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74-594: Daa is an administrative ward in the Karatu district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania . According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 9,868. This Arusha Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Karatu Karatu District is located between three major natural features in Arusha region. Physically, it is bordered to the east by Lake Manyara and to

148-414: A 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd, first observed the coffee plant after seeing his flock energized by chewing on the plant. This legend does not appear before 1671, first being related by Antoine Faustus Nairon, a Maronite professor of Oriental languages and author of one of the first printed treatises devoted to coffee, De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus (Rome, 1671), indicating

222-617: A cellular network. Paved trunk road T17 from Arusha to the Ngorongoro National Park passes through the district. As of 2016, the district per capita income is still expected to be 800,000/= TZS each year. Other important indicators of development include the following: literacy rate of 64%, population growth rate of 3.1, dependency ratio of 97, employment in agriculture 61%, livestock keeping 7.49%, office 3.14%, elementary occupation 21.33%, plant operations/assemble 0.37%, business operation 3%, hand hoes owned by 79% of

296-542: A coffee berry and lays 35 to 50 eggs. Inside, the offspring grow, mate, and then emerge from the commercially ruined berry to disperse, repeating the cycle. Pesticides are mostly ineffective because the beetle juveniles are protected inside the berry nurseries, but they are vulnerable to predation by birds when they emerge. When groves of trees are nearby, the American yellow warbler , rufous-capped warbler , and other insectivorous birds have been shown to reduce by 50 percent

370-575: A cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu. Thriving trade brought many goods, including coffee, from the Ottoman Empire to Venice. From there it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600, despite appeals to ban the "Muslim drink". The first European coffee house opened in Venice in 1647. The Dutch East India Company

444-525: A mulch. They are especially appreciated by worms and acid-loving plants such as blueberries. Climate change may significantly impact coffee yields during the 21st century, such as in Nicaragua and Ethiopia which could lose more than half of the farming land suitable for growing (Arabica) coffee. As of 2016, at least 34% of global coffee production was compliant with voluntary sustainability standards such as Fairtrade , UTZ , and 4C (The Common Code for

518-643: A significant number of Karatu residents are involved in trading, with over 2,000 trading entities in operation, ranging from retail and wholesale shops to hospitality industries such as kiosks, restaurants, and hotels; apartments, boarding houses, lodging, and guest houses, as well as liquors bars; transport business; banking; bookshops, stationeries, and printing; beauty salon and barber shops; professional consultancies; farm implements; butchers; pharmacies and mobile phones retailers. Endoro waterfalls, Lake Eyasi, Kambi ya simba Forest Reserve, Mount Oldeani, Mumba rock paintings, and Yaeda Valley for cultural tourism to see

592-563: A student of Balliol College from Crete named Nathaniel Conopios of Crete. Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654, is still in existence today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vienna , when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks. When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it

666-428: A third are beetles , and over a quarter are bugs . Some 20 species of nematodes , 9 species of mites, and several snails and slugs also attack the crop. Birds and rodents sometimes eat coffee berries, but their impact is minor compared to invertebrates. In general, arabica is the more sensitive species to invertebrate predation overall. Each part of the coffee plant is assailed by different animals. Nematodes attack

740-458: A total road network length of 713 km, of which the regional road accounts for 253 km. 52 kilometers of the 253 kilometers are tarmac roads, while 460 kilometers are district roads, with 76.3 kilometers being gravel and 383.7 kilometers being earth roads. There are five airstrips in the area: Manyara, Qurus, Matala, Qangdend, and Buger. Only Manyara has a commercial airport. Vodacom, Tigo, Zain, and Zantel operate 548 telephone lines (TTCL) and

814-615: Is 3 tonnes in rainfed areas and 5.75 tonnes in irrigation areas. Livestock husbandry is an essential economic activity for Karatu District people. According to estimates, the council has 811,360 animals, including 271,885 cattle and 373,588 goats and sheep. Pigs (12,816), chickens (165, 887), chicken broilers (46,766), and donkeys are among the other livestock kept in the district (9116). Milk production for daily cattle increased from 8 to 10 liters per day, while indigenous cattle climbed from 1.5 to 3 liters per day. In 2015, 97,879,190 liters were produced for dairy cattle. Industrialization

