around 1480, the Mahri settled the island of Socotra and used it as a strategic base against their rivals in Hadhramaut . During this time, al-Mahra had been in

2613-446: The earliest adopters of Islam. Their action had an added bonus as becoming Muslims secured them a political alliance and stable relations with the Muslim leadership in Medina. Prior to embracing Islam , Al-Mahra was a vassal state of the Achaemenid Empire and had been subjected to Persian control for many years. Siding with Medina enabled the Mehri people to break away from Persian control and regain their liberty. When Muhammad died in

2680-421: The end of Muslim conquest of Egypt in year 641, the Muslim commander 'Amr ibn al-'As established the town of Fustat which became the new capital of Egypt , and the Mehri tribe were given additional land in Fustat which then became known as Khittat Mahra or the Mahra quarter in English. This land was used by the Mahra forces as a garrison. The Mahra quarter was named after the residents from Al-Mahra as they were

2747-450: The historian al-Waqidi , Muhammad appointed Ikrima as a tax collector of the Hawazin tribal confederation in 632. Ikrima was in the Tihama region between Yemen and Mecca when Muhammad died. According to Blankinship, after he embraced Islam, Ikrima devoted to his new religion's cause "much of the energy that had characterized his earlier opposition" to Islam. After Muhammad's death, his close associate Abu Bakr became caliph (leader of

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2814-399: The landing and storage of coal on the island by the British Government. In 1835 negotiations were undertaken through Commander Haines with the Sultan, Amr bin Saad Tawari, for the purchase of the island, and in anticipation of their success a detachment of European and Indian troops was sent to take possession. The Sultan, however, refused to sell the island, or even to cede a portion of it as

2881-433: The laws of Islam. Whoever changes his stance and opposes shall be fought against, while whoever believes and adheres to it shall have the protection of Allah and His Messenger". According to historical accounts, Mahri bin Qurdam, son of Al-Ajil from Ashhar, visited Muhammad, who honored and respected him despite the distance he had traveled. When Mahri bin Qurdam intended to leave, Muhammad supported and carried him and wrote

2948-450: The local leadership no longer had jurisdiction over their internal affairs, and the treaty gave the British government complete control over the nation's internal affairs and the order of succession. The Advisory Treaties caused resentment against British rule and the spread of Arab Nationalism in Al-Mahra and the rest of the Arabian Peninsula. During the 1960s the British sustained losses against various Egypt-sponsored guerrilla forces and

3015-435: The macro-haplogroup L(xM,N) (21.5%). According to a study from 2017 that sampled southern Arabians, the Mahra were stated to be minimally or non-admixed as they had >85.9% Arabian ancestry proportions. Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl Ikrima ibn Amr ibn Hisham ( Arabic : عكرمة بن عمرو بن هشام , romanized :  ʿIkrima ibn ʿAmr ibn Hishām ; c.  598 –634 or 636) was an opponent-turned companion of

3082-540: The new capital, which later became known as Hayy Al-Mehri in Arabic, or the Mehri Quarter in English. This land was used by the Mehri forces as their headquarters. The Mehri tribe was named after this area because they were the sole landowners. Other Arab tribes that were part of the Islamic conquest of Egypt shared the lands, which is why their lands bear names not associated with tribes. The Mehri tribe also participated in Hayy Al-Raya in Fustat, along with other tribes closely linked to Muhammad. According to historical accounts,

3149-446: The paternal clade. Maternally, basal haplogroup N likewise occurs at its highest frequencies on the island (24.3%). Mitochondrial analysis by Non (2010) found that the haplogroup R0a (27.7%) is the most common mtDNA clade among the Mehri within the Mahra Governorate. The next most frequent maternal lineages borne by the Mehri are the haplogroups H (13.9%), R2 (13.9%), L2a1 (4.6%), and K (1.5%), as well as various subclades of

3216-436: The power structure within the Mehris, however, during the Ridda Wars information regarding the intra-tribal affair was revealed by al-Tabari . According to al-Tabari, before the death of Muhammad, there was an intra-tribal rivalry within the Mehri tribe, which consisted of two competing factions: the Bani Shakhrah faction and their larger rival, the Bani Muharib. The Bani Muharib, who hailed from Al-Mahra's mountain regions, had