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888-493: Is 73.4 people per square kilometer, with lower densities (7-10 people per square kilometer) along Lake Eyasi and higher densities (100 people per square kilometer) in Karatu and Mbulumbulu Divisions. Karatu District is divided into four divisions, 14 wards, and 58 registered villages (Mbulumbulu, Eyasi, Karatu, and Endabash). As of 2012, Karatu District is administratively divided into 14 wards: Coffee Coffee

962-521: Is a beverage brewed from roasted, ground coffee beans . Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks. Coffee production begins when the seeds of the Coffea plant's fruits (coffee cherries) are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans . The beans are roasted and then ground into fine particles. Coffee

1036-419: Is brewed from the ground roasted beans, which are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out. It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso , French press , caffè latte , or already-brewed canned coffee ). Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often added to mask the bitter taste or enhance

1110-568: Is clay loam sand. The lowlands includes Matala, Dumbechand, Jobaj, Mbuga Nyekundu, Qangdend, Endamaghan, Maleckchand, Mang'ola Barazani, and Laghangarer. It receives more than 300mm of rain every year. The soil type is sand slit loam. Agriculture and livestock keeping account for more than 85% of Karatu's economic activities. There are no businesses. Some people work in retail establishments in Manyara and Karatu towns, as well as Endabash, Oldeani, and Mang'ola commercial centers. The District has

1184-750: Is divided into three agro-ecological zones: the Highland bordering Ngorongoro, the Midland bordering the Marang forest, and the Lowlands bordering the Lake Eyasi Basin. Zone of the Highlands are: Lositete, Upper Kitete, Slahhamo, Kambi ya Simba, Kilimatembo, Rhotia Kati, Kainam Rhotia, Ayalabe, Tloma, Oldeani, Getamock, Buger, Ayalalio, Endonyawe, and Makhoromba are all included. The Highland zone

1258-479: Is generally in places where the humidity is very high. An Asian coffee known as kopi luwak undergoes a peculiar process made from coffee berries eaten by the Asian palm civet , passing through its digestive tract, with the beans eventually harvested from feces . Coffee brewed from this process is among the most expensive in the world, with bean prices reaching $ 160 per pound or $ 30 per brewed cup. Kopi luwak coffee

1332-543: Is induced by the fungal pathogen Gibberella xylarioides . It can affect several Coffea species, and could potentially threaten production worldwide. Mycena citricolor , American leaf spot, is a fungus that can affect the whole coffee plant. It grows on leaves, resulting in leaves with holes that often fall from the plant. It is a threat primarily in Latin America. Over 900 species of insect have been recorded as pests of coffee crops worldwide. Of these, over

1406-559: Is located between 1400-2000m above sea level and receives 600-800mm of rain per year. It has a clay loam soil type. Locations such as; Chemchem, Kilimamoja, Gyekrum Lambo, Gyekrum Arusha, Gongali, Bashay Qurus, Endashangwet, Changarawe, Bassodawish, Endamarariek, Khusmayi, Endallah, Qaru, Endabash, Kambi ya Faru, Laja, and Ngaibara are all part of the Midlands Zone. The zone is located between 900 and 1400 meters above sea level and receives more than 600mm of rain every year. The soil

1480-421: Is making steady progress, especially in small-scale industrial facilities relative to medium and large-scale establishments. There are 5 small-scale companies that mostly process agricultural and livestock products; 1 medium-sized industry that prepares and cans milk (Ayalabe Diary milk industry). Small-scale enterprises primarily process farm goods, however others employ other inputs such as coffee. As of 2016,

1554-685: Is now prepared for drinking. The coffee beans were procured by the Yemenis from the Ethiopian Highlands via coastal Somali intermediaries, and cultivated in Yemen. By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta . Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries , primarily in

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1628-403: Is often simpler and less labor-intensive, and a wet process method, which incorporates batch fermentation, uses larger amounts of water in the process, and often yields a milder coffee. Then they are sorted by ripeness and color, and most often the flesh of the berry is removed, usually by machine, and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seed. When

1702-414: Is said to have a uniquely rich, slightly smoky aroma and flavor with hints of chocolate, resulting from the action of digestive enzymes breaking down bean proteins to facilitate partial fermentation . In Thailand, black ivory coffee beans are fed to elephants whose digestive enzymes reduce the bitter taste of beans collected from dung. These beans sell for up to $ 1,100 a kilogram ($ 500 per lb), achieving

1776-399: Is to raise seedlings in nurseries that are then planted outside after six to twelve months. Coffee is often intercropped with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice during the first few years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements. Coffee plants grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, termed the bean belt or coffee belt. In 2020,

1850-413: Is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema ). Additionally, robusta is less susceptible to disease than arabica and can be cultivated in lower altitudes and warmer climates where arabica does not thrive. The robusta strain

1924-466: Is vulnerable, hastened the uptake of the resistant robusta. The pathogen and results in light, rust-colored spots on the undersides of coffee plant leaves. It grows exclusively on the leaves of coffee plants. Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee. Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma, body, and acidity. These taste characteristics are dependent not only on

1998-682: The Hadzabe and Datooga communities are some of the important attractions in Karatu district. The largest ethnic population in the district is the Iraqw people, followed by the Datooga and the Hadza people. According to the 2022 Census, the Council has a population of 256,838 people, with 131,417 men and 125,422 women, and 48,345 homes. The District's birth rate is 3.1%. The average population density

2072-554: The Rainforest Alliance have led a campaign for 'shade-grown' and organic coffees , which can be sustainably harvested. Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species. Coffee production uses a large volume of water. On average it takes about 140 litres (37  US gal ) of water to grow

2146-702: The coffee industry have also pointed to its negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie , borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve ( قهوه ), borrowed in turn from the Arabic qahwah ( قَهْوَة ). Medieval Arab lexicographers traditionally held that the etymology of qahwah meant 'wine', given its distinctly dark color, and

2220-710: The 18th century, coffee consumption declined in Britain, giving way to tea drinking. Tea was simpler to make, and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there. During the Age of Sail, seamen aboard ships of the British Royal Navy made substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water. The Frenchman Gabriel de Clieu took a coffee plant to the French territory of Martinique in

2294-532: The 19th and 20th centuries. Rapid growth in coffee production in South America during the second half of the 19th century was matched by an increase in consumption in developed countries, though nowhere has this growth been as pronounced as in the United States, where a high rate of population growth was compounded by doubling of per capita consumption between 1860 and 1920. Though the United States

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2368-703: The 19th century. After that, much of the Ethiopian coffee was exported to Aden via Berbera. By the 16th century, coffee had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa. The first coffee seeds were smuggled out of the Middle East by Sufi Baba Budan from Yemen to India during the time. Before then, all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilized. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest. The first plants from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore . Coffee had spread to Italy by 1600 and then to

2442-872: The Caribbean in the 1720s, from which much of the world's cultivated arabica coffee is descended. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas. Coffee was cultivated in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) from 1734, and by 1788 it supplied half the world's coffee. The conditions that the enslaved people worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow Haitian Revolution . The coffee industry never fully recovered there. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time, massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in

2516-481: The Coffee Community). Coffee berries are traditionally selectively picked by hand, which is labor-intensive as it involves the selection of only the berries at the peak of ripeness. More commonly, crops are strip picked, where all berries are harvested simultaneously regardless of ripeness by person or machine. After picking, green coffee is processed by one of two types of method—a dry process method which

2590-579: The Hebrew qehe(h) 'dulling' and the Aramaic qahey ('give acrid taste to'). Although etymologists have connected it with a word meaning ' wine ' , it is also thought to be from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia. The terms coffee pot and coffee break originated in 1705 and 1952, respectively. There are multiple anecdotal origin stories which lack evidence. In a commonly repeated legend, Kaldi ,