3283-542: The preeminent leader of the Makhzum, in Mecca had increased toward the end of the 620s. He opposed the negotiations with Muhammad at al-Hudaybiya and broke the agreement when he and some Quraysh attacked the Banu Khuza'a . When Muhammad conquered Mecca in 630, Ikrima escaped as a fugitive for the Yemen where the Makhzum had commercial connections. Muhammad later pardoned Ikrima, apparently after being petitioned by Ikrima's wife and paternal first cousin Umm Hakim bint al-Harith , who had converted to Islam. According to

3350-426: The present day. In 1507, a Portuguese fleet commanded by Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque landed on Socotra and, after a bloody battle, seized the main fortress at Suq . Socotra would remain in Portuguese hands until 1511, and was abandoned by the Portuguese due to its poor strategic importance to control the Red Sea. In 1545, the Kathiri sultan Badr bin Tuwayriq amassed an army and, with support from

3417-448: The situation to support the Zwedi faction, ensuring the downfall of the Ba Dujana hegemony. After a disastrous defeat at Tabala, on the outskirts of Shihr, the Ba Dujana permanently lost control of the city and were isolated in the interior. They were replaced by the Zwedi and Afrari families of Qishn and Socotra, who, in sacrificing Shihr to the Kathiri state, managed to solidify the core Mahra domain as it would remain, more or less, until

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3484-463: The sole residents and owners of the land. Other Arab tribes which were part of the Muslim conquest of Egypt had to share lands which is the reason why their lands bore a non-tribal name. The Mahra tribe also shared the al-Raya quarter in Fustat with various tribes who were closely associated with the Muhammad and, according to historical accounts, the Mahra forces used the al-Raya quarter as a residence and stable for their precious horses. The Mahra quarter

3551-472: The tribes of al-Mahra had grown distant from Arabic rule. The Ayyubids of Egypt held loose authority over the region, followed by the Rasulids of western Yemen. In 1432, the Ba Dujana family took control of the important coastal city of Shihr from the Rasulids, and then successfully repelled a Rasulid counterattack. In 1445, the Ba Dujana defended against an attack by the newly formed Kathiri state, securing their borders. The independent sultanate at Shihr

3618-406: The upper hand against their smaller rival. A Muslim army under the command of Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl was sent to Al-Mahra to face the Mehri who had turned their back on Islam like many Arab tribes. The Muslim army was too weak to confront the Mehri tribe in battle, and this situation forced Ikrimah to engage in political activity rather than initiating war in Mahra. Ikrimah met with the leadership of

3685-441: The year 632 CE, many Arab tribes, including the Mehri, interpreted his death as the end of Islam, and they abandoned the religion by either reverting to paganism or following certain individuals who claimed prophethood. In 634 CE, the Mehri and other tribes rebelled against Caliph Abu Bakar who became the new leader of the Muslims. In response, he launched a new military campaign against the rebels. There were not many records about

3752-435: Was amazed by Mehri army's ruthlessly fighting skill and efficient warfare. As a result of Al-Mahri's success in the Muslim conquest of Egypt , its commander named Abd al-sallam ibn Habira al-Mahri was promoted and he was ordered by 'Amr ibn al-'As to lead the entire Muslim army during the Arab conquest of Libya which at the time was a Byzantine territory. The army under the command Abd al-sallam ibn Habira Al-Mahri defeated

3819-410: Was an entity heavily sponsored by the Soviets. They put an end to the centuries-old Al-Mahri sultanate. Sultan Issa Bin Ali Al-Afrar Al-Mahri was the last reigning Al-Mahri Sultan of Qishn and Socotra. The sultanate was abolished in 1967 and was annexed by Soviet supported South Yemen, which itself later united with North Yemen to become unified Yemen in 1990. In 2014 the land which was formerly known as

3886-444: Was located close to the Al-Raya quarter was which the absolute centre of the new capital of Fustat. Later, the Mahra neighbourhood was renamed and lost its historic name. Several centuries later, another Mehri man called Abu Bekr Mohammed Ibn Ammar Al-Mahri Ash-shilbi , who was a politician from modern day Silves, Portugal , became a prime minister of the Taifa of Seville in Islamic Iberia, and served King Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad who

3953-408: Was member of Muslim Dynasties of Spain. Abu Bekr was highly competent as prime minister, but later he crowned himself king of the annexed Taifa of Murcia and led a failed rebellion against the Mohammedan Dynasties of Spain. In year 1084, Abu Bekr Mohammed Ibn Ammar Al-Mahri Ash-shilbi was caught and executed by the forces of the Kingdom of Seville . After the erosion of Abbasid authority in Yemen,

4020-475: Was most likely martyred fighting the Byzantines in the Battle of Ajnadayn in Palestine in 634, though it is also held that it may have been during the Battle of the Yarmuk in 636. According to the historian al-Ya'qubi ( d.  898 ), Ikrima was married to Qutayla bint Qays ibn Ma'dikarib, the sister of the chieftain of the Kindite Banu Mu'awiya clan, al-Ash'ath ibn Qays . She was sent from Yemen to marry Muhammad but arrived after he died and afterward

4087-423: Was part of the Compagnies Sahariennes the French Army of the Levant. In 1968, France's car maker Citroën introduced the Citroën Méhari , which was a light off-road vehicle named after the famous Mehri camel. The Citroën Méhari was a variant of the Citroën 2CV , and Citroën built more than 144,000 Méhari between 1968 and 1988. A new, 2016 electric model called the Citroën E-Méhari is now being sold in Europe; it

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4154-422: Was slain fighting the Muslims at the Battle of Badr in 624. At the Battle of Uhud , where the Quraysh defeated the Muslims, Ikrima commanded the tribe's left wing; his cousin Khalid ibn al-Walid commanded the right wing. The Makhzum's losses at Badr had diminished their influence and gave way to the Banu Abd Shams under Abu Sufyan to take the helm against Muhammad. However, the influence of Ikrima, by then

4221-439: Was succeeded by Sultan Abdulla bin Isa, to whom was continued the annual stipend paid to his predecessor. The Sultan of Socotra and Qishn receives a salute of 9 guns, which was made permanent in 1902. In the 1940s Al-Mahra and its neighbouring regions along the Gulf were forced to sign Advisory Treaties, and those who refused were subjected to deadly airstrikes delivered by the British Royal Air force. The Advisory Treaty meant that

4288-453: Was succeeded by his nephew, Abdulla bin Saad, who was followed by his cousin, Abdulla bin Salim. On the death of the latter he was succeeded by his son, Ali. In January 1876 an agreement was concluded with the Sultan of Socotra and Qishn, by which, in consideration of a payment of 3,000 dollars and an annual subsidy of 360 dollars, he bound himself, his heirs and successors, never to cede, sell, mortgage, or otherwise give for occupation, save to

4355-422: Was the Eid camel, known for its speed and high milk production, which became a symbol of swiftness. This breed continues to exist in the eastern and western valleys of Al-Mahra region. According to Y-DNA analysis by Černý et al. (2009), most inhabitants of Socotra, some of whom are Mehri descendants, belong to the basal haplogroup J . Around 71.4% of them carry J*(xJ1,J2), which is the highest reported frequency of

4422-403: Was the first premodern state in Mahri lands. Following the collapse of the Rasulid dynasty and the rise of the Tahirids , a number of former dignitaries from Aden came to Shihr as refugees, and told the reigning sultan, Muhammad bin Sa'd , that Aden was ripe for conquest. In 1456, Muhammad bin Sa'd launched a naval invasion of Aden with nine ships; however, much of the fleet was broken up in

4489-425: Was wed to Ikrima. The Islamic tradition mostly agrees that Ikrima died childless, though the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar mentions a son named Amr and Ibn Hazm ( d.  1064 ), possibly deriving his information from Sayf, calls this same son Umar. The modern historian Michael Lecker holds that Ikrima's marriage to Qutayla proved problematic for later Muslim scholars as the remarriage of Muhammad's wives

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