2664-696: The Red Sea. One account credits Muhammad Ibn Sa'd for bringing the beverage to Aden from the African coast, other early accounts say Ali ben Omar of the Shadhili Sufi order was the first to introduce coffee to Arabia. 16th-century Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar al-Haytami notes in his writings that a beverage called qahwa developed from a tree in the Zeila region located in the Horn of Africa. Coffee

2738-505: The berries have only one; these are called peaberries . Arabica berries ripen in six to eight months, while robusta takes nine to eleven months. Coffea arabica is predominantly self-pollinating, and as a result, the seedlings are generally uniform and vary little from their parents. In contrast, Coffea canephora , and C. liberica are self-incompatible and require outcrossing . This means that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated vegetatively . Cuttings, grafting, and budding are

2812-441: The clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems. Unshaded coffee plants grown with fertilizer yield the most coffee, although unfertilized shaded crops generally yield more than unfertilized unshaded crops: the response to fertilizer is much greater in full sun. While traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields,

2886-456: The coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee. Growing the plants needed to produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of roasted coffee in Africa, South America or Asia requires 26,400 litres (7,000  US gal ) of water. As with many other forms of agriculture, often much of this is rainwater, much of which would otherwise run off into rivers or coastlines, while much water actually absorbed by

2960-448: The coffee's growing region but also on genetic subspecies ( varietals ) and processing. Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as Colombian , Java , and Kona . Arabica coffee beans are cultivated mainly in Latin America, eastern Africa or Asia, while robusta beans are grown in central Africa, southeast Asia, and Brazil. Coffee can also be blended with medicinal or functional mushrooms, of which some of

3034-409: The coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. The drying that then takes place is more uniform, and fermentation is less likely. Most African coffee is dried in this manner and certain coffee farms around the world are starting to use this traditional method. Next, the coffee is sorted, and labeled as green coffee. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this

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3108-555: The equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. Green, unroasted coffee is traded as an agricultural commodity. The global coffee industry is massive and worth $ 495.50 billion as of 2023. In the same year, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total, followed by Vietnam and Colombia. While coffee sales reach billions of dollars annually worldwide, coffee farmers disproportionately live in poverty. Critics of

3182-412: The fermentation is finished, the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue, which generates massive amounts of coffee wastewater . Finally, the seeds are dried. The best (but least used) method of drying coffee is using drying tables. In this method, the pulped and fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of

3256-476: The flavor. There are also various coffee substitutes . Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking as the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen in southern Arabia in the middle of the 15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to how it

3330-409: The ground, which causes scale parasites to not only attack the scale on the fallen branches but in the plant as well. The 2-mm-long coffee borer beetle ( Hypothenemus hampei ) is the most damaging insect pest of the world's coffee industry, destroying up to 50 percent or more of the coffee berries on plantations in most coffee-producing countries. The adult female beetle nibbles a single tiny hole in

3404-729: The island country of Samoa . The district's climate differs from one place to the next. Annual rainfall in the Eyasi basin averages between 300mm and 400mm, whereas in Karatu town it is between 900mm and 1000mm. The intensity of the rain in April can be high enough to cause significant erosion. Short and long rains are usually separated by one or two months of relatively less rain in most regions. The District has four seasons: short rainy-extended seasons from November to December, short and hot dry seasons from January to March and mid-May, and lengthy and cold seasons from June to October. Karatu District

3478-774: The large family Rubiaceae . They are evergreen shrubs or trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long and 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, simple, entire, and opposite. Petioles of opposite leaves fuse at the base to form interpetiolar stipules , characteristic of Rubiaceae . The flowers are axillary , and clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously. Gynoecium consists of an inferior ovary, also characteristic of Rubiaceae. The flowers are followed by oval berries of about 1.5 cm (0.6 in). When immature, they are green, and they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 5–10% of

3552-399: The latter half of the 19th century, and almost all were involved in the large-scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people . Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups, and bloody suppression of peasants. The notable exception was Costa Rica, where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over

3626-535: The main income crops, while maize, beans, finger millet , and sorghum are the important food crops. In 2015/2016, the District cultivated 48,197.1 ha of food crops and 27,782.5 ha of cash crops. In 2015/16, maize production was 81,112.8 tonnes, equivalent to 15 to 20 bags per acre. Farmers in the district are advanced in agriculture since 65% of them utilize hybrid seeds, artificial fertilizers , and tractors in farm preparation. The average maize production per hector

3700-405: The middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yemen, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is prepared now. Coffee was used by Sufi circles to stay awake for their religious rituals. Accounts differ on the origin of the coffee plant before its appearance in Yemen. From Ethiopia, coffee could have been introduced to Yemen via trade across

3774-480: The molecular level and are close to commercialization. Of the two main species grown, arabica coffee (from C. arabica ) is generally more highly regarded than robusta coffee (from C. canephora ). Robusta coffee tends to be bitter and has less flavor but a better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica . Robusta strains also contain about 40–50% more caffeine than arabica. Consequently, this species

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3848-531: The most frequently used include: lion's mane, chaga, cordyceps and reishi. Mushroom coffee has about half the caffeine of standard coffee. However, drinking mushroom coffee can result in digestive issues and high amounts can result in liver toxicity. There is little clinical evidence for the benefits of mushroom coffee. Coffee wilt disease or tracheomycosis is a common vascular wilt found in Eastern and Central Africa that can kill coffee trees it infects. It

3922-487: The most highly regarded species, is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and the Boma Plateau in southeastern Sudan and Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya. C. canephora is native to western and central Subsaharan Africa, from Guinea to Uganda and southern Sudan. Less popular species are C. liberica , C. stenophylla , C. mauritiana , and C. racemosa . All coffee plants are classified in

3996-427: The nitrogen-fixing non-legume sheoaks of the genus Casuarina , and the silky oak Grevillea robusta . This method is commonly called " shade-grown coffee ". Starting in the 1970s, many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires

4070-480: The number of coffee berry borers in Costa Rica coffee plantations. Originally, coffee was grown in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects. Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose, but many species have been planted as well. These include leguminous trees of the genera Acacia , Albizia , Cassia , Erythrina , Gliricidia , Inga , and Leucaena , as well as

4144-405: The plants is transpired straight back into the local environment through the plants' leaves (especially for cooling effects); broad estimates aside, consequential margins vary considerably based on details of local geography and horticultural practice. Coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as Ethiopia . Used coffee grounds may be used for composting or as

4218-522: The population, sex ratio of 108, energy consumption (electricity) is 4%, and firewood is 96%. The district's total arable land area is 1,025.75 square kilometers, accounting for 31.1% of the entire area. The potential land for irrigation agriculture is 6,231ha, with approximately 4,050ha under irrigation. The springs of Qang'nded, Manyara (Chemchem), and Endashangwet provide water. The District has 102,573 acres of arable ground for farming. Coffee , onion , wheat , barley , pigeon peas, and sunflower are

4292-406: The primary export and economic backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, as well as many Central American countries. Several species of shrub of the genus Coffea produce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main species commercially cultivated are Coffea canephora (predominantly a form known as 'robusta') and C. arabica . C. arabica ,

4366-479: The quality of the coffee is allegedly superior. In addition, the traditional shaded method provides living space for many wildlife species. Proponents of shade cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution, habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of the practices employed in sun cultivation. The American Birding Association , Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center , National Arbor Day Foundation , and

4440-462: The rest of Europe, Indonesia, and the Americas. In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf , a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten-year trip to the Near East: A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup passed around and from which each one drinks

4514-542: The roots, coffee borer beetles burrow into stems and woody material, and the foliage is attacked by over 100 species of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies and moths. Mass spraying of insecticides has often proven disastrous, as predators of the pests are more sensitive than the pests themselves. Instead, integrated pest management has developed, using techniques such as targeted treatment of pest outbreaks, and managing crop environment away from conditions favoring pests. Branches infested with scale are often cut and left on

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4588-554: The south west the district is bordered by Lake Eyasi . In the north east the district is bordered by the Ngorongoro Crater rim. Northern Karatu district is very fertile due to the many streams and volcanic soil from the Ngorongoro highlands. The south west side of the district in the Eyasi basi is semi arid. Karatu district is the fourth largest district in Arusha region at 3,300 square kilometers, slightly larger than

4662-413: The story is likely apocryphal. Another legend attributes the discovery of coffee to a Sheikh Omar. Starving after being exiled from Mokha (a port city in what is now Yemen), Omar found berries. After attempting to chew and roast them, Omar boiled them, which yielded a liquid that revitalized and sustained him. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in

4736-665: The taste of the beverage by changing the coffee bean both physically and chemically. The bean decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume, causing it to become less dense. The density of the bean also influences the strength of the coffee and the requirements for packaging. The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the bean reaches approximately 200 °C (392 °F), though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates. During roasting, caramelization occurs as intense heat breaks down starches , changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which darkens

4810-456: The usual methods of vegetative propagation. On the other hand, there is great scope for experimentation in search of potential new strains. The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the rainy season . This method loses about 50% of the seeds' potential, as about half fail to sprout. A more effective process of growing coffee, used in Brazil,

4884-524: The vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later São Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800 to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910–1920, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela exported 15%, and Old World production accounted for less than 5% of world exports. Many countries in Central America took up cultivation in

4958-424: The world production of green coffee beans was 175,647,000 60 kg bags, led by Brazil with 39% of the total, followed by Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia. Brazil is the largest coffee exporting nation, accounting for 15% of all world exports in 2019. As of 2021, no synthetic coffee products are publicly available but multiple bioeconomy companies have reportedly produced first batches that are highly similar on

5032-409: The world's most expensive coffee, three times costlier than palm civet coffee beans. The next step in the process is the roasting of green coffee. Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state, and with rare exceptions, such as infusions from green coffee beans, coffee is roasted before it is consumed. It can be sold roasted by the supplier, or it can be home roasted . The roasting process influences

5106-472: Was derived from the verb qahiya ( قَهِيَ ), ' to have no appetite '. The word qahwah most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean; qahwah is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Cushitic languages as būn . Semitic languages have the root qhh , 'dark color', which became a natural designation for the beverage. Its cognates include

5180-749: Was first collected in 1890 from the Lomani River , a tributary of the Congo River, and was conveyed from the Congo Free State (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to Brussels to Java around 1900. From Java, further breeding resulted in the establishment of robusta plantations in many countries. In particular, the spread of the devastating coffee leaf rust (caused by the fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix ), to which arabica

5254-536: Was first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali merchants from Berbera and Zeila in modern-day Somaliland, which was procured from Harar and the Abyssinian interior. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of Aden (1839–1854), Mokha historically imported up to two-thirds of its coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mokha was captured by British-controlled Aden in

5328-557: Was initially not as successful as in Europe, as alcoholic beverages remained more popular. During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was also due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants, and a general resolution among many Americans to avoid drinking tea following the 1773 Boston Tea Party . During

5402-655: Was not the heaviest coffee-drinking nation at the time (Belgium, the Netherlands and Nordic countries all had comparable or higher levels of per capita consumption), due to its sheer size, it was already the largest consumer of coffee in the world by 1860, and, by 1920, around half of all coffee produced worldwide was consumed in the US. Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries. Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income. It has become

5476-596: Was the first to import coffee on a large scale. The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon. The first exports of Indonesian coffee from Java to the Netherlands occurred in 1711. Through the efforts of the British East India Company , coffee also became popular in England. In a diary entry of May 1637, John Evelyn recorded tasting the drink at Oxford in England, where it had been brought by

